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PubMed1988

Have MMPI MF scale correlates changed in the past 30 years?

This study was designed to investigate whether behavioral correlates of the MMPI Masculinity-Femininity (MF) scale are similar to or different from those established in the 1950s, given the many social and cultural changes that have taken place since then. There were 306 participants in the study, 102 target subjects (51 males, 51 females) and 204 same-sex friends. The former were administered the first 399 items of the MMPI, the Interpersonal Adjective Scale (IAS), and other questionnaires. The friends described each subject on the IAS. Low MF females were rated by themselves and their peers as tender and emotional, whereas high MF females considered themselves exploitative and self-confident and were rated as bold and unsympathetic by their peers. Low MF males described themselves as domineering and impersonal and were described by their peers as well-mannered. High MFs saw themselves as undemanding and shy and were perceived as emotional by their peers. It appears that the behavioral correlates established a generation ago are still valid today, at least for college students.

Dominance-Subordination↗
PubMed1988

Screening medical patients for alcoholism with the MMPI: a comparison of seven scales.

Seven alcoholism scales for the MMPI were evaluated for effectiveness in screening medical patients. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed by use of five contrast samples: (1) 736 inpatients from an alcohol and drug dependence unit; (2) 4,923 unselected medical outpatients; (3) 7,044 selected medical outpatients; (4) 214 psychiatric inpatients; and (5) 1,408 contemporary normal persons. None of these scales can be recommended for use in screening medical patients. However, endorsement of MMPI item 215 should lead to further evaluation because classification was more accurate with this single item than with any of the scales evaluated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Validation and cross-validation of the PTSD subscale of the MMPI with civilian trauma victims.

The 49-item MMPI PTSD Subscale, developed and validated with Vietnam combat veterans, was administered to validation and cross-validation samples of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients who had experienced non-military traumatic events and to psychiatric controls (total N = 69). Using a cutting score of 19, derived from the validation sample only, the PTSD subscale correctly classified 87% of all validation subjects and 88% of all cross-validation subjects. Results strongly support the utility of MMPI assessment of PTSD with civilian trauma victims as one component of a broad assessment strategy.

Accidents↗
PubMed1990

Offense type and two-point MMPI code profiles: discriminating between violent and nonviolent offenders.

Offense data and MMPI profiles were examined for 67 men who had been remanded by the courts to a psychiatric hospital forensic unit for pretrial assessment. They were classified as violent or nonviolent offenders based upon the nature of their offenses. Violent offenders were those charged with assault, robbery, sexual assault, and all degrees of homicide. Nonviolent offenders were those charged with break, enter and commit, uttering threats, and fraud. The controversial issue of two-point MMPI code types (4-3, 4-8/8-4) was addressed. Neither of these commonly employed two-point types successfully discriminated between violent and nonviolent offenders.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1990

A limitation of using the Wiener and Harmon obvious and subtle scales to detect faking on the MMPI.

More frequent endorsement of obvious than subtle items on the MMPI has been advocated as a strategy to detect negative response bias. An assumption of this strategy is that faking is correlated differentially with obvious and subtle items, whereas psychopathology is not. In order to evaluate this assumption, MMPI profiles were obtained from the records of 375 psychiatric inpatients. Analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between profile elevation and obvious minus subtle differences. Excluding MMPIs of questionable validity did not weaken this relationship. The high correlation between clinical scale elevation and obvious minus subtle differences in valid profiles complicates the use of this strategy to detect intentional exaggeration of psychopathology.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

MMPI profile patterns of emotional disability claimants.

MMPI profiles of 185 Pacific Bell employees referred for psychological evaluation were compared to a sample of 200 seen for psychiatric evaluation related to Workers' Compensation litigation. In both samples, an almost identical percentage of MMPI profiles reflected significant psychopathology (85% vs. 83%). In the Pacific Bell sample, there were almost twice as many MMPIs of questionable validity (16%) as in the Worker's Compensation study (7%). The most striking finding is that the same five two-point Code-Types were the most frequently occurring in both samples; they accounted for about half of the profiles in each study. Three of these Code-Types, 12/21, 13/31, and 23/32, which involve the Hypochondriasis, Depression, and Hysteria scales, represented 38% of the Workers' Compensation and 26% of the Pacific Bell samples. These three Code-Types are characteristic of somatization of psychogenic complaints.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1991

The relationship between the Marlowe-Crowne Form C and the validity scales of the MMPI.

The study examined the construct-related validity of a 13-item short form of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale advanced by Reynolds (1982), using the validity scales of the MMPI. With a sample of 481 Basic Military Trainees, the short form of the Marlowe-Crowne replicated the correlations between the standard Marlowe-Crowne and the MMPI validity scales initially reported by Crowne and Marlowe (1960). The results further support the short form of the Marlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale as an economical measure of social desirability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

MMPI short forms as predictors of response to conservative treatment for low back pain.

This study (N = 115) compared the abilities of the Faschingbauer Abbreviated Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (FAM), the Midi-Mult, and the standard MMPI to predict response to conservative medical treatment for low back pain, as assessed by patient ratings of pain intensity 6 to 12 months later. The results indicated that all three inventory formats yielded significant correlations between the Hypochondriasis, Depression, and Hysteria scales and follow-up pain ratings. Less consistent findings were obtained with other scales and indices. The results provide tentative support for the clinical and research utility of these abbreviated MMPIs in substituting for the standard MMPI in outcome studies with back pain patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The CAL: an MMPI alcoholism scale for general medical patients.

We developed a MMPI alcoholism scale based on adult medical patient samples. Our criterion group consisted of 736 inpatients (525 males; 211 females) diagnosed as having alcoholism according to DSM-III criteria. Three contrast samples that totaled 13,120 individuals were used for control purposes. MMPI items were chosen by means of logistic regression. The 33 items yielded by this procedure formed a provisional scale (CAL, for common alcoholism logistic) that worked equally well for males and females. With new cross-validation samples, with sensitivity (proportion of alcoholics correctly identified) set at 90%, the specificity (proportion of nonalcoholics correctly identified) ranged from 90% to 96% for selected contrast samples. We conclude that this scale shows promise as a screening device in similar populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of the MMPI-PTSD subscale with PTSD and substance abuse patient populations.

War-related PTSD frequently presents as a dual disorder. Questions have been raised about whether the MMPI-PTSD subscale developed by Keane, Malloy, and Fairbank (1984) is identifying a separate PTSD syndrome or is a measure of generalized distress common to various diagnostic categories, including substance abuse. In this study, veterans with PTSD with and without substance abuse were compared to veterans with substance abuse only on the MMPI-PTSD subscale (n = 22 in each of the four categories). Results support the ability of the test to distinguish between groups of veterans with PTSD and those with substance abuse only. The findings lend indirect support to the validity of a distinct PTSD symptom cluster.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1992

MMPI-2: reliability with college students.

This study examined the temporal stability and internal consistency of the MMPI-2 in a sample of 128 college students. Mean score comparisons revealed significant differences across a number of scales, but in each case mean differences were slight and viewed as clinically insignificant. Moderate to high stability coefficients were obtained, from .60 to .90 (median of .74). Alpha coefficients ranged from .39 to .91 (median of .62). Analysis of individual difference scores revealed that for each scale approximately 20% of the sample had discrepancy scores that reached or exceeded 10 T-score points (i.e., one standard deviation). Findings are discussed relative to the reliability of the MMPI-2 in clinical assessment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Efficacy of MMPI-2 validity scales and MCMI-II modifier scales for detecting spurious PTSD claims: F, F-K, Fake Bad Scale, ego strength, subtle-obvious subscales, DIS, and DEB.

This study compared 119 personal injury claimants' scores on MMPI-2 and MCMI-II malingering scales. Data from 55 pseudo-PTSD patients and 64 controls confirm the utility of the scales examined. The following cut-offs were most effective for identifying spurious PTSD: F greater than 62, F-K = greater than -4, Es = greater than 30, FBS = greater than 24 (men), FBS = greater than 26 (women), total obvious minus subtle = greater than 90, DIS = greater than 60, and DEB = greater than 60. Pseudo-PTSD patients were those who (1) claimed to be suffering a psychological injury (2) that was so severe that it was disabling (3) due to an experience that was entirely implausible as a candidate for PTSD criterion A in DSM-III-R and (4) scored T = 65 or higher on both PK and PS, the post-traumatic stress disorder subscales of the MMPI-2.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Psychometric evaluation of post-traumatic stress disorder: the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire as an adjunct to the MMPI.

Two groups of Vietnam veterans--Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD, n = 17) and non-PTSD (n = 80)--were developed from a sample of treatment-seeking alcohol abusers. The subjects completed a Combat Experiences Questionnaire, a PTSD Symptom Scale, the MMPI, and the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ). The MPQ proved to be a useful adjunct to the MMPI in describing the major manifestations of PTSD among alcohol-abusing veterans.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Personality patterns of male felons in a correctional halfway house setting: an MMPI typological analysis.

The MMPI profiles of 184 male felons who were residing in a correctional halfway house setting were cluster analyzed using S. Johnson's (1967) method to empirically identify different personality types. The samples ranged in age from 19 to 60 years and included three legal status groups: state parole, federal pre-release, and state furlough. Eight MMPI groups were derived and interpretive summaries provided. The eight types were compared across 13 demographic and descriptive variables with significant differences among groups found for age, prior felony convictions, and prior incarcerations using ANOVA. Diagnostic and treatment concerns were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

MMPI profiles of child abusers.

One hundred eighty-three adults who were confirmed abusers or neglecters of children served as subjects. Their MMPI profiles were examined with respect to sex of perpetrator, type of maltreatment (i.e., sexual, physical, neglect) and offending status (perpetrator or passive perpetrator). Passive perpetrators included those individuals who did not abuse children, but had knowledge of the abuse and allowed it to occur. Results indicated no significant differences for males or females across any of the MMPI scales relative to type of abuse or offending status. However, data suggested that active perpetrators were generally more disturbed than passive perpetrators, with profile elevations consistent with a characterological configuration.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

MMPI profiles in PTSD as a function of comorbidity.

A sample of 135 Vietnam veteran inpatients with combat-related PTSD was sorted into three groups, depending upon the presence of concurrent psychiatric disorders: Depression (n = 68), Psychosis (n = 31), and Other (n = 36). Pairwise comparisons were made on the MMPI with respect to the validity indicators, clinical scales, four relevant Harris-Lingoes subscales, the Psychoticism content scale, and the MMPI-PTSD subscale. Results indicate variations in scale elevations as a function of comorbid diagnosis. Various items and scales appear to differentiate the Psychosis group due to greater psychopathology. In general, the results spotlight the heterogeneous aspects that comorbidity brings to PTSD assessment.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

An analysis of the relationship of gender and age to MMPI scores of patients with chronic pain.

This study investigated the relationship of age and gender to the MMPI scores of patients with chronic pain; 1,766 patients with musculoskeletal lumbar and/or cervical pain were evaluated, using the MMPI. Multivariate analysis of variance (p < .001) revealed main effects for gender and age group variables; no interaction effects were found. For the age group variable, significant differences were found on two validity and seven clinical scales. Subjects in the 70- to 90-year age group produced the lowest scores on all scales except L, F, and MF. Linear declines across age groups, and quadratic effects were found on some scales. The authors hypothesize that developmental transitions may account in part for these findings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

Interrelationship of MMPI-2 validity scales in personal injury claims.

A sample of MMPI-2s of worker's compensation and personal injury cases (N = 289) was gathered to examine the relationship of various indicators of exaggeration. Intercorrelations of the F, F-K, the MMPI Dissimulation Scale-revised (Ds-r), total of obvious minus subtle scales (O-S), Fake Bad Scale (FBS), VRIN, and TRIN were computed and the relative sensitivity of each score calculated using various cut-offs. Factor analysis suggests that malingering may take the form of inconsistent responding as well as symptom exaggeration. Patients evaluated at the request of plaintiff attorneys showed a seemingly greater degree of symptom exaggeration and inconsistent responding than did those referred by defense counsel.

Accidents, Occupational↗