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Results for “Neurotic Disorders”

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PubMed1996

Predictors of outcome of short-term child psychiatric inpatient treatment.

In this study, 85 children were prospectively followed after discharge from short-term inpatient treatment. Outcome was defined as functioning within normal range at the follow-up or as improvement in the child's behavior problems. Rutter Parent's Questionnaire was used as a measure on admission and at the 5-month follow-up after discharge. The child's more frequent individual behavior problems, antisocial behavior and disengaged family interaction on admission predicted both functioning outside normal range and less improvement at follow-up. Previous treatment because of developmental or behavioral problems and hyperkinetic symptoms on admission predicted functioning outside normal range. Parent's previous psychiatric hospital treatment was negatively associated with improvement. Pure emotional disorder predicted normal range functioning at follow-up. The child's age, gender, place of treatment and length of short-term treatment were not related to outcome. The results also stress the importance of taking into account both parents' and teachers' evaluations on admission.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiological study on mental morbidity of the child at the age of latency].

A random sample of 300 9-year-old children in the canton of Vand were given a psychiatric examination. Boys showed psychopathology more often than girls, lower class children more than higher class children, children of foreign origin more than children of Swiss parents, children who had been separated from their families during their first three years of life more than children who had not been separated. On the other hand, the child psychiatric services were less well known by persons from those population groups, in which children showed psychopathologic findings more often. Questions concerning the intervention strategies that follow from these observations are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The costs of accommodation and care. Community provision for former long-stay psychiatric hospital patients.

The development of community services to replace two long-stay psychiatric hospitals in the North East Thames Health Authority region of the UK has been the subject of a research programme since 1985. The economic evaluation is conducted by the Personal Social Services Research Unit; research results relating to the first five cohorts of hospital leavers are reported in this paper. When followed up 1 year after discharge, almost half of the sample were living in highly supported residential care units, most of which were managed by district health authorities. More than 40 services provided outside the accommodation facility were used by clients and, although contact with certain professionals remained constant, some changes in service use over time were marked. The average total cost of community care for this group was 493 pounds per week (1992-93 prices), accommodation facility costs comprising approximately 85% of the total. In the new service configuration, district health authorities fund half of the costs of supporting the hospital leavers, 50% less than when they funded long-stay hospital placements. The rest of the funding burden is borne by a range of agencies, resulting in pressure on budgets and staff case loads.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prophylactic psychiatry.

The great contributions of Gantt to the problems of prophylactic psychiatry are pointed out. The author reviews his experiences with a 30-year follow-up of a population of 1800 persons. Over the 30 years, there appeared to be a 50% increase of neuroses, which raises great problems for mental health services. The Berlevåg population was offered optimal psychiatric services. Behavior therapy of neuroses and drug treatment of depression may possibly have lowered the prevalence of mental disorders. Psychophysiologic tests were used in the project. It is hoped that such tests may be utilized for early detection and treatment of mental disorders.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Higher nervous activity in psychiatric patients.

A review is presented of studies of higher nervous activity in psychiatric patients. In neuroses and reactive psychoses the basic pathology appears to be centered around the psychogenic complex structures. In addition, neuroses as well as reactive psychoses reveal general disturbances of higher nervous activity. In the schizophrenic and manic depressive psychoses there are indications of disturbances in deep-lying brain structures. Both types of psychoses are heterogeneous groups of clinical conditions. An important task for future experimental studies is to establish the types of disturbances of higher nervous activity in well-defined clinically homogenous groups. The final section deals with prophylactic psychiatry, with special emphasis on Gantt's suggestions for an international project.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2003

[Subjective quality of life. Critical look at a modern construct].

The scientific usefulness of the popular construct "subjective quality of life"(QoL) is critically investigated in a psychiatric context. Six problem areas were chosen: QoL is rooted in different scientific traditions (area I) and characterized by definitional uncertainty (area II). It is conceptually and empirically confounded with several other psychosocial constructs and lacks clear causal specificity (area III). The operationalization of QoL comprises a great number of heterogeneous instruments (area IV), and there are additional problems created by methodological and statistical issues (area V).Finally, there is no integrative, theoretical model that can be tested empirically in a systematic way (area VI). These problems support the conclusion that subjective QoL is a preparadigmatic or scientifically immature concept which should be applied with caution and under strict methodological standards when used to answer clinically relevant questions.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed2005

The mental health of early retirees-- national interview survey in Britain.

BACKGROUND: There is intense political interest in retaining older workers in the workforce, to fund lengthening retirements. While health is important in early exit from work, the health of early retirees has been little studied. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the health status of economically active 50- to 64-year-olds with economically inactive former workers (termed early retirees). METHODS: A total of 1,875 respondents to the 2000 Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of Great Britain were included in the analysis. Current common mental (neurotic) disorder presence was based on the revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R). RESULTS: Results In all, 71.2% of men and 66.4% of women early retirees reported having a long-standing illness. Of early retired men, 22.2% have a common mental disorder compared to 8.2% of those still in work (p value of difference<0.001). In contrast, the respective figures for women were 18.2% and 16.9%. In fully adjusted regression models for men, early retirees were more likely to have generalised anxiety disorders (OR 3.1: 95% CI: 1.2-7.8) and depressive disorders (OR 4.3: 95% CI: 1.7-11.0). CONCLUSION: There is a substantial burden of specific mental health disorders in early retiree men. Understanding the mechanisms of this excess of mental disorders in early retiree men may be a prerequisite to increasing the numbers seeking or staying in work up to age 65.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Determinants of psychiatric inpatient admission to general hospital psychiatric wards: an epidemiological study in a region of central Italy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine which factors contribute to the decision to admit individuals to psychiatric wards in general hospitals. METHOD: Data on 1,379 individuals undergoing psychiatric evaluation in eight emergency rooms in a region of central Italy were collected. A logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the likelihood of psychiatric admission considering the independent effects of demographic, social, and clinical factors and of the history of psychiatric treatment. RESULTS: The adjusted odds ratio for psychiatric admission significantly increased with the following variables: severity of symptoms; presence of paranoid states and schizophrenic psychoses, affective psychoses and acute psychotic conditions (with neurotic disorders used as reference); a history of outpatient treatment; the presence of a staff member of a community mental health facility upon presentation at the emergency room; and the availability of beds in the psychiatric ward. CONCLUSION: The independent effect played by the presence of a staff member of a community mental health facility is of particular interest, suggesting the existence of a collaborative relationship between inpatient and outpatient services.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Gender- and violence-related prevalence of mental disorders in prisoners.

OBJECTIVES: To clarify the prevalence of mental diseases including personality disorders in a sample of German prisoners regarding delinquency and gender specificity. METHOD: Crime history, present state and lifetime mental disorders, as well as personality disorders, were assessed amongst 415 inmates and compared regarding gender and type of delinquency. RESULTS: Female offenders more often committed homicide while male offenders more frequently committed assault and robbery. Men had a higher prevalence of alcohol abuse and dissocial PD while women more often showed depression, anxiety disorders and Borderline PD. Violent offences were related to a higher prevalence of alcohol abuse and dissocial PD, as well as higher comorbidities of mental disorders. CONCLUSION: Results emphasize the complexity of the needs and requirements of imprisoned offenders. Our findings reveal an urgent need for psychiatric-psychotherapeutic services to provide suitable care to inmates in order to contribute to a more favorable legal prognosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A special case of learning disorder in isolant rats as a model of disintegration.

The combination of two factors - isolation and ontogenesis (starting from 21 days) and subsequent training of rats to a cyclical habit - could in some animals (30%) lead to the formation of unusual behavioral strategies consisting of maintenance of the cyclical habit without reinforcement with food. This dissociation from the vital motivation is regarded as an analog of the disintegration phenomenon, a key step in psychoneurotic disorders. The most common type of disturbance in isolated animals was suppression of searching activity, with extreme learning difficulty, though a training process including a two-month break led to a significant increase in motor-searching activity in this situation. These behavioral abnormalities were accompanied by morphological changes in the sensorimotor cortex of the brain, with a relative thinning of layer 5 and selective decreases in the density of satellite glial cells and deviations from the normal correlational relationships between behavioral and neuroglial measures.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Meta-analysis in psychiatric genetics.

The article reviews literature on methods for meta-analysis of genetic linkage and association studies, and summarizes and comments on specific meta-analysis findings for psychiatric disorders. The Genome Scan Meta-Analysis and Multiple Scan Probability methods assess the evidence for linkage across studies. Multiple Scan Probability analysis suggested linkage of two chromosomal regions (13q and 22q) to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, whereas Genome Scan Meta-Analysis on a larger sample identified at least 10 schizophrenia linkage regions, but none for bipolar disorder. Meta-analyses of pooled ORs support association of schizophrenia to the Ser311Cys polymorphism in DRD2 and the T102C polymorphism in HTR2A, and of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder to the 48-bp repeat in DRD4. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) may contribute to the risk of bipolar disorder, suicidal behavior, and neuroticism, but association to the lifetime risk of major depression has not been shown. Meta-analyses support linkage of schizophrenia to regions where replicable associations to candidate genes have been identified through positional cloning methods. There are additional supported regions where susceptibility genes are likely to be identified. Linkage meta-analysis has had less clear success for bipolar disorder based on a smaller dataset. Meta-analysis can guide the prioritization of regions for study, but proof of association requires biological confirmation of hypotheses about gene actions. Elucidation of causal mechanisms will require more comprehensive study of sequence variation in candidate genes, better statistical and meta-analytic methods to take all variation into account, and biological strategies for testing etiologic hypotheses.

Adolescent↗