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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

The Institute of Medicine's independent scientific assessment of Gulf War health issues.

The Institute of Medicine has frequently been the source of expert advice to the government and others on questions related to health and medicine. Such has been the case as Congress, federal agencies, and veterans attempt to resolve conflicts and develop policies to address the health concerns of Persian Gulf War veterans. Twelve reports issued by Institute of Medicine committees address what is known about exposures and illnesses in Gulf War veterans and what additional information is needed, how clinical programs for Gulf War veterans could be improved, and what strategies could help prevent or better address similar health problems in the future. The Institute of Medicine reports recommend guidelines and interventions to treat sufferers of medically unexplained symptoms, longitudinal studies to measure changes in health status, and improved risk communication. They emphasize the need for the maintenance of retrievable electronic records of baseline health status, of exposures, and of health events that occur during a service member's career.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Medical errors: five years after the IOM report.

Five years after publication of the Institute for Medicine's landmark 1999 report,To Err Is Human, notable advances have been made. They include the development of performance standards, an increase in error reporting, integration of information technology, and improved safety systems. But the IOM notes that efforts are still needed to improve safety and reduce errors, including development of data standards for patient safety information, establishment of a national health information infrastructure, and comprehensive patient safety programs in health care organizations.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nutritional hygiene of flight personnel on long flights].

Progress in the adequate nutrition of pilots during long-term flights since 1935 is discussed. Special attention is given to the arrangement of meals inflight. The nutritive value of the flight rations and methods of maintaining high quality of diets inflight are described. The hygienic estimate of diets and their efficiency is given. Attention is paid to the development of the main method of nutrition in long-term flights--diets consumed by pilots with an oxygen mask on. Nutrition in high altitude flights is discussed. The development of flight diets from "sandwich rations" (1935-1958) to up-to-date food products and polyvitamins (since 1958) is described. Further pathways for the study and improvement of flight rations are outlined.

Aerospace Medicine↗
PubMed1986

A twin study of human obesity.

Height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were assessed in a sample of 1974 monozygotic and 2097 dizygotic male twin pairs. Concordance rates for different degrees of overweight were twice as high for monozygotic twins as for dizygotic twins. Classic twin methods estimated a high heritability for height, weight, and BMI, both at age 20 years (.80, .78, and .77, respectively) and at a 25-year follow-up (.80, .81, and .84, respectively). Height, weight, and BMI were highly correlated across time, and a path analysis suggested that the major part of that covariation was genetic. These results are similar to those of other twin studies of these measures and suggest that human fatness is under substantial genetic control.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The impact of the Chernobyl accident on radiation protection.

The science of radiation protection is a fundamental outgrowth of peaceful and military applications of ionizing radiation and the use of nuclear energy. Scientific progress in radiation protection has not, however, been as dramatic as progress in other scientific endeavors, because many users of ionizing radiation have perceived that the major technical and institutional problems have already been solved. This misperception is not based on solid fact and is not shared by radiation protection professionals, who have a broader vision of both past achievements and problems remaining in this area. Experience gained as a consequence of the Chernobyl accident has highlighted new problems and demonstrated the urgency of finding better answers to some old questions. This paper addresses the future impact of the recent Chernobyl accident on the science of radiation protection. In summary, the accident demonstrated that particular emphasis should be directed toward: Improvement of dosimetric and health-effects models for predicting the consequences of exposure of the public to low doses of ionizing radiation. Development of optimized, realistic countermeasures and improvement in emergency preparedness. Education of the public, including students, scientists and politicians with regard to radiation protection issues. Development of advanced computer programs and radiation instruments for evaluating reactor accidents and their consequences. Transfer of learned concepts, methods and approaches to other scientific fields, such as environmental sciences, toxicology, pharmacology, etc.

Accidents↗
PubMed2006

[Georges-Emile Strohl (1827-1882), a career of military pharmacist and fellow greatly disturbed by the 1870 war].

G.-E. Strohl, born in Bouxwiller, near Strasbourg, was first preparator at the college of sciences and pharmacy student in Strasbourg. After his diploma, he wished to become a fellow at the school of pharmacy but he renounced and became military pharmacist. During his first years of activity, he wrote some scientific papers, particularly one on thermal waters of Allevard which he choosed as the subject of his philosophical thesis in 1865. He was then in function in Strasbourg and had the possibility to become fellow. Admitted in 1866 and chief pharmacist of the military hospital, he remained in the town during the war, but, when the university was transfered in Nancy in 1872, his name was not on the list of professors and fellows. Reinstated in april 1873, he could never join Nancy, its school of pharmacy and the french University. Carrying on his military career in Algeria (Constantine and Algiers), he died in april 1882, after having published some other papers and translated four books devoted to biochemistry, toxicology, hydrology and pharmacy. He was worthy of becoming university professor.

France↗
PubMed2006

The advent of equitation science.

The lengthy association of humans with horses has established traditional equestrian techniques that have served military and transport needs well. Although effective, these techniques have by-passed the research findings of modern psychologists, who developed the fundamentals of learning theory. That said, the pools of equestrian debate are far from stagnant. The latest wave of horse whisperers has offered some refinements and some novel interpretations of the motivation of horses undergoing training. Additionally, the Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) has introduced the concept of the 'happy equine athlete' and, in the light of the hyperflexion (Rollkür) debate, recently examined the possible effects of some novel dressage modalities on equine 'happiness'. However, many still question the welfare of the ridden horse since it is largely trained using negative reinforcement, has to respond to pressure-based signals and is seldom asked to work for positive rewards. Science holds tremendous promise for removing emotiveness from the horse-riding welfare debate by establishing how much rein tension is too much; how much contact is neutral; how contact can be measured; how discomfort can be measured; how pain can be measured; and how learned helplessness manifests in horses. These are some of the topics addressed by equitation science, an emerging discipline that combines learning theory, physics and ethology to examine the salience and efficacy of horse-training techniques.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1984

Science and standards. RF-hazards and standards: an historical perspective.

The following topics are discussed: Standard of safety considerations. Early efforts in bioengineering and biophysics before and after World War II, Work after World War II (1950s), Early interest in hazards, Soviet work and The Tri-Service area and ANSI. The author concludes that the historical development of biophysics and bioengineering, both as a whole and in the specialty area of nonionizing radiation, proceeded in a fairly rational fashion. Formulation of exposure standards in the West was based on the biophysical approach, which prevails in the interdisciplinary sciences involving biomedical and engineering disciplines. No pressure by an "industrial-military establishment" was evident in the quest for standards, and the Soviet approach and work were under surveillance from the late 1950's. A continuous interest in athermal effects has persisted since the 1930's. Historical accounts are based on personal experience and study of the literature. They are therefore limited to the extent that such experience and study is incomplete. The author had the good fortune to participate over a professional lifetime in the development of biophysical and biomedical engineering sciences, including those that address nonionizing radiation and Western standards of safety.

Biomedical Engineering↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A snapshot of nursing in Qatar.

Between September 2002 and February 2003, shortly before the military action in Iraq. Virginia Nehring served on the faculty of the College of Science in Doha, Qatar. For her second experience as a Fullbright scholar--she taught nursing in Africa in 1994--Dr. Nehring sought to experience an entirely different region of the world, one where English would be spoken and understood. When she made her decision to work in Qatar, a small peninsula nation off the coast of Saudi Arabia, the country was not well known to Americans. Now it is known as Central Command headquarters for the American military during the Iraq military action and as the home of Al Jazeera, the influential television news and opinion station for the Middle East. During her stay in Qatar, Dr. Nehring became the fourth, and only non-Egyptian, doctorally prepared faculty person in the nursing unit of the College of Science. Besides teaching courses such as ethics and issues and trends, she carefully assessed the nursing program, much as an accreditation site visitor might do, with feedback to university administration as well as the nursing unit. She left the region shortly before the military action began.

Arab World↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[S. V. Anichkov--man and scientist (on the centenary of his birth)].

The paper is devoted to a brief review of the research and public activities of Professor Sergeĭ V. Anichkov; the prominent Soviet pharmacologist. He was Hero of Socialist Labour, V. I. Lenin and State Prize winners and Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. It also summaries the main biographic data on the scientist and his theoretical and practical achievements in various areas of pharmacology. Great emphasis is laid on S. V. Anichkov's scientific school and his work in the Department of Pharmacology (he was head of the Department from 1948 to 1981), Institute for Experimental Medicine, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences.

History, 20th Century↗