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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

[Blood insulin levels during oral glucose tolerance tests in the obese child. Influence of age, sex, degree and duration of obesity].

A significant increase in basic and post-stimulation insulin secretion was observed in 173 obese children undergoing oral glucose tolerance tests. The hyperinsulinism, which was not related to hyperclycemia, was more important in older and heavier children. It was also observed however in younger children since the onset of obesity. It may therefore play a role in the maintenance of the obesity but also in its development. Various hypothesis to explain the origin of this hyperinsulinism and the adaptation of the system to it are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Cognitive-behavioral therapy in obesity and activities of the STOB (Stop to Obesity) society].

STOB Society (STop to OBesity) was founded in the Czech Republic in 1991. It joins together psychologists, medical doctors, instructors of appropriate physical exercises and other professionals whose aim is to help obese people in the struggle with their excess weight. Activities of STOB Society are based on the method of cognitive behavioural psychotherapy, it proceeds from the assumption that inappropriate habits are learnt and so with a help of various techniques they can be also unlearnt. The aim is to induce desirable changes in behaviour, that is in eating and physical activity habits, and at the same time to get rid of the emotions and thoughts that lead to an inappropriate behaviour. The basis of cognitive-behavioural therapy is described. STOB Society popularizes appropriate and healthy way of weight reduction through articles in newspapers and journals, through programmes in radio and television and through brochure, audio and wide tapes, calendar etc. STOB Society organizes national campaigns in which it prompts thousands of obese people in the Czech Republic to appropriate eating and physical activity habits. It organizes "Weight reduction courses" in 70 towns in the Czech Republic.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
PubMed2006

Report on childhood obesity in China (2). Verification of BMI classification reference for overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To verify Working Group for Obesity in China (WGOC) recommended body mass index (BMI) classification reference for overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents using the data of 2002 China Nationwide Nutrition and Health Survey. METHODS: Pediatric metabolic syndrome (MetS) and abnormality of each risk factor for MetS were defined using the criteria for US adolescents. Definition of hyper-TC, LDL, and dyslipidemia in adults was applied as well. The average level and abnormality rate of the metabolic indicators were described by BMI percentiles and compared with general linear model analysis. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to summarize the potential of BMI to discriminate between the presence and absence of the abnormality of these indicators. RESULTS: There was neither significantly increasing nor significantly decreasing trend of biochemical parameter levels in low BMI percentile range (<65th). Slight increasing trend from the 75th and a significant increase were found when BMI > or =85th percentile. In general, the prevalence of the examined risk factors varied slightly when BMI percentile<75th, and substantial increases were consistently seen when BMI percentile > or =75th. As an indicator of hyper-TG, hypertension and MetS, the sensitivity and specificity were equal at the point of BMI<75th percentile, and the Youden's index of risk factors also reached peak point before 75th percentile except for MetS. When the BMI percentile was used as the screening indicator of MetS, Youden's index reached peak point at 85th percentile, just the point in the ROC graph that was nearest to the upper left corner. CONCLUSION: The BMI classification reference for overweight and obesity recommended by WGOC is rational to predict and prevent health risks in Chinese children and adolescents. Lower screening cut-off points, such as 83th percentile or 80th percentile, should not be excluded when they are considered as overweight criteria in future intervention or prevention studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Adipose tissue distribution in children with excess body weight and possible complications of obesity. I. Evaluation of an index (waist to hip circumference) in children with simple obesity].

Distribution of the fat tissue has been estimated in 94 children with simple obesity and in 100 children with normal parameters of the somatic development. The relation of waist measurement (at the navel level) to the hip measurement (at the level of sacral bone) (p/b) was evaluated. This ratio was higher in the group of the obese than in the normotensive children. Higher values of the waist measurement can indicate an excessive fat tissue deposition in the epigastrium. This is a poor prognostic factor as it indicates the greater risk of complications of obesity. This children should be followed up.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

Obesity, obesity-related behaviors and coronary heart disease risk factors in black and white premenopausal women.

Obesity is more common in black women than in white women in the USA, but there are few studies comparing black and white females on behaviors related to obesity or on the relationship between obesity and cardiovascular risk factors. We studied 490 white and 48 black premenopausal, nondiabetic, nonhypertensive women, aged 42-50 years, who were participating in the Pittsburgh Healthy Women Study. Black women had a higher BMI than white women and had a higher suprailiac:triceps ratio, suggesting a more central distribution of body fat. Weight gain since age 20 was greater in black women than in white women. Blacks and whites did not differ in caloric intake, smoking or alcohol consumption. However, there were marked differences in physical activity, with blacks reporting significantly less activity than whites. Differences in body fat distribution, weight gain since age 20 and activity remained after adjusting for education. Blacks also had higher blood pressure and poorer glucose tolerance than whites. The low activity level of black women should be considered when designing weight loss interventions.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1987

A long-term aerobic exercise program decreases the obesity index and increases the high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration in obese children.

The effects of long-term supervised aerobic exercise on the body weight, serum lipids and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were studied in 41 obese children (21 boys, 20 girls) initially aged 11-years-old. The 2 year training program was performed during the daily school life. The intensity of training consisted of running 20 minutes seven times per week at a pace which corresponds to the blood lactate threshold. No dietary intervention was done. The obesity index significantly decreased after 1 year of aerobic exercise in both boys and girls by 55 percent and 48 percent respectively. Since the lean body mass increased throughout the 2 year study while the total body weight decreased, the weight loss is attributed to a decrease in fat. The concentration of HDL-C significantly increased in both boys and girls in the first year, 16 percent and 19 percent respectively and was a slightly lower value in the second year. After 2 years a significant reduction in the girls' serum triglyceride concentration was observed. However, the total cholesterol in serum was unaltered in either boys or girls throughout the 2 year study. In conclusion, a long-term supervised aerobic exercise program in obese children is beneficial and resulted in significant weight reduction with concomitant improvement of lipoprotein metabolism.

Child↗
PubMed1985

Effect of weight loss on glucose disposal in obese and obese diabetic patients.

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of short-term weight loss on glucose disposal and lipid oxidation in obese patients. Twenty-six obese patients were divided into three groups according to their degree of glucose intolerance: normal glucose tolerance = Gp I; impaired glucose tolerance without diabetes = Gp II; diabetes = Gp III. The patients submitted to an hypocaloric, high-protein diet for 8 to 45 weeks. Respiratory exchange measurements were performed by means of continuous indirect calorimetry during a 100 g, 3 h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) before weight loss and were repeated at the end of the weight loss period, 3 to 8 weeks after the reintroduction of a balanced isocaloric diet. Glucose tolerance, which was decreased in Gps II and III, improved after weight loss. Glucose oxidation, which was decreased in Gps II and III showed improvement after weight reduction in both Gp II (30.9 +/- 2.3 after weight loss vs 24.2 +/- 2.0 g/3 h before, P less than 0.025) and in Gp III (33.1 +/- 1.6 vs 25.8 +/- 4.1, ns). In the diabetic group (Gp III), before weight loss, a decrease in nonoxidative glucose uptake was observed, which was probably due both to a decrease in glucose storage and to the inhibition of splanchnic glucose output. After weight loss, it increased significantly from 27.7 +/- 5.2 to 56.9 +/- 2.3 g/3 h (P less than 0.001). Postabsorptive plasma insulin levels decreased in all groups following weight reduction. When exaggerated the insulin response to the glucose load fell to normal values whereas the insulin response increased in the diabetic patients in whom it was initially blunted. Lipid oxidation rates, both preload and postload, were markedly elevated before weight loss in all three groups. They were substantially reduced after weight loss. This study shows that a weight loss of 10 to 33 kg in obese patients promoted an increase in the subnormal glucose oxidation rate in Gp II as well as an improvement of the low nonoxidative glucose uptake in the diabetic group, thus improving their glucose tolerance. There was a simultaneous reduction in lipid oxidation in both groups. Furthermore, the insulin response to the glucose load, whether elevated or decreased before weight loss, tended towards normalization after weight reduction.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Fasting and postprandial serum gastrin levels in obese and slim subjects, and the effects of surgical treatment for obesity on serum gastrin levels.

23 obese and 17 control subjects were studied after ingestion of a heavy breakfast, and 11 obese and 11 control subjects were studied after ingestion of a mixed liquid test meal. Five subjects from the latter group were also studied two and six weeks after a jejuno-ileal bypass operation and the remaining six subjects from this group were studied twelve weeks after a stapled gastric partitioning. No significant differences in fasting or postprandial serum gastrin levels were found between the obese and the lean subjects, neither when studied with the breakfast meal nor when studied with the mixed liquid test meal. After the jejuno-ileal bypass operation the serum gastrin levels were not significantly different from the preoperative ones, whereas both the fasting and the postprandial serum gastrin levels were significantly augmented after the stapled gastric partitioning procedure. The group operated on with the latter method was also studied with an insulin test before and after the operation. Similar to that seen after ingestion of the mixed liquid test meal, the serum gastrin levels after the insulin-induced hypoglycemia were significantly higher postoperatively.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Obesity in pediatrics: statistical analysis of school performance of obese children].

We examined the school performance of 936 normal children (431 males, 434 females) and 71 obese children (39 males, 32 females) aged between 8 and 13 years (mean 11 years and 6 months +/- 1 year) attending 2 primary school in a district of our town characterized by a good socio-cultural level. In total the subjects studied were 1007. Results showed that: 1) females had a school performance significantly higher than males (p < 0.005); 2) obese patients (both males and females) had a school performance significantly higher than normal children (p < 0.001). This observation may be explained by the consideration that good school attendance implies: a) stress inducing a compensatory mechanism of hyperalimentation; b) lower physical activity. Another interpretation may also be suggested: children already obese attend the school more diligently in order to be better accepted and to counterbalance their negative self-image.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Ghrelin neutralization by a ribonucleic acid-SPM ameliorates obesity in diet-induced obese mice.

Ghrelin, an acylated peptide secreted from the stomach, acts as a short-term signal of nutrient depletion. Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor 1a, a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in the hypothalamus and pituitary. We used a synthetic oligonucleotide, NOX-B11-2, capable of specific high-affinity binding to bioactive ghrelin to determine whether ghrelin neutralization would alter indices of energy balance in vivo. This novel type of ghrelin-blocking agent, called an RNA Spiegelmer (SPM), is a polyethylene glycol-modified l-RNA oligonucleotide, the nonnatural configuration of which confers in vivo stability. NOX-B11-2 blocked ghrelin mediated activation of GH secretagogue receptor 1a in cell culture (IC50 approximately 5 nm). We explored the effects of acute NOX-B11-2 administration on ghrelin-induced feeding in mice. NOX-B11-2 (66 mg/kg, sc) blocked ghrelin-induced feeding and was without effect on feeding evoked by an orally active nonpeptide ghrelin receptor agonist. We demonstrated that selective ghrelin blockade effectively promoted weight loss in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Chronic infusion of NOX-B11-2 (33 mg/kg.d, sc) to DIO mice evoked body weight loss for 13 d and reduced food intake and fat mass relative to control SPM-infused mice. In a 7-d study, DIO mice infused with NOX-B11-2 (33 mg/kg.d, sc) showed body weight loss, compared with animals receiving control SPM. This effect was directly mediated by SPM neutralization of ghrelin because NOX-B11-2 administration to ghrelin-deficient mice resulted in no weight loss. The decreased obesity observed in SPM-treated DIO mice provides validation for ghrelin neutralization as a potential antiobesity therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Does degree of obesity influence the validity of reported energy and protein intake? Results from the SOS Dietary Questionnaire. Swedish Obese Subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To test the validity of a dietary questionnaire which was developed with the particular goal of measuring dietary intake in obese subjects. DESIGN: Reported energy intake was compared with 24 h energy expenditure measured in a chamber for indirect calorimetry (24 EE) and reported nitrogen intake with nitrogen in urine collected during the 24 h in the chamber. SUBJECTS: Twenty-nine overweight men and women, body mass index (BMI) ranging from 25.5 49.5 kg/m2. RESULTS: Reported energy intake correlated significantly with 24 EE (r = 0.50, P = 0.006) and reported urinary nitrogen correlated significantly with urinary nitrogen excretion (r=0.56, P=0.0015). Mean reported energy intake+/-s.d. was 10.2+/-3.6 MJ and mean 24 EEi s.d. was 10.3+/-1.9 MJ. Although this difference was small and non significant, it indicates some underreporting if one can assume that these overweight subjects are less physically active in the chamber than in free-living conditions. Reported nitrogen intake also suggested underreporting at the group level. However, when the data were analysed at the individual level it was clear that the underreporting errors did not increase with increasing degree of obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Previous studies with the SOS dietary questionnaire have demonstrated that it is possible to obtain plausible energy intakes from both obese and nonobese subjects. This present analysis further demonstrates that the questionnaire discriminates overweight subjects with high and low intakes of energy and protein, using unbiased biomarkers to judge validity. These data provide additional support for the usefulness of the SOS dietary questionnaire.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of soleus muscle in non-obese healthy and Type 2 diabetic Asian Northern Indian males: high intramyocellular lipid content correlates with excess body fat and abdominal obesity.

AIMS: Intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) appears to be important in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Correlation of IMCL content of soleus muscle with insulin sensitivity has been reported in the Caucasian population. In the present study, IMCL content was estimated in the soleus muscle of both non-obese healthy males and Type 2 diabetic males, and correlated with the anthropometric parameters, blood glucose, plasma lipids, and insulin resistance in Asian Indians from North India. METHODS: Twenty males (Type 2 diabetes mellitus 10; healthy controls 10) with body mass index (BMI) 25. The following were assessed in all subjects: body composition, fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, insulin levels, insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) study of the soleus muscle. RESULTS: IMCL content was approximately two times higher in Type 2 diabetic males compared with healthy males (P < 0.05). Amongst healthy males, IMCL content was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in subjects with percentage BF > 25 compared with subjects with percentage BF or= 25. Similarly, IMCL content was high in subjects with waist-hip ratio (WHR) > 0.95 compared with subjects with WHR <or= 0.95. In healthy males but not in diabetic males, positive significant correlation of IMCL content of soleus muscle was observed with waist circumference (r = 0.73, P < 0.05) and WHR (r = 0.71, P < 0.05). However, IMCL content did not correlate significantly to insulin resistance in both the groups. CONCLUSIONS: 1H MRS study of soleus muscle in a small sample of non-obese Asian Indians showed higher IMCL content in Type 2 diabetics compared with healthy subjects. Non-obese healthy male subjects having high percentage BF and WHR also had high IMCL content, and it significantly correlated to waist circumference and WHR. However, lack of relationship of IMCL content with insulin resistance in Asian Indians needs further study.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Pseudocholinesterase in obesity: hypercaloric diet induced changes in experimental obese mice.

Pseudocholinesterase activity is significantly higher in liver and serum, but lower in adipose tissue of genetically obese, diabetic and gold thioglucose treated mice. Similar enzyme changes were also observed in lean mice on a high carbohydrate diet. A marked reduction (40%) in PChE activity occurred in the liver of genetically diabetic mice when starved for 24 h. These observations suggest that pseudocholinesterase induction in the liver and repression in the adipose tissue is affected by excessive caloric intake in obesity. This provides a model to study the biological function of PChE in health and disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Liver PPARalpha and UCP2 are involved in the regulation of obesity and lipid metabolism by swim training in genetically obese db/db mice.

Swim training for 6 weeks significantly decreased body weight gain, adipose tissue mass, and adipocyte size in both sexes of genetically obese db/db mice compared with their respective sedentary controls. Swim training also caused significant decreases in serum levels of free fatty acids, triglycerides, and total cholesterol in both sexes of obese mice. Concomitantly, hepatic mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) target enzymes responsible for mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation were significantly increased by swim training. Moreover, mRNA levels of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in liver were also markedly increased by swim training. In conclusion, these results suggest that swim training-induced transcriptional activation of hepatic PPARalpha target enzymes and UCP2 may effectively prevent body weight gain, adiposity, and lipid disorders caused by leptin receptor deficiency in both sexes of mice.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Bromocriptine/SKF38393 treatment ameliorates obesity and associated metabolic dysfunctions in obese (ob/ob) mice.

It has been postulated that dopaminergic activities comprise a major functional component of a central regulatory system for metabolism which can be manipulated by dopamine modulating drugs. The present study is aimed at delineating the role and importance of pharmacological dopaminergic activation in the regulation of metabolism during obesity and diabetes. We treated C57BL/6J ob/ob mice for 2 weeks with bromocriptine (dopamine D2 agonist), SKF38393 (dopamine D1 agonist), both drugs combined or vehicle and monitored the effects of such treatment on body composition, food consumption, and serum metabolites. Bromocriptine and SKF38393 individually produced moderate improvements in obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia. However, a combination of bromocriptine plus SKF38393 resulted in major reductions in body weight (7.5 g), body fat (40%), food consumption (42%), and serum concentrations of glucose (59%), triglyceride (37%), free fatty acid (45%) and insulin (49%) while increasing protein mass (8%). These results indicate that regulatory components of metabolism in the ob/ob mouse are modulated by and/or are comprised of dopaminergic activities. Importantly, dopaminergic D1/D2 receptor coactivation maximizes this dopaminergic response (i.e., improvement of metabolic abnormalities) in these mice.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-ben↗
PubMed2006

The obesity pipeline: current strategies in the development of anti-obesity drugs.

This review provides a summary of currently available pharmaceutical therapies for the treatment of obesity, along with an overview of the pipeline of products currently in development, and the key mechanisms on which the major development candidates are based. In particular, the recent increase in understanding of the role of gut peptides in energy homeostasis is highlighted as a promising source of potential future obesity therapies.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Estimating blood volume in obese and morbidly obese patients.

Preoperative assessment of blood volume (BV) is important for patients undergoing surgery. The mean value for indexed blood volume ((In)BV) in normal weight adults is 70 mL/kg. Since (In)BV decreases in a non-linear manner with increasing weight, this value cannot be used for obese and morbidly obese patients. We present an equation that allows estimation of (In)BV over the entire range of body weights.

Blood Volume↗
PubMed1999

Eating disorders and psychiatric disorders in the first-degree relatives of obese probands with binge eating disorder and obese non-binge eating disorder controls.

OBJECTIVE: The purposes of the present study were to examine the possibility of a familial tendency for binge eating disorder (BED) among the obese, to clarify the relationship between BED and other eating disorders, and to test the relationship between BED and other psychiatric disorders. METHOD: We studied 32 female BED outpatients and 23 obese females without BED. A possible history of eating disorders was assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R-Eating Disorders section administered by telephone interview. Family history information for other psychiatric disorders was collected using the Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria RESULTS: The frequency of all eating disorders and the risk for other psychiatric disorders were not significantly different between the relatives of the two groups. These results were consistent across generation and gender. DISCUSSION: This study failed to show a familial tendency for BED, or any significant familial relationship between BED and other eating disorders, and did not support the hypothesis of coaggregation of other psychiatric disorders with BED.

Adult↗