Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “OSSIFICATION, PATHOLOGIC”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Prolonged retention of intrauterine bones.

Two cases of prolonged intrauterine retention of fetal bones are presented to show that antecedent abortion may, though uncommonly, play a role in current gynecologic complaints. In these two cases, symptoms dated to antecedent abortions treated with D&C 13 years and 14 months before diagnosis, respectively. Complaints included secondary infertility, dysmenorrhea, and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Hysteroscopy was necessary to make the correct diagnosis of retained fetal bones. In both cases, hysteroscopic surgery was unsuccessful in removing all the bony fragments or relieving symptoms. Though retained fetal bones are an uncommon cause of gynecologic problems, these cases show the necessity of hysteroscopy for diagnosis of persistent gynecologic problems when intrauterine pathology is suspect. These cases also demonstrate that although hysteroscopy is extremely useful diagnostically, it may not be successful therapeutically even for the persistent surgeon.

Abortion, Incomplete↗
PubMed2002

[Ultrasound diagnosis in knee and foot trauma].

Subsequent to clinical and radiologic examination, ultrasonography is an important diagnostic method in knee and foot trauma, especially to assess pathologic conditions of the periarticular soft tissue. The main indications for ultrasonographic assessment of the knee region are fluid conglomerations, injuries of tendons, ligaments, and muscles, and vascular diagnosis. The indications for ultrasonography in the foot region are diagnosis of foreign bodies, dislocation of the peroneal tendons, lesions to the flexor and extensor tendons, and osseous capsular and ligamentous avulsions. Changes of the soft tissues include articular effusion, fluid conglomeration, ossification, and vascular lesions. Fractures involve the base of the fifth metatarsal, navicular and sesamoid bones, and epiphysiolysis. Rare indications are the search for free articular bodies and free air and the depiction of cartilaginous lesions and fractures of the knee region.

Foot Injuries↗
PubMed2004

A new histomorphometric method to assess growth plate chondrodysplasia and its application to the toothless (tl, Csf1(null)) osteopetrotic rat.

The proliferation and hypertrophy of growth plate chondrocytes set the pace and pattern for growth of endochondral bones. Complex signaling pathways regulating chondrocyte differentiation during development and growth have been discovered in recent years, but as yet little is known about how chondrocytes are able to orient themselves to align properly with respect to the direction of bone growth. Histomorphometric methods developed for analysis of growth plates rely to a significant extent on assessments of the relative heights of the zones of proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes. In a growing number of osteopetrotic mutations, however, it is becoming apparent that growth plates lack clearly demarcated zones of chondrocyte differentiation, and they show other notable histological abnormalities that cannot be measured with standard approaches. This is particularly true of mutations in which osteoclasts are altogether absent. We therefore developed a new approach that measures the salient features of this type of chondrodysplasia and have applied it to the toothless (tl) rat. The tl rat has a frameshift mutation in the Csf-1 gene that renders it null, resulting in severe osteopetrosis. An accompanying pathology is a severe, progressive growth plate chondrodysplasia. We measured cell orientation, cell area, and local columnar organization as functions of distance from the upper margin of the growth plate, in addition to growth plate thickness and cell density. All these parameters were markedly abnormal in the tl rats, thus implicating Csf-1 not only in its well-established role in regulating osteoclastic bone resorption, but also in endochondral ossification. This approach should prove useful in distinguishing among growth plate chondrodysplasias, most especially in the growing number of osteopetrotic mutations having growth plates that lack the normal zonal organization and in which the chondrocytes are mis-oriented. In turn, detailed assessments of chondrocyte misorientation may give insights into how they normally are able to arrange themselves with such precision.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Hypertrophied ligamentum flavum in lumbar spinal canal stenosis. Pathogenesis and morphologic and immunohistochemical observation.

To investigate the pathogenesis of hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum, 45 cases of lumbar canal stenosis were evaluated by computed tomography scan and pathologic and immunohistochemical studies. The ligamentum flavum along with the medial one-third of the superior facet was obtained en bloc to include the enthesis. Statistically significant differences in transverse area and thickness of the ligamentum flavum were evident compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Pathogenesis of the hypertrophied ligamentum flavum was classified into three major groups: 1) fibrocartilage change due to proliferation of type II collagen, 2) ossification, and 3) calcium crystal deposition. It is stressed that marked proliferation of Type II collagen from the enthesis to the ligament side was revealed in the capsular portion of the hypertrophied ligament.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Musculoskeletal causes of spinal axis compromise: beyond the usual suspects.

The majority of cases of spinal canal compromise are caused by common pathologic conditions, including degenerative spondylosis, infection, trauma, and metastatic disease. However, there are other causes of spinal canal compromise that, though unusual, may be seen in everyday practice. Congenital abnormalities of the spine that may produce spinal canal compromise include the os odontoideum, hemivertebra, diastematomyelia, and achondroplasia. Arthritides and enthesopathies such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, synovial cysts of the facet joint, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition or hydroxyapatite deposition, and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament or ligamentum flavum may lead to narrowing of the spinal canal. Primary spinal tumors and tumorlike lesions such as hemangioma, aneurysmal bone cysts, osteochondroma, and osteoblastoma may also cause spinal canal stenosis. Finally, Paget disease of bone may compromise the spinal cord. Radiologists should be aware of these unusual musculoskeletal causes of spinal canal compromise and their radiologic and clinical features.

Humans↗
PubMed1981

[Boundaries between the physiological and the beginnings of pathology in the development of the proximal femoral epiphysis (author's transl)].

This article describes the physiological development of the proximal femoral epiphysis and its variable aspects. It also includes a discussion of the transition to the pathological changes characteristic of dysplasia of the head of the femur and of Legg-Calvé-Perthes' disease, basing on a latent ischaemic phase in the development of the proximal femoral epiphysis, resulting from hypoplastic vascular development.

Child↗
PubMed1993

[Symmetrical bone formation in the Achilles tendon].

Author reports on a case of ectopic bone formation in the Achilles-tendons and reviews the literature. The pathologic change was caused probably by the chronic mechanical irritation suffered during the conservative treatment of the club feet. The continuity of the ossified mass was interrupted similarly to a fracture; the function was restored after an "osteosynthesis".

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed2003

Mineralization in musculoskeletal leiomyosarcoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation.

OBJECTIVE: Mineralization in leiomyosarcoma, a malignant tumor of smooth muscle, has not been widely recognized. In this article, we report our experience with four cases of primary leiomyosarcoma of soft tissue or bone in which mineralization was visible on either radiography or CT. In none of the cases was the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma considered before biopsy. In one case of a soft-tissue leiomyosarcoma, the presence of mineralization was a factor that led to the misinterpretation of the needle biopsy specimen as soft-tissue osteosarcoma. CONCLUSION: Histologically, mineralization in leiomyosarcoma appears to be caused by either nonneoplastic ossification or dystrophic mineralization in the tumor. This feature can cause leiomyosarcomas to be confused with other neoplasms.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Linked deficiencies in extracellular PP(i) and osteopontin mediate pathologic calcification associated with defective PC-1 and ANK expression.

Osteopontin and PP(i) both suppress hydroxyapatite deposition. Extracellular PP(i) deficiency causes spontaneous hypercalcification, yet unchallenged osteopontin knockout mice have only subtle mineralization abnormalities. We report that extracellular PP(i) deficiency promotes osteopontin deficiency and correction of osteopontin deficiency prevents hypercalcification, suggesting synergistic inhibition of hydroxyapatite deposition. Nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase (NPP) isozymes including PC-1 (NPP1) function partly to generate PP(i), a physiologic calcification inhibitor. PP(i) transport is modulated by the membrane channel protein ANK. Spontaneous articular cartilage calcification, increased vertebral cortical bone formation, and peripheral joint and intervertebral ossific ankylosis are associated with both PC-1 deficiency and expression of truncated ANK in ank/ank mice. To assess how PC-1, ANK, and PP(i) regulate both calcification and cell differentiation, we studied cultured PC-1 -/- and ank/ank mouse calvarial osteoblasts. PC-1 -/- osteoblasts demonstrated approximately 50% depressed NPP activity and markedly lowered extracellular PP(i) associated with hypercalcification. These abnormalities were rescued by transfection of PC-1 but not of the NPP isozyme B10/NPP3. PC-1 -/- and ank/ank cultured osteoblasts demonstrated not only comparable extracellular PP(i) depression and hypercalcification but also marked reduction in expression of osteopontin (OPN), another direct calcification inhibitor. Soluble PC-1 (which corrected extracellular PP(i) and OPN), and OPN itself (> or = 15 pg/ml), corrected hypercalcification by PC-1 -/- and ank/ank osteoblasts. Thus, linked regulatory effects on extracellular PP(i) and OPN expression mediate the ability of PC-1 and ANK to regulate calcification.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1983

Disseminated intravascular coagulation resulting in amputation. A case report.

This patient had many of the clinical features described in the literature as characteristic of DIC, an uncommon disease. These included the acute systemic infection precipitating the tissue pathology, ecchymotic skin lesions progressing to amputation, shock, anemia, and renal failure. The literature reported two case studies that resulted in amputation. During prosthetic training, both the patients developed skin problems that required prosthetic modification before they could wear their prostheses. The patient in our case study also required careful prosthetic modification with continual monitoring of the status of the skin. After three skin grafts and two surgical procedures to remove heteroptic ossification, the patient became a limited community ambulator (Fig. 4). When he attains full growth and the heteroptic bone formation subsides, we believe he should become a community ambulator, as long as he receives proper prosthetic care and follow-up.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[The distal radius and surrounding soft tissues--ultrasound anatomy and ultrasound pathology in the adult and child].

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate the ultrasonographic anatomy of the distal forearm (i.e. distal radius and surrounding soft tissue) and the typical changes occurring during growth, in adults and children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The ultrasonographic anatomy was evaluated in 10 healthy adults aged between 20 and 60 years, and 20 healthy children aged between 2 and 18 years. Particular attention was paid to dynamic examination comparing both limbs, and isolated investigations of functional tendon. RESULTS: An anatomical description of the tissues of the distal forearm was possible at all ages. During growth, secondary ossification centres and the transitional osteochondral region of the growth plate need particular consideration. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Both in children and adults, ultrasonography can provide valuable information in the evaluation of acute trauma, follow-up of fractures and osteosynthesis, suspected osteomyelitis and chronic disorders. In children, special attention must be paid to the development of the epiphyseal region, as reflected by ossification centre, growth plate and articular cartilage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The microscopic pathology of Peyronie's disease.

PURPOSE: All cases of Peyronie's disease in the files were reviewed to determine the chief microscopic findings and also to note the anatomical site of the disease process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The microscopic findings in 19 cases were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin sections, and Masson trichrome was frequently used to highlight alterations of collagen structure. Movat elastic stain and fibrinogen immunostain for fibrin were used in some cases. RESULTS: A perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate was found in 6 of the 19 cases, located either within the tunica albuginea or on either side of it. A linear band of ossification was found in the tunica in 5 cases. Disorganization of the collagen of the tunica was present in all cases, usually associated with a slight increase in cellularity. In 3 of 10 cases fibrin was demonstrated in the affected area of the tunica. CONCLUSIONS: Peyronie's disease is characterized by an alteration in the appearance and cellularity of the collagen that comprises the tunica albuginea. Ossification in the middle or inner aspect of the tunica may occur, and a perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate may or may not be present within the tunica or on either side of it.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Principles of management of osteometabolic disorders affecting the aging spine.

Osteoporosis is the most common contributing factor of spinal fractures, which characteristically are not generally known to produce spinal cord compression symptoms. Recently, an increasing number of medical reports have implicated osteoporotic fractures as a cause of serious neurological deficit and painful disabling spinal deformities. This has been corroborated by the present authors as well. These complications are only amenable to surgical management, requiring instrumentation. Instrumenting an osteoporotic spine, although a challenging task, can be accomplished if certain guidelines for surgical techniques are respected. Neurological deficits respond equally well to an anterior or posterior decompression, provided this is coupled with multisegmental fixation of the construct. With the steady increase in the elderly population, it is anticipated that the spine surgeon will face serious complications of osteoporotic spines more frequently. With regard to surgery, however, excellent correction of deformities can be achieved, by combining anterior and posterior approaches. Paget's disease of bone (PD) is a non-hormonal osteometabolic disorder and the spine is the second most commonly affected site. About one-third of patients with spinal involvement exhibit symptoms of clinical stenosis. In only 12-24% of patients with PD of the spine is back pain attributed solely to PD, while in the majority of patients, back pain is either arthritic in nature or a combination of a pagetic process and coexisting arthritis. In this context, one must be certain before attributing low back pain to PD exclusively, and antipagetic medical treatment alone may be ineffective. Neural element dysfunction may be attributed to compressive myelopathy by pagetic bone overgrowth, pagetic intraspinal soft tissue overgrowth, ossification of epidural fat, platybasia, spontaneous bleeding, sarcomatous degeneration and vertebral fracture or subluxation. Neural dysfunction can also result from spinal ischemia when blood is diverted by the so-called "arterial steal syndrome". Because the effectiveness of pharmacologic treatment for pagetic spinal stenosis has been clearly demonstrated, surgical decompression should only be instituted after failure of antipagetic medical treatment. Surgery is indicated as a primary treatment when neural compression is secondary to pathologic fractures, dislocations, spontaneous epidural hematoma, syringomyelia, platybasia, or sarcomatous transformation. Five classes of drugs are available for the treatment of PD. Bisphosphonates are the most popular antipagetic drug and several forms have been investigated.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Image-guided frontal trephination: a minimally invasive approach for hard-to-reach frontal sinus disease.

OBJECTIVES: Peripherally located frontal sinus pathology may be unreachable with standard endoscopic techniques. Patients with superiorly or laterally based lesions often undergo osteoplastic flap with or without obliteration. Image-guided frontal trephination (IGFT) can localize pathology and provide excellent exposure. We present 13 patients in whom this technique was applied. STUDY DESIGN: Medical records of 13 patients undergoing IGFT were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 49.2 years, (range 14-79); follow-up time was 29.9 months (range 12-39). Indications for IGFT were superiorly or laterally based mucoceles (3), fibrous dysplasia or osteoma (3), type 4 frontal cells (3), and frontal recess stenosis or ossification (4). In five patients, IGFT was combined with endoscopic transethmoid frontal sinusotomy; eight patients were treated through a trephination approach, and three patients underwent trephination with unilateral frontal sinus obliteration. One patient required revision; all others remain symptom free. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: IGFT offers an attractive alternative to osteoplastic flap.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung: clinical, pathologic, and imaging findings.

Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung arise from Kulchitzky cells of the bronchial mucosa and comprise typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). At histopathologic analysis, these tumors demonstrate a progressive increase in the number of mitotic figures per 10 high-power fields of viable tumor and in the extent of necrosis, with typical carcinoid having the lowest values and SCLC having the highest. Typical carcinoid is less aggressive than atypical carcinoid, although these tumors have similar gross pathologic and radiologic features; LCNEC has a prognosis between that of atypical carcinoid and that of SCLC. SCLC is the most aggressive pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor and has the most specific imaging feature: mediastinal or hilar lymphadenopathy. At CT, carcinoid tumors appear as a spherical or ovoid nodule or mass with a well-defined and slightly lobulated border. When nonspherical, the tumor is elongated with its long axis parallel to adjacent bronchi. Calcification or ossification is seen in up to 30% of cases. The CT findings of LCNEC are nonspecific and are similar to those of other non-small cell lung cancers. Although there are some overlapping features between these tumors, integration of the clinical and imaging features may be helpful in differentiation of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Giant cell tumor of the larynx: a clinicopathologic series of eight cases and a review of the literature.

True giant cell tumors of the larynx (GCTL) are quite rare, and only individual case reports are documented in the literature. Eight cases of GCTL were identified in the Otorhinolaryngic Pathology Tumor Registry between 1966 and 2000. There were 2 women and 6 men, ages 26 to 62 years (mean, 44.5 yrs). Patients presented with a palpable neck mass (n = 5), airway obstruction (n = 3), hoarseness (n = 3), and dysphagia (n = 2). All tumors involved the thyroid cartilage, a few with local extension. The mean tumor size was 4.1 cm. Histologically, the tumors showed no connection to the surface epithelium and arose in sites of ossification. The tumors had an expansile, infiltrative growth and consisted of numerous multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells within a cellular stroma composed of plump, oval mononuclear cells. Of interest was that the nuclei of the giant cells were similar to the nuclei of the stromal cells. Treatment included biopsy only with adjuvant therapy (n = 2), local resection (n = 3), and total laryngectomy (n = 3). Follow-up showed 5 patients were alive without evidence of disease (mean follow-up, 6.9 yrs); 2 died of unrelated causes (mean survival, 22.2 yrs). No patients developed recurrences. GCTL are rare tumors that can cause significant airway obstruction. Complete surgical resection yields an excellent outcome without adjuvant therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Ultrasound as the primary imaging method in the diagnosis of hip dysplasia in children aged < 2 years.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonography as the primary imaging method for hip joints and to establish the limits of normal variation of ultrasound measurements. Five hundred sixty-six children aged 1-23 months who had been referred for clinical suspicion of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) were examined. In the youngest infants, the percentage cover of the cartilaginous femoral head by the bony acetabular roof (femoral head cover, FHC) was measured. When the ossification center had appeared, the cover was measured indirectly by the distance from the lateral tangent to the ossification center to the lateral acetabular rim (lateral head distance, LHD). The FHC of normal hips increased with age; the lower normal limit (mean -2 SD) was 46% in the youngest infants and 52% at age 4-5 months. The LHD also increased with age; the upper normal limit (mean +2 SD) was 3 mm in patients aged < 1 year of age and 4 mm in the oldest patients. Radiographs were obtained when ultrasound examination showed pathological hips and the radiographic findings were in good accordance with the ultrasound findings. Ultrasonography based on measurements of the cover of the femoral head represents a rapid and reliable technique for evaluation of hips in children in their first and second year of life. If ultrasonography is used as the primary imaging method, radiography can be omitted in approximately 95% of patients referred for clinical suspicion of DDH, because their hip joints are normal.

Female↗
PubMed1984

A biological and morphological comparison of cartilage cells in various kinds of lesions.

Cartilage is an important tissue, biologically and morphologically intermediate between connective tissue and bone. Much of the current knowledge on the biology of cartilage is still hypothetical, particularly that on the reproduction of mature cartilage cells. The existence of cartilage, and its formation, are dependent on certain conditions of metabolism, which for the most part differ strongly from those under which connective tissue or bone are produced, though these tissues are often closely related morphologically. One of the greatest problems in this field of human pathology is the total lack of correspondence between the micromorphology of most cartilaginous tumours and their biological properties, especially malignant proliferation. Thus cartilage lesions, particularly cartilaginous tumours, call for special, often unconventional methods, for even a superficial assessment. It appears that for evaluation of especially the biological properties of cartilage cells, the submicroscopic appearance of the nucleus is of special importance. A suitable model for the study of biological and morphological correlations of cartilage is the ossification of the cartilaginous skeleton, the appearance and existence of cartilage-cells in tissue cultures, and the behaviour of cartilaginous tissue under specific biomechanical conditions.

Bone and Bones↗