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PubMed2004

The relationship between nonverbal immediacy, student motivation, and perceived cognitive learning among Japanese college students.

Research in the United States has found a strong and consistent relationship between teacher behavior and learning. Data collected from American college students indicate that perceptions of teacher nonverbal immediacy (NVI) are associated with students' feelings toward learning and perceptions of cognitive learning. The purposes of this study were to accomplish the following: (1) develop standardized Japanese versions of the instruments used to measure teacher nonverbal immediacy, student motivation, and perceived cognitive learning (how much students think they have learned); and (2) assess the relationship between NVI, student motivation, and perceptions of cognitive learning among Japanese college students. Results note that Japanese students report (1) a positive relationship between reported levels of teacher NVI and student motivation; (2) a negative relationship between reported levels of teacher NVI and perceived learning loss; and (3) a negative relationship between student motivation (SM) and perceived learning loss (how much students think they did not learn with their teacher compared to an ideal teacher). Further, cross-cultural comparisons between Japanese and American students were conducted. Results from the cross-cultural comparison suggest that the relationships between reported teacher nonverbal immediacy, student motivation, and learning loss among Japanese college students are similar to those found among American college students, but the dimensional structure of the questionnaires was different.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1982

Role of proton motive force in genetic transformation of Bacillus subtilis.

This study explored the role of the proton motive force in the processes of DNA binding and DNA transport of genetic transformation of Bacillus subtilis 168 strain 8G-5 (trpC2). Transformation was severely inhibited by the ionophores valinomycin, nigericin, and 3,5-di-tert-4-hydroxybenzylidenemalononitrite (SF-6847) and by tetraphenylphosphonium. The ionophores valinomycin and nigericin also severely inhibited binding of transforming DNA to the cell envelope, whereas SF-6847 and carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone hardly affected binding. The proton motive force, therefore, does not contribute to the process of DNA binding, and valinomycin and nigericin interact directly with the DNA binding sites at the cell envelope. The effects of ionophores, weak acids, and tetraphenylphosphonium on the components of the proton motive force and on the entry of transforming DNA after binding to the cell envelope was investigated. DNA entry, as measured by the amount of DNase I-resistant cell-associated [3H]DNA and by the formation of DNA breakdown products, was severely inhibited under conditions of a small proton motive force and also under conditions of a small delta pH and a high electrical potential. These results suggest that the proton motive force and especially the delta pH component functions as a driving force for DNA uptake in transformation.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1983

Estimation of the cytoplasmic pH of Coxiella burnetii and effect of substrate oxidation on proton motive force.

The magnitude of the proton motive force generated during in vitro substrate oxidation by Coxiella burnetii was examined. The intracellular pH of C. burnetii varied from about 5.1 to 6.95 in resting cells over an extracellular pH range of 2 to 7. Similarly, delta psi varied from about 15 mV to -58 mV over approximately the same range of extracellular pH. Both components of the proton motive force increased during substrate oxidation, resulting in an increase in proton motive force from about -92 mV in resting cells to -153 mV in cells metabolizing glutamate at pH 4.2. The respiration-dependent increase in proton motive force was blocked by respiratory inhibitors, but the delta pH was not abolished even by the addition of proton ionophores such as carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone or 2,4-dinitrophenol. Because of this apparently passive component of delta pH maintenance, the largest proton motive force was obtained at an extracellular pH too low to permit respiration. C. burnetii appears, therefore, to behave in many respects like other acidophilic bacteria. Such responses are proposed to contribute to the extreme resistance of C. burnetii to environmental conditions and subsequent activation upon entry into the phagolysosome of eucaryotic cells in which this organism multiplies.

2,4-Dinitrophenol↗
PubMed2003

Identifying factors for job motivation of rural health workers in North Viet Nam.

BACKGROUND: In Viet Nam, most of the public health staff (84%) currently works in rural areas, where 80% of the people live. To provide good quality health care services, it is important to develop strategies influencing staff motivation for better performance. METHOD: An exploratory qualitative research was carried out among health workers in two provinces in North Viet Nam so as to identify entry points for developing strategies that improve staff performance in rural areas. The study aimed to determine the major motivating factors and it is the first in Viet Nam that looks at health workers' job perception and motivation. Apart from health workers, managers at national and at provincial level were interviewed as well as some community representatives. RESULTS: The study showed that motivation is influenced by both financial and non-financial incentives. The main motivating factors for health workers were appreciation by managers, colleagues and the community, a stable job and income and training. The main discouraging factors were related to low salaries and difficult working conditions. CONCLUSION: Activities associated with appreciation such as performance management are currently not optimally implemented, as health workers perceive supervision as control, selection for training as unclear and unequal, and performance appraisal as not useful. The kind of non-financial incentives identified should be taken into consideration when developing HRM strategies. Areas for further studies are identified.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Health worker motivation in Africa: the role of non-financial incentives and human resource management tools.

BACKGROUND: There is a serious human resource crisis in the health sector in developing countries, particularly in Africa. One of the challenges is the low motivation of health workers. Experience and the evidence suggest that any comprehensive strategy to maximize health worker motivation in a developing country context has to involve a mix of financial and non-financial incentives. This study assesses the role of non-financial incentives for motivation in two cases, in Benin and Kenya. METHODS: The study design entailed semi-structured qualitative interviews with doctors and nurses from public, private and NGO facilities in rural areas. The selection of health professionals was the result of a layered sampling process. In Benin 62 interviews with health professionals were carried out; in Kenya 37 were obtained. Results from individual interviews were backed up with information from focus group discussions. For further contextual information, interviews with civil servants in the Ministry of Health and at the district level were carried out. The interview material was coded and quantitative data was analysed with SPSS software. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The study shows that health workers overall are strongly guided by their professional conscience and similar aspects related to professional ethos. In fact, many health workers are demotivated and frustrated precisely because they are unable to satisfy their professional conscience and impeded in pursuing their vocation due to lack of means and supplies and due to inadequate or inappropriately applied human resources management (HRM) tools. The paper also indicates that even some HRM tools that are applied may adversely affect the motivation of health workers. CONCLUSION: The findings confirm the starting hypothesis that non-financial incentives and HRM tools play an important role with respect to increasing motivation of health professionals. Adequate HRM tools can uphold and strengthen the professional ethos of doctors and nurses. This entails acknowledging their professionalism and addressing professional goals such as recognition, career development and further qualification. It must be the aim of human resources management/quality management (HRM/QM) to develop the work environment so that health workers are enabled to meet their personal and the organizational goals.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Energizing porters by proton-motive force.

It is generally accepted that the chemistry of water was the most crucial determinant in shaping life on earth. Among the more important chemical features of water is its dissociation into protons and hydroxyl ions. The presence of relatively high proton concentrations in the ambient solution resulted in the evolution of proton pumps during the dawn of life on earth. These proton pumps maintained neutral pH inside the cells and generated electrochemical gradients of protons (proton-motive force) across their membranes. The existence of proton-motive force enabled the evolution of porters driven by it that are most probably among the more primitive porters in the world. The directionality of the substrate transport by the porters could be to both sides of the membranes because they can serve as proton symporters or antiporters. One of the most important subjects of this meeting is the mechanism by which proton-motive and other ion-motive forces drive the transport processes through porters. Is there a common mechanism of action for all proton-driven porters? Is there some common partial reaction by which we can identify the way that porters are energized by proton-motive force? Is there a common coupling between proton movement and uptake or secretion of certain molecules? Even a partial answer to one of these questions would advance our knowledge... or confusion. As my mentor Efraim Racker used to say: 'If you are not totally confused you do not understand the issue'.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Structural equation modeling of drinking motives in male DUI offenders.

Measures completed by 250 men convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) were analyzed to examine the direct effects of parental problem drinking and the mediational influence of drinking motives on alcohol use and drinking-related problem outcomes. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate competing models in the cross-sectional data set. Results indicated that: 1) reported parental problem drinking modestly predicted both alcohol use and problem outcomes when tested in the absence of influence from drinking motives; 2) confirmatory factor analysis yielded a 4-factor drinking motives solution consisting of social, enhancement, coping with negative emotions, and interpersonal facilitation; and 3) both enhancement and interpersonal facilitation drinking motives mediated parental problem drinking's direct effect on alcohol use and problem outcomes. Drinking to cope with negative emotions, while not mediational in nature, produced a direct effect pathway to problem outcomes. The findings extend predictive utility of specific drinking motive dimensions on alcohol use and problem outcomes from previous research in community and university samples to men convicted of driving while intoxicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[The effects of self development training on the human relationship and intrinsic motivation of the first-line nurse managers].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Self-Development training on the Human Relationship and Intrinsic Motivation for first-line nurse managers. METHOD: This was an empirical study on the Human Relationship and Intrinsic Motivation of Self Development Training. The researcher developed a new Self-Development Training Program, and the two-hour long training session was performed twice a week for each group. The program was performed for 4 session in two weeks. The subjects consisted with 24 nurse managers from C University Hospital in Seoul, Korea. The subjects were divided into two groups for the training. Two weeks before and 4 weeks after the training, subjects completed questionnaires that measured Human Relationship and Intrinsic Motivation. Analysis was completed by using SPSS PC 10.0 for percentile, mean, standard deviation and paired t-test. RESULT: The results of this study showed that Self-Development Training Program resulted in a significant effects on the Human Relationship. But the Intrinsic Motivation was not significantly affected by the program. CONCLUSION: This Self-Development training program had a positive effect on the Human Relationship and Intrinsic Motivation.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1999

Motives for health plan-academic health center relationships: journal review of the first quarter century.

Motives for health plan (HP)-academic health center (AHC) relationships, including both deterrents and inducements, are explored through a review of 153 articles, published from 1970 through 1997, in academic and health care industry journals about HP-AHC relationships. Every article that met inclusion criteria was coded for year, journal, author, audience, type of article, organization of focus, purposes, priorities, affiliation motives, and issues. Peak years were 1973 (the passage of HMO legislation) and the most recent years from 1994 through 1997. The motives to affiliate were found to be different for AHCs and HPs (e.g., physician attitudes, a deterrent for AHCs and inducement for HPs; resources, a deterrent for HPs and inducement for AHCs). Increases in size of HPs and decreases in political power of AHCs have resulted in changes to motives to form relationships. Motives must be acknowledged to move from competitive to collaborative relationships.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1991

Proton-motive force-driven D-galactose transport in plasma membrane vesicles from the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus.

Galactose transport was studied in membrane vesicles, prepared by fusion of plasma membranes from the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus with proteoliposomes containing beef heart cytochrome c oxidase as a proton-motive force-generating system. Sugar transport studies performed under nonenergized conditions revealed that, even at high protein to phospholipid ratios, not all vesicles contained a D-galactose-specific transporter. The amount of vesicles containing an active carrier proved to be proportional to the amount of plasma membrane protein present in the fusion mixture. By addition of a suitable electron donor system a proton-motive force of -160 mV could be generated, inside alkaline and negative. Moreover, D-galactose accumulation was observed. It was found that D-galactose accumulation was highly dependent on the phospholipid composition of the vesicles, whereas generation of a proton-motive force was not. Best results were obtained with vesicles prepared with Escherichia coli phospholipid, giving a galactose accumulation of 14 times. Uphill transport could be established under conditions where only the pH gradient or the electrical gradient was present. Moreover, kinetic analysis of the galactose transport activity in energized vesicles revealed influx with a Km value of 540 microM, which is in good agreement with the apparent affinity constant obtained with whole cells. These results establish that galactose transport of K. marxianus is a proton-motive force-driven process. Moreover it demonstrates that plasma membrane vesicles co-reconstituted with cytochrome c oxidase are a valuable resource for the analysis of proton-motive force-driven sugar transport systems of yeast.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1992

Motivational congruency and discrepancy of hawaiian athletic trainers.

Motivation is an integral part of an effective organizational management scheme. In March 1992, we sent a survey designed to assess motivational preference to all certified athletic trainers in the State of Hawaii. The population included: 6 high school athletic trainers, 10 university athletic trainers, and 9 clinic athletic trainers. The surveys were completed and returned by 80% of the population. With the exception of being an integral part of a work team (p<.05), athletic trainers in the State of Hawaii showed little discrepancy in terms of motivation. Further, there are differences among the three groups of athletic trainers in rating the importance of motivators concerning being appreciated, receiving raises, and being an integral part of a team (p< .05) Differences in motivational factors among these three groups could be influenced by the organizational structure in which the athletic trainers operate. Further investigation should include a mainland population that includes athletic trainers in professional sports and the industrial setting.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Adaptation of Bacillus FTU and Escherichia coli to alkaline conditions: the Na(+)-motive respiration.

Mechanisms of Na+ transport into the inside-out subcellular vesicles of alkalo- and halotolerant Bacillus FTU and of Escherichia coli grown at different pH have been studied. Both microorganisms growing at pH 7.5 are shown to possess a system of the respiration-dependent Na+ transport which (i) is inhibited by protonophorous uncoupler, by delta pH-discharging agent diethylammonium (DEA) acetate, by micromolar cyanide arresting the H(+)-motive respiratory chain, and by amiloride, and (ii) is resistant to the Na+/H+ antiporter monensin and to Ag+, inhibitor of the Na(+)-motive respiratory chain. Growth at pH 8.6 strongly changes the activator and inhibitor pattern. Now (1) protonophore stimulates the Na+ transport, (2) DEA acetate is without effect in the absence of protonophore and is stimulating in its presence, (3) amiloride and low cyanide are ineffective, (4) monensin and Ag+ completely arrest the Na+ accumulation in the vesicles. Independent of pH of the growth medium, (a) valinomycin is stimulatory for the Na+ transport, (b) Na+ ionophore ETH 157 is inhibitory and, (c) Na+ transport can be supported by NADH----fumarate as well as by ascorbate (TMPD)----O2 electron transfers. Growth at alkaline pH results in the appearance of ascorbate (TMPD) oxidation resistant to low and sensitive to high cyanide concentrations. These relationships are in agreement with the concept (Skulachev, V.P. (1984) Trends Biochem. Sci. 9, 483-485) that adaptation to alkaline conditions in bacteria growing in the high [Na+] media causes substitution of Na+ for H+ as a coupling ion. The obtained data indicate that under alkaline conditions, Na+ can be pumped from the cell by the Na(+)-motive respiratory chain with neither H(+)-motive respiration nor the Na+/H+ antiporter involved. In the Na(+)-motive respiratory chain of Bac. FTU or E. coli, two Na+ pumps are localized, one in its initial and the other in its terminal spans.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2000

Physician disclosure of healthy personal behaviors improves credibility and ability to motivate.

CONTEXT: While some studies have shown that physicians with healthy personal habits are especially likely to discuss prevention with their patients, to our knowledge no one has published information testing whether physician credibility and patient motivation to adopt healthier habits are enhanced by physician's disclosures of their own healthy behaviors. DESIGN: Two brief health education videos about improving diet and exercise were produced and shown to subjects (n1 = 66, n2 = 65) in an Emory University general medical clinic waiting room in Atlanta, Ga. In one video, the physician revealed an additional half minute of information about her personal healthy dietary and exercise practices and had a bike helmet and an apple visible on her desk (physician-disclosure video). In the other video, discussion of personal practices and the apple and bike helmet were not included (control video). RESULTS: Viewers of the physician-disclosure video considered the physician to be generally healthier, some-what more believable, and more motivating than did viewers of the control video. They also rated this physician to be specifically more believable and motivating regarding exercise and diet (P < or = .001). CONCLUSION: Physicians' abilities to motivate patients to adopt healthy habits can be enhanced by conveying their own healthy habits. Educational institutions should consider encouraging health professionals-in-training to practice and demonstrate healthy personal lifestyles.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Suicide--the other side. The factor of reality among suicidal motivations.

A prevalent feature of many investigations of suicide is a degree of recoil from true empathic closeness to a suicidal person. The motives for this lie within the investigator's own dynamics--they are anxiety over one's own suicide proneness, together with guilt, shame, contempt, and the avoidance of medicolegal involvement. These motives are not altogether unrelated to the suicidal motives themselves, and they hamper the capacity of objective, neutral assessment. With a recognition of these resistances, the seldomly mentioned realistic determinant of suicide becomes discernible, the act sometimes being a clever, courageous choice of death, and not, as usually diagnosed, a pathologically generated escape from life. All suicidal motives should be evaluated according to several concomitant ratings simultaneously, while emphasizing the realistic rating. A neutral, unbiased approach to suicide should reduce the dangerous false glory sometimes attributed to the act, thus contributing to the discrimination of sickness, therapy, and health.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2003

Impact of electron beam tomography, with or without case management, on motivation, behavioral change, and cardiovascular risk profile: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT: Although the use of electron beam tomography (EBT) as a motivational tool to change behavior is practiced, its efficacy has not been studied. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of incorporating EBT as a motivational factor into a cardiovascular screening program in the context of either intensive case management (ICM) or usual care by assessing its impact over 1 year on a composite measure of projected risk. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial with a 2 x 2 factorial design and 1 year of follow-up. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A consecutive sample of 450 asymptomatic active-duty US Army personnel aged 39 to 45 years stationed within the Washington, DC, area and scheduled to undergo a periodic Army-mandated physical examination were enrolled between January 1999 and March 2001 (mean age, 42 years; 79% male; 66 [15%] had coronary calcification; mean [SD] predicted 10-year coronary risk, 5.85% [3.85%]). INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 intervention arms: EBT results provided in the setting of either ICM (n = 111) or usual care (n = 119) or EBT results withheld in the setting of either ICM (n = 124) or usual care (n = 96). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The primary outcome measure was change in a composite measure of risk, the 10-year Framingham Risk Score (FRS). RESULTS: Comparing the groups who received EBT results with those who did not, the mean absolute risk change in 10-year FRS was +0.30 vs +0.36 (P =.81). Comparing the groups who received ICM with those who received usual care, the mean absolute risk change in 10-year FRS was -0.06 vs +0.74 (P =.003). Improvement or stabilization of cardiovascular risk was noted in 157 patients (40.2%). In multivariable analyses predicting change in FRS, after controlling for knowledge of coronary calcification, motivation for change, and multiple psychological variables, only the number of risk factors (odds ratio, 1.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-1.75 for each additional risk factor) and receipt of ICM (odds ratio, 1.62; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-2.52) were associated with improved or stabilized projected risk. CONCLUSIONS: Using coronary calcification screening to motivate patients to make evidence-based changes in risk factors was not associated with improvement in modifiable cardiovascular risk at 1 year. Case management was superior to usual care in the management of risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Personality disorders in prisoners and their motivation for dangerous and disruptive behaviour.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the associations between DSM-III, axis II, personality disorder, motivation and disruptive behaviour in prisoners. METHOD: Interviews were carried out with 81 prisoners in prison special units in England using research diagnostic instruments and an item sheet measuring disruptive behaviours and their motivations. Independent associations were established using logistic regression. RESULTS: Specific associations were established between psychopathy and axis II disorders with violent and disruptive behaviour and motivations for these behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: The study supported a cognitive model explaining the functional association between personality disorder and antisocial behaviour. Personality disorders act as predisposing factors influencing the development of motivations and subsequently facilitate the enactment of disordered behaviour, in a linear progression. Assessment of personality disorder should be routine in disruptive and dangerous prisoners.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Emergence of the exploratory motive in rats.

As infant rats approach weaning, they must overcome their infantile attraction to the home nest and prepare to leave its safety to forage for food. Although nutritive needs may help to motivate pups to make this bold move, a newly emerging exploratory motive also may play a role. Three experiments are reported here which examine age-related changes in the exploratory motive. In the first experiment, preferences for a novel side over a familiar side of a two-sided testing chamber were examined in postnatal Days 15 (P15), 17 (P17), 19 (P19), and 21 (P21) rat pups. Subjects did not prefer to explore the novel side until P19. In the same test, no preference for a novel object was observed at any of the ages tested, suggesting that this preference, which is expressed in adulthood, does not emerge until a later age; however, additional studies are needed to verify this. In the second experiment, P15 subjects demonstrated their ability to discriminate the two sides of the testing chamber in a novelty-induced locomotion test. In the third experiment, the presence of a home-nest-associated object was shown to inhibit exploration of novel context in P15, but not P21, subjects. These data suggest that home nest egression may be more the consequence of the declining attractiveness of the home nest than of a growing exploratory motive.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The role of homecage environmental stimuli in the facilitation of shock-motivated spatial discrimination learning in rat pups.

In three experiments we examined the role of homecage environmental stimuli on learning an aversively motivated spatial discrimination task in 11-day-old rats. Varying the presence and absence of nest shavings in the correct and incorrect arms of a T-maze in Experiment 1 revealed that nest shavings had both nondirective facilitation and approach-eliciting properties. Training the 11-day-old rats in the presence or absence of shavings over three daily sessions and comparing their performance on the third day of training with that of a maturation control in Experiment 2 indicated that there is a residual training effect of the approach-eliciting property of nest shavings on shock-escape behavior. In Experiment 3, using nest shavings either as an irrelevant stimulus or as a redundant relevant cue in an aversively motivated T-maze reversal task suggested that 11-day-old rats acquire the discrimination task using non-nest spatial or directional cues as well as those provided by nest shavings. Overall, these results suggest that nest shavings introduced into aversively motivated tasks create a learning environment comparable to that of appetitively motivated instrumental tasks utilizing suckling from an anesthetized dam as a reinforcer.

Animals↗