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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Prevalence and potential risk factors for organophosphate and pyrethroid resistance in Boophilus microplus ticks on cattle ranches from the State of Yucatan, Mexico.

A cross-sectional study was carried out in order to investigate the association between management risk factors and the prevalence of organophosphate (OP) and synthetic pyrethroid (SP) resistance in Boophilus microplus ticks in Yucatan State, Mexico. Ninety-eight cattle ranches were randomly selected and a sample of 20-30 engorged female B. microplus ticks was collected at each. The modified larvae packet test was used to detect OP and SP tick resistance. A questionnaire was administered on each ranch. For risk factors, four reference types of response were used: Tuxpan (resistant to coumaphos, chlorfenvinphos and diazinon), Parkhurst (resistant to flumethrin, deltamethrin and cypermethrin), Lamington (resistant to flumethrin in absence of deltamethrin and cypermethrin) and Marmor (resistant to flumethrin and cypermethrin in absence of flumethrin). A primary screening was performed using 2 x 2 contingency tables of exposure variables. All variables with p < or = 0.20 were analyzed by a logistic regression. The prevalence of B. microplus resistance to OP and SP groups were 83.70% and 66.32%, respectively. The prevalence for a single chemical compound was: diazinon (80.60%), coumaphos (45.90%), chlorfenvinphos (35.70%), flumethrin (63.28%), deltamethrin (61.22%), and cypermethrin (59.18%). The prevalence type of response was: Tuxpan (34.16%), Parkhurst (58.16%), Lamington (4.08%), and Marmor (4.08%). The use of a different tick control program was the risk management factor associated with the Parkhurst type of response. It is concluded that the prevalence of cattle ranches with B. microplus resistant to OPs and SPs in Yucatan, Mexico, is a current problem, and a treatment interval of > or =6 times/year and use of a tick control program (macrocyclic lactones and pasture burn) different from standard recommended programs are risk factors associated with the Parkhurst type of response.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Survey of Neospora caninum infection by nested PCR in aborted fetuses from dairy farms in Aguascalientes, Mexico.

The aim of this study was to determine by nested PCR probe the presence of Neospora caninum in fetal brain tissue from aborted dairy fetuses in Aguascalientes, a state in the central part of Mexico. Forty-four fetal brains from eight dairy farms were analyzed using single tube nested PCR probe with primers NF1, NS2, NR1 and SR1, with histopathology as the reference technique. From the 44 bovine fetuses studied, 35 (80%) were diagnosed as being infected by N. caninum using PCR probe and 20 (45%) were considered positive by histopathology, because they had lesions suggestive of bovine neosporosis. Fair agreement was observed (31%) between both probes. The age of aborting cows ranged from 1.6 to 2.9-year-old in 17 (49%) of the positive cases diagnosed by PCR. Gestational ages of aborted fetuses ranged from <3 to 9 months, with average of 5.6 months, and no statistical significant difference was observed when ages of infected and no infected fetuses were compared (P > 0.05). The frequency of N. caninum positive cases observed could be considered to be higher than other areas of Mexico and other countries.

Aborted Fetus↗
PubMed2005

The molecular epidemiology of rabies associated with chiropteran hosts in Mexico.

While large-scale dog vaccination campaigns have significantly reduced urban rabies throughout Mexico, reports of sylvatic rabies, including cases of spill-over of bat strains into livestock and humans, are increasing. To improve knowledge of these epidemiological trends, 64 Mexican rabies virus isolates from various host species, have been characterized. Phylogenetic analysis at the viral P locus identified distinct viral strains associated with terrestrial reservoirs (dog, skunk and fox/bobcat) and a variant associated with the insectivorous bat, T. brasiliensis, consistent with prior reports. Of the two distinct clades of viruses associated with the vampire bat reservoir, one comprised just four specimens and formed an outlying group to all other vampire bat rabies isolates including those from South America and the Caribbean, a finding consistent with the early emergence of the vampire bat reservoir in Mexico. Antigenic variation of the vampire bat specimens did not correlate with the main genetic groupings; moreover complete N gene sequence analysis of selected specimens indicated limited variation within the encoded nucleoprotein that could form the basis of antigenic variation. A single isolate recovered from a cat represents a new viral variant not previously identified in North America that probably circulates in a species of insectivorous bat.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Sludge accumulation, characteristics, and pathogen inactivation in four primary waste stabilization ponds in central Mexico.

To support the development of safe and feasible sludge management strategies, the accumulation rates of sludge and its characteristics were studied in four primary wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) in central Mexico (three facultative and one anaerobic). The accumulation rates and distribution of sludge were determined by measuring the thickness of the sludge layer at 8-40 locations throughout each pond. The average, per capita sludge accumulation rates ranged from 0.021 to 0.036m(3)/person/yr. In the anaerobic pond the sludge distribution was uniform throughout the pond, whereas in the three facultative ponds most of the sludge accumulated directly in front of the inlet. To measure the horizontal and vertical variation in the sludge characteristics, sludge cores were collected from 3 to 7 locations in three of the ponds. Each core was divided into 4 sub-samples in which various physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters were measured. In addition, the inactivation of several pathogen indicator organisms was studied in a batch of sludge for 7 months. Based on the microbiological results, it is concluded that reasonable estimates of the inactivation of fecal coliform bacteria, fecal enterococci, F+ coliphage, somatic coliphage, and Ascaris eggs in WSP sludge in central Mexico can be made using first-order rate constants of 0.1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, and 0.001d(-1), respectively. From the observed changes in the concentrations of total solids and the volatile to fixed solids ratio, empirical equations were developed to describe anaerobic degradation and compression, which are the two most important processes affecting the volume of sludge after its deposition.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Genetic variation coincides with geographic structure in the common bush-tanager (Chlorospingus ophthalmicus) complex from Mexico.

Cloud forests are distributed in the Neotropics, from northern Mexico to Argentina, under very specific ecological conditions, namely slopes with high humidity input from clouds and mist. Its distribution in Mesoamerica is highly fragmented, similar to an archipelago, and taxa are thus frequently represented as sets of isolated populations, each restricted to particular mountain ranges and often showing a high degree of divergence, both morphologically and genetically. The common bush-tanager (Chlorospingus ophthalmicus, Aves: Thraupidae) inhabits cloud forests from eastern and southern Mexico south to northwestern Argentina. Here we use 676bp of mtDNA (around the ATPase 8 gene) to explore the genetic variation and phylogeographic structure of the Mexican populations of C. ophthalmicus. Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA sequences indicate deep genetic structure. Five major clades, which segregate according to geographic breaks, are identified (starting from the deepest one in the phylogeny): (1) Southern Chiapas and Northern Central America, (2) Tuxtlas massif, (3) Sierra Madre del Sur, (4) Eastern Oaxaca and Northern Chiapas, and (5) Sierra Madre Oriental. The long history of isolation undergone by each clade, as suggested by the phylogeny, implies that the species status of each of them should be revised.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Road traffic injuries in an urban area in Mexico. An epidemiological and cost analysis.

The objective of this study was to do an epidemiological and costs analysis of the impact of road traffic injuries on the demand for emergency room services at hospitals located in the city of Cuernavaca, Mexico. The studied population included injured people who demanded medical attention at the emergency room for injuries due to events in public places, occurring between February and April 2001. Trained interviewers collected the data at the emergency room, 24h a day. The statistical analysis included simple and bivariate analysis using chi(2) odds ratio (OR), and a confidence interval of 95%. The costs analysis included the expenses during the process of searching for and finding care for injuries. There were 433 injured people, 233 (54%) were victims of road traffic accidents, 72% of crashes, and 28% were injured pedestrian and cyclists. Variables associated with the demand of emergency care due to road traffic injuries in comparison with other accidents, were: severity of injuries (OR 2.60, CI 1.44-4.71), and thorax injury (OR 4.64, CI 1.03-20.89). Pedestrians had higher costs for health care and 80% of them had to pay out-of-pocket (P<0.05). Differences between patients injured by crashes or as a pedestrian, were: age under 14 years (OR 5.9, CI 2.5-13.9), being unemployed (OR 2.1, CI 1.20-3.96), and being an elementary school student (OR 13.9, CI 3.08-63.13). The present study is, so far, the only one in Mexico to include an epidemiological and costs analysis in approaching the problem of road traffic injuries. Similar methods must be used, especially in developing countries, to reduce this important public health problem.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1997

Farm-related injury mortality in New Mexico, 1980-91.

To compare the epidemiology of farm with non-farm occupational injury deaths, we reviewed state medical examiner data for all occupational injury deaths in New Mexico from 1980 to 1991. We identified 53 farm-related injury deaths for a rate of 21.3 per 100,000 worker-years. Farm workers were four times more likely than non-farm workers to die from occupational injury. American Indians had the highest farm injury death rate. Farm decedents were older than non-farm decedents (t498 = 6.29, p < 0.0001). Half of the farm decedents were 50 years of age or older; one-third were 60 years of age or older. Crush injuries accounted for half of all farm injury deaths including 18 of 23 motor vehicle deaths, half of these involving a tractor rollover. One in six farm injury deaths were from electrocution: one in five involved alcohol. Our study indicates that New Mexico has high farm-related injury mortality related to tractor use, alcohol intoxication, farm animals, and exposure to electricity. American Indians and older males are especially susceptible to these factors.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1999

Comparison of energy and nutrient sources of elderly Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico.

OBJECTIVE: Identification and comparison of frequently consumed foods and important food sources of energy, protein, total fat, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin B-6, folate, and calcium of elderly Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. DESIGN: Dietary intake data were collected using a modified Health Habits and History Questionnaire (a food frequency questionnaire) for 735 subjects who participated in the New Mexico Elder Health Survey. SUBJECTS: The sample consisted of 330 Hispanics (176 men and 154 women) and 405 non-Hispanic whites (214 men and 191 women) between the ages of 65 and 96 years. Subjects were those with food frequency data among 883 participants who completed the clinical visit of the New Mexico Elder Health Survey. RESULTS: Results show the top-ranked frequently consumed foods by gender and ethnicity and top-ranked food sources of energy and 8 nutrients. Regional foods were important sources of nutrients in the diets of both Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites, however, more so for the Hispanics. Chile sauces were notable sources of vitamin A, vitamin C, and folate among both groups. Both ethnic groups demonstrated selection of low-fat and skim milk and moderation in consumption of red meat. APPLICATIONS: These data will be useful for designing nutrition education programs, for studying the relationship between diet and disease among elderly Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites, and for designing assessment instruments for the elderly and other ethnic populations.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Emergency contraception in Mexico City: knowledge, attitudes, and practices among providers and potential clients after a 3-year introduction effort.

Emergency contraception (EC) has the potential to reduce unwanted pregnancy significantly, in Mexico as elsewhere. Recent years have seen tremendous growth in programs and research devoted to expanding access to emergency methods worldwide. In Mexico City, we conducted a pre-intervention/post-intervention research study of one way to introduce EC. Following a baseline survey of family planning providers and clients in 1997, we organized and implemented a three-year program of training for health care providers and a multi-faceted information campaign for the general public, including a national toll-free hotline and website. In 2000, we again surveyed family planning clinic providers and clients, using instruments similar to those employed in the baseline study. EC awareness increased significantly from 13% of clients to 32%, and support jumped from 73% to 83%. Providers at study clinics improved method recognition from 88% to 100%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Information campaign and advocacy efforts to promote access to emergency contraception in Mexico.

Emergency contraception (EC) has the potential to reduce unwanted pregnancy significantly, in Mexico as elsewhere. Recent years have seen tremendous growth in programs and research devoted to expanding access to emergency methods worldwide. In Mexico we developed a comprehensive model introduction effort that included four components: provider training, public information (through a dedicated hotline and website, free media, paid radio and TV spots, participation in talk shows, and alternative media channels), collaboration with the public sector to include EC in the official family planning norms, and assistance to partner with commercial firms to register a dedicated EC product. Ongoing efforts to combat misperceptions and overcome opposition are crucial to informing the public and ensuring greater access to the method.

Advertising↗
PubMed2000

A common high molecular weight antigen of Babesia bovis isolates from Mexico.

Cattle from an area of Mexico endemic with Babesia bovis infections have a dominant antibody response to a 152kDa antigen of the Tamaulipas strain of B. bovis. A mAb termed PB/5, showing a specific reactivity to this 152kDa antigen in Western blots, was identified. The mAb which reacted with the blunt end of B. bovis in an indirect fluorescent antibody test also reacted to a 152kDa antigen in two other isolates (Nuevo Leon and Yucatan), and a 175kDa antigen in the Huasteca B. bovis isolate from Mexico. Polyclonal monospecific sera from a calf inoculated with mAb-affinity purified 152kDa antigen (Tamaulipas strain) identified B. bovis by the indirect fluorescent antibody test and two antigens of B. bovis (65kDa and 152kDa) in Western blot. Since the epitope reacting to the mAb PB/5 is conserved, this antigen provides a basis for developing a diagnostic test or an immunogen.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Enteropathogens associated with pediatric diarrhea in Mexico City.

Enteropathogens were investigated as possible agents in pediatric diarrhea occurring in Mexico City during the summer of 1975. Pathogens were identified in 47 (76%) of 62 cases. Rotavirus particles were detected in 16 cases. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was detected in 29 cases; 11 were positive for heat-labile enterotoxin and 18 were positive for only the heat-stable form of enterotoxin. Multiple pathogens were found simultaneously in 15 (24%) of the study population. This study indicates that the etiology of pediatric summertime diarrhea in Mexico City is diverse. ETEC and RV were the most frequently encountered pathogens, yet they frequently occurred together and with other pathogens. ST-only strains of toxigenic E. coli were as frequently recovered as LT-E. coli suggesting that both forms of ETEC must be sought in future field studies.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of the total antioxidant content of 30 widely used medicinal plants of New Mexico.

Teas made from medicinal plants are commonly used by a majority of the inhabitants of New Mexico and Mexico to treat various ailments including infections, arthritis, heart disorders, headaches, fever, asthma and menstrual pain. However, little is known about the identity or chemical nature of the bioactive substances and compounds responsible for the therapeutic effects of the teas made from the leaves, seeds, flowers stems, and roots of these medicinal plants. Some of the beneficial effects of these teas may be attributable to antioxidants contained in the medicinal plants from which they are brewed. In the present study we collected 30 medicinal plants that are widely used in the Rio Grande Valley and, using a two-stage Trolox based assay, analyzed the total antioxidant capacity of aqueous extracts prepared from these plants. The antioxidant content of the aqueous extracts was substantial, ranging from 27 to 972 micromol Trolox equivalent per gram dry weight. An extract of the leaves of the plant Ilex paraguensis (Mate leaf) contained the highest amount of antioxidant, followed by the flowers of the Rosa sp. (Rosa de Castillo, 804 micromol/g), the bark of Chinchona sp. (Copalquin, 692 micromol/g), Rumex hymenosepalus stems (Cana Agria, 672 micromol/g) and the leaves of Marrubium vulgare (Mastranzo, 560 micromol/g). The plants that had the lowest antioxidant capacity were the seeds of Linum lewissii (Linasa, 29 micromol/g) and Yucca sp. plant root (Amole, 27 micromol/g). It will be useful to further analyze those plants that contain the most antioxidant activity in order to identify the active principles.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1999

Hear early: New Mexico's universal newborn hearing screening program.

Hear Early, New Mexico's newborn screening program, was established in 1996. Thirty-one of the state's 32 birthing hospitals participate in the Hear Early program that now screens 95% of New Mexico's 27, 500 births. The authors' experience in developing this statewide system is described and the critical components and the rationale behind this program are addressed. The development of Hear Early required input from a wide variety of professionals and consumers. Screening is only the first step in a comprehensive state program, which must also include assessment and intervention. Systems development, equipment issues, follow-up procedures, data management, and a tracking system are all pertinent factors. The various accomplishments and challenges that Hear Early has encountered are discussed.

Child Health Services↗
PubMed2002

Molecular probes and the polymerase chain reaction for detection and typing of Leishmania species in Mexico.

Leishmaniasis in Mexico is a public health problem because all the clinical forms have been recorded in most Mexican states. We studied patients showing clinical symptoms of any form of leishmaniasis, from several endemic areas. Bone marrow samples, aspirates or skin biopsies were taken and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with universal primers AJS1 and DeB8, specific for the Leishmania subgenus Leishmania. The PCR products were then hybridized by dot- or Southern blotting and probed with probe 9.2, specific for the L. mexicana complex. If hybridization did not occur, the DNA was amplified with primers D1 and D2, specific for members of the L. donovani complex, and PCR products were hybridized with probe B4Rsa, also specific for the L. donovani complex. DNA was also amplified with primers B1 and B2, specific for the subgenus Viannia, and the PCR products were hybridized with probe B18, specific for the L. braziliensis complex. It was found that in Tabasco and Veracruz, Mexico, localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) is caused by infection with members of the L. mexicana complex, whereas in the states of Nayarit and Campeche it was due to infection with the L. mexicana and/or L. braziliensis complexes. Visceral leishmaniasis was caused by L. (L.) chagasi, mainly in the states of Chiapas and Guerrero, and by L. (L.) mexicana in one immunocompromised patient from Tabasco.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Isolation of Prorocentrum lima (Syn. Exuviaella lima) and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) risk assessment in the Gulf of California, Mexico.

A benthic toxic dinoflagellate identified as Prorocentrum lima (Syn. Exuviaella lima), and designated as strain PRL-1, was isolated from the coast of El Pardito (Coyote) Island in Baja California Sur, Mexico, after a fisherman poisoning incident involving consumption of liver from Lutjanus colorado, and Mycteroperca prionura fish. Purification and culturing was done in ES-Si medium, under 12:12 light/dark cycle (4 x 20 W cool-white fluorescent lamps), at 22 degrees C and constant stirring during 28 days. Whole cells were toxic to Artemia franciscana and its methanolic extract to mouse and to the marine yeast Debaryomyces hansenii. Chromatographic analysis (TLC and HPLC-MS) of such extract indicated an unusual proportion (1:2) okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1). Estimated total toxin content by mouse bioassay (based on OA toxicity) was 19 pg/cell, a value significantly higher than that found by HPLC-MS (about 5.2 pg/cell, taking into account OA and DTX-1 only), suggesting that additional toxic components of unidentified nature are detected with the bioassay. This is the first report of a successful isolation and culturing of a toxic dinoflagellate from the Gulf of California, Mexico.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

An overview of the marine food poisoning in Mexico.

In the course of the last decade, huge events related to harmful algal blooms (HAB) have severely affected the environment in Mexico, even causing several human casualties. The tally of the toxins known up to date in Mexican waters includes: neurotoxin shellfish poisoning (NSP), paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), tetrodotoxin (TTX) or puffer fish poisoning, ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) and diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). Actual epidemiological figures profoundly modified the trends manifested on previous decades. Notwithstanding that the red tides are a long time known phenomena in Mexican coasts, no regular observation of the marine environment has been set up. Although there are monitoring activities for PSP toxins on the shellfish culturing facilities that are exploited for export to the U.S.A., these are only effectively applied on specific spots of the Mexican coasts, implying that the biggest part of the country coastal zones are not formerly surveyed. The misleads caused by the medical conception that food poisoning events are mainly due to microbial contamination, is among the factors why the marine food poisoning events are a neglected disease. In spite of the fact that no official statistics consider HAB related events as a subject of research or further monitoring by the health authorities, sporadic scientific documents related to poisoning events were produced in Mexico. An interesting picture is presented for most of the marine toxins mentioned. Trend and prognosis estimates made with such scarce information, provide a minimum measurement of the reality and urge the need for a permanent monitoring program on the Mexican coasts, a place with one of the greatest marine toxin diversity worldwide.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Techniques to assess cross-border air pollution and application to a US-Mexico border region.

A year-long assessment of cross-border air pollution was conducted in the eastmost section of the US-Mexico border region, known as the Lower Rio Grande Valley, in South Texas. Measurements were conducted on the US side and included fine particle mass (PM2.5) and elemental composition, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and meteorology. Wind sector analyses of chemical tracers and diagnostic ratios, in addition to principal component analysis (PCA), were initially applied to assess cross-border and overall air shed influences. Linear-angular correlation statistics [Biometrika, 63, (1976), 403-405] and nonparametric multiple comparisons between wind sectors were computed with the particle element data using principal component scores from PCA to determine the direction of source classes. Findings suggest crustal particles and salts carried or stirred by sea breeze winds from a southerly and southeasterly direction from the Gulf of Mexico heavily influenced the elemental composition of the particulate samples. Pair-wise comparisons of wind directions for the principal component scores suggest possible oil combustion influences from utilities or boilers coming from the south and possible coal combustion influences from the north and northwest. The techniques discussed can provide a methodology to assess future ambient levels and cross-border influences in the Valley as conditions change.

Air Movements↗