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PubMed1951

The pathogenesis of infection with a virulent (CG 179) and an avirulent (B) strain of Newcastle disease virus in the chicken. II. Development of antibody.

Circulating antibody appeared in the convalescing NDV-infected chicken concomitantly with the disappearance of virus from the tissues. The antigenic response to the CG 179 and B strains was demonstrated to be approximately equal. The neutralization test in the embryo and the hemagglutination inhibition technique yielded parallel results in the measurement of antibody early in convalescence, but late in convalescence the hemagglutination inhibition titers were relatively lower. This disparity indicates the possible duality of the antibodies. There was a wide ratio between the neutralizing antibody titers found in the brain and in the serum after an asymptomatic infection with NDV. The antibody level in the brain appeared to be related to the extent of virus growth and damage in the central nervous system. It appeared likely that a major factor in determining the virulence of the CG 179 strain was the more rapid attainment in the central nervous system of high virus concentration which outstripped the defense mechanisms of the host.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Characterization of a Newcastle disease virus isolated from apparently normal guinea fowl (Numida melagridis).

This report describes the isolation and molecular characterization of Newcastle disease virus isolated from an apparently normal guinea fowl (Numida melagridis). With a mean death time of 54 h and intracerebral pathogenicity index of 1.80, the isolate has been identified as velogenic by biological methods. Fusion protein cleavage site amino acid sequence analysis of the isolate indicated the presence of two pairs of basic amino acids at the C-terminus of the F2 region and phenylalanine at the N-terminus of the F1 region, confirming the velogenic nature of the isolate. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolate revealed that this isolate is genotypically related to other neurotropic velogenic isolates like Iowa/Salsbury, Texas GB, Kansas/Manhattan and mesogenic Michigan.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Identification of amino acids relevant to three antigenic determinants on the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus that are involved in fusion inhibition and neutralization.

Nucleotide sequence analysis of F protein antigenic variants of Newcastle disease virus mapped three distinct antigenic determinants to positions 343, 72, and 161 on the protein. The high fusion-inhibiting and neutralizing capacities of all of the monoclonal antibodies used for selection suggested close functional and structural relationships of the three positions with the fusion-inducing N-terminal region of the F1 subunit. The former two positions were located at the cysteine cluster domain near the C terminus of the F1 subunit and at the major hydrophilic domain in the F2 subunit, respectively, and both domains appeared to represent the major antigenic determinants of paramyxovirus F protein.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Mucosal and systemic immunization elicited by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) transgenic plants as antigens.

As a step towards developing a safe and effective edible vaccine against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), we have explored the use of plants genetically engineered to express viral proteins. We report the construction of transgenic potato plants expressing the genes coding for immunogenic proteins of NDV under the regulation of CaMV 35S promoter and its immunogenicity in mice. All mice receiving transgenic plant extracts in incomplete Freund adjuvant produced specific anti-NDV antibodies. Animals fed with transgenic leaves showed a specific response against NDV. Detection of IgA released from in vitro-cultured intestinal tissue fragments indicated the presence of IgA-secreting cells in the gut.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Rapid detection and differentiation of Newcastle disease virus by real-time PCR with melting-curve analysis.

In order to rapidly detect and differentiate Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates, a method based on real-time PCR SYBR Green I melting-curve analysis of the fusion (F) protein gene was developed. The detection limit of real-time PCR was 9 x 10(2) plasmid copies and was 100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR. Thirty eight reference NDV strains were rapidly identified by their distinctive melting temperatures (T(m)s): 89.23 +/- 0.27 degrees C for velogenic strains, 90.17 +/- 0.35 degrees C for pigeon mesogenic strains, 91.25 +/- 0.14 degrees C for two lentogenic strains (B1 and Ishii). No amplification was detected from unrelated RNA samples by this method. This real-time PCR directly detected NDV from infected tissues and eliminated the gel electrophoretic step for analyzing PCR product using ethidium bromide. The total time for a PCR run was less than 1 hour. The results obtained in this study showed that the real-time PCR presented here is a good screening test for the identification of NDV.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of genetic selection for increased body weight and sex of poult on antibody response of turkeys to Newcastle disease virus and Pasteurella multocida vaccines.

Primary and secondary antibody responses of 671 turkeys of two genetic lines to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and Pasteurella multocida vaccines were examined. The randombred control line (RBC2) and a subline (F) of RBC2 had been selected for increased 16-week body weight. Poults were vaccinated at 6 and 12 weeks of age, and serum samples were collected 3 weeks after each vaccination. Antibody titers were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Line F turkeys had significantly higher 9-week and 15-week serum antibody titers to NDV than line RBC2. However, line RBC2 had significantly higher serum antibody titers to P. multocida at 15 weeks of age than line F. The 9-week and 15-week serum antibody titers to NDV were significantly higher in females than males, but males had significantly higher 15-week serum antibody titers to P. multocida than females. Sex of poults did not contribute significantly to variation in serum antibody response to P. multocida at 9 weeks of age.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Location of neutralizing epitopes on the fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus strain Beaudette C.

A panel of eight neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the fusion (F) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been shown to locate a major antigenic site on the basis of competitive binding assay and additivity index studies. Five epitopes (A1 to A5) have been located within this site on the F protein of the Beaudette C strain of NDV on the basis of cross-resistance plaque assays of MAb-resistant mutants raised against these MAbs. Epitopes A1, A4 and A5 are distinct; epitope A2 partially overlaps epitope A3. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the F genes of MAb-resistant mutants showed that each predicted single amino acid substitutions ranging from amino acid residues 157 to 171 for epitope A4 and at residues 72, 78, 79 and 343 for epitopes A1, A2, A3 and A5 respectively. These locations indicate that both the F1 and F2 fragments are involved in the formation of a single antigenic site and suggest the involvement of extensive protein folding in the active form of this F protein.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

Isolation and characterization of a novel mutant mouse cell line resistant to Newcastle disease virus: constitutive interferon production and enhanced interferon sensitivity.

In our attempt to isolate mutant cell lines resistant to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) we developed an improved procedure for enrichment of NDV-resistant cells from mouse FM3A cells and isolated a novel NDV-resistant mutant cell line, Had-2, with characteristics different from Had-1, a previously reported NDV-receptor-deficient mutant strain. Had-2 cells adsorbed NDV normally but the accumulation of viral mRNAs and proteins was inhibited. Had-2 cells had to be grown at higher cell densities in order to be NDV-resistant, and it was revealed that they did not exhibit NDV-resistance when grown at lower cell densities. A conditioned medium prepared from a culture of Had-2 cells grown at high cell density was able to make a low-density culture NDV-resistant. The activity of the conditioned medium to induce NDV-resistance was completely neutralized by addition of both anti interferon (IFN)-alpha and anti IFN-beta antibodies, indicating that Had-2 cells were constitutively releasing IFNs, though their levels were rather low. Had-2 cells were also characterized by an increased sensitivity to IFNs as compared with the parental FM3A cells, since the conditioned medium containing IFNs did not render FM3A cells resistant to NDV.

Animals↗
PubMed1952

A mucoprotein derived from human urine which reacts with influenza, mumps, and Newcastle disease viruses.

A mucoprotein, present in normal human urine, has been isolated and obtained in a state of a high degree of purity. A number of the biological, chemical, and physicochemical properties of the substance have been studied. From the results obtained in the present investigation and those reported in succeeding papers (34, 35) it appears that the mucoprotein has a high molecular weight, i.e., of the order of 7.0 x 10(6), consists of thread-like molecules which have axial ratios of approximately 100, and is specifically antigenic. This substance, which appears to be free of contaminating material, possesses in extraordinary degree the capacity to react with influenza, mumps, and Newcastle disease viruses. At equilibrium, with influenza virus, the minimal amount of the substance capable of giving a demonstrable reaction with one hemagglutinating unit of virus appears to be about 0.0003 microg. The mucoprotein is altered by preparations of influenza viruses and its capacity to react with these agents or others is lost. The kinetics of the inactivation process brought about by influenza viruses is in accord with those of well known enzyme-substrate systems. With the exception of the capacity to react with viruses, altered mucoprotein did not differ from the native substance relative to any of the properties examined in the present study. That certain physicochemical properties of the altered mucoprotein are different from those of the native substance is demonstrated in succeeding papers (34, 35).

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Newcastle disease virus infection induces B7-1/B7-2-independent T-cell costimulatory activity in human melanoma cells.

Viral oncolysates of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have been widely used for the treatment of malignant melanoma. Apparently, this nononcogenic and apathogenic paramyxovirus can alter the immunogenicity of tumor cells. To determine the influence of NDV infection on a tumor-specific T-cell response on a functional level, we used autologous primary melanoma cells infected with the NDV-strain Ulster. Therefore, melanoma cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were prepared from a freshly resected tumor, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were subjected to limited dilution cloning. Proliferation assays of the T-helper cell clone sTS3 (CD4+) showed that the T-cell clone was rendered nonreactive against its autologous major histocompatibility complex II+, B7-1/B7-2- melanoma SMS, even remaining unresponsive to subsequent stimulation by interleukin-2. NDV infection of the SMS melanoma cell line not only completely restored the proliferative response of sTS3 to SMS, comparable with stimulation by cross-linking of anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies, but also inhibited the induction of anergy. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays of sTS3 cell lysates revealed the induction of the CD28-responsive complex by coincubation with NDV-infected melanoma cells. Because the induction of this complex of nuclear proteins shows specificity for the activation of the CD28 pathway but functional B7-1/B7-2 expression was not detectable on SMS melanoma cells at any timepoint, we propose the induction of a costimulatory factor different from B7 by NDV viral proteins.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1991

Characterization of haemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein of Newcastle disease virus expressed by a recombinant baculovirus.

A recombinant baculovirus containing a cDNA which encodes haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was constructed. Spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with this recombinant virus produced a large amount of HN glycoprotein similar to the authentic HN in size. The recombinant HN glycoprotein was localized on the surface of the infected cells and conserved its haemadsorption and neuraminidase activities. The antigenic properties of the recombinant HN glycoprotein seemed to be slightly different from the authentic one, as judging by the reactivity with a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific to the antigenic sites responsible for neutralization of viral infectivity. Chickens inoculated with the cells infected with the recombinant virus developed haemagglutination-inhibition and virus neutralization antibodies, and were completely protected from the NDV challenge.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Analysis of the interferons induced in mice in vivo and in macrophages in vitro by Newcastle disease virus and by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid.

C57BL/6 mice or pure cultures of their macrophages were inoculated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) or poly(I).poly(C) to induce interferons (IFNs) that were separated on CH-Sepharose 4B columns. The elution profiles of different activity peaks were compared. All preparations induced in vivo showed the same pattern but the relative proportions of the IFN activities varied. In vitro poly(I).poly(C)-induced IFN showed two peaks after separation by the column, and three peaks were found when NDV-induced IFNs were separated. When IFN induced by NDV in vitro was used to determine the molecular weight, activities were observed in three molecular weight ranges. The smallest one with 18,000 daltons was neutralized by anti-IFN-alpha and represented about 7% of the total activity. The activities of molecular weights 24,000 daltons and 29,000-31,000 daltons were neutralized by anti-IFN-beta. Poly(I).poly(C)-induced IFN in vitro showed two molecular weight ranges, 26,000 daltons and 40,000 daltons, and both were neutralized by anti-IFN-beta. IFN induced in serum by NDV at 3 h had molecular weights of 18,000 daltons neutralized by anti-IFN-alpha and 26,000-30,000 daltons neutralized by anti-IFN-beta. Both IFN subtypes were represented at equal quantities. Serum IFN found in the serum after 8 h had three molecular weight ranges: 18,500-19,500 daltons neutralized by anti-IFN-alpha containing 80% of the total IFN amount, 26,000-27,000 daltons, and 38,000 daltons both neutralized by anti-IFN-beta and containing 20% of the IFN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Newcastle disease virus strain I2--a prospective thermostable vaccine for use in developing countries.

Forty-five avirulent Australian strains of Newcastle disease virus had been examined for antigenicity in chickens and 18 of these were tested for thermostability. Strain I2, chosen for a combination of antigenicity and thermostability, was artificially selected for enhanced thermostability. Master seed material was then prepared in minimal disease eggs, and vaccine by a further two passages in conventional eggs. Strain I2 virus at seed and vaccine level induced adequate levels of antibody in chickens vaccinated by eye drop and usually in their contacts. The serological response to oral vaccination was less certain. Antibody titres indicative of substantial protection against virulent challenge were maintained in a simulated village flock for 38 weeks by vaccination of the foundation flock on two occasions, with subsequent vaccination confined to clutches of chicks as they were produced. Strain I2 virus survived for at least 12 weeks when stored at 22 degrees C in 1% gelatin. Strain I2 is suitable for local production of thermostable vaccine in regional laboratories in developing countries.

Animals↗