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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Diabetes with hyperlipidemia: a risk factor for developing joint contractures secondary to immobility in rat knee joints?

Several studies have reported that diabetes may cause limited joint motion and often combines with hyperlipidemia (HL). This study clarifies that joint contracture can be produced by diabetes, HL, or both. The experimental animal model, a rat with diabetes and HL, was developed by streptozosin injection and addition of 1% cholesterol to the food. One hindlimb each from the diabetes group, the HL group, the combined diabetes/HL group, and the control group was immobilized for 2, 3, or 4 weeks in the Phase I study. Diabetes/HL rats were used 4 weeks after immobilization in a Phase II study. Joint motion, elasticity of the knee joint capsule, and contractile function of the gastrocnemius muscle were measured. Gastrocnemius muscle was observed histologically by H&E and ATPase staining. Limited joint mobility was observed 4 weeks after immobilization only in the diabetes/HL group. The intraarticular pressure from the saline injection was lower, and the contractile function of the gastrocnemius muscle decreased in this group. Atrophy of type II fiber was observed in the gastrocnemius muscle. This restriction of joint mobility may depend on skeletal muscle degeneration around the joint rather than on an intraarticular lesion.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Physiological and pathophysiological functions of the ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family.

The ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (E-NPP) multigene family contains five members. NPP1-3 are type II transmembrane metalloenzymes characterized by a similar modular structure composed of a short intracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain and an extracellular domain containing a conserved catalytic site. The short intracellular domain of NPP1 has a basolateral membrane-targeting signal while NPP3 is targeted to the apical surface of polarized cells. NPP4-5 detected by database searches have a predicted type I membrane orientation but have not yet been functionally characterized. E-NPPs have been detected in almost all tissues often confined to specific substructures or cell types. In some cell types, NPP1 expression is constitutive or can be induced by TGF-beta and glucocorticoids, but the signal transduction pathways that control expression are poorly documented. NPP1-3 have a broad substrate specificity which may reflect their role in a host of physiological and biochemical processes including bone mineralization, calcification of ligaments and joint capsules, modulation of purinergic receptor signalling, nucleotide recycling, and cell motility. Abnormal NPP expression is involved in pathological mineralization, crystal depositions in joints, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells, and type 2 diabetes. In this review we summarize the present knowledge on the structure and the physiological and biochemical functions of E-NPP and their contribution to the pathogenesis of diseases.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Neuropathy secondary to pigmented villonodular synovitis of the hip.

Pigmented villonodular synovitis is a benign proliferative process of unknown origin that may cause extensive bone and joint destruction. Patients with this condition typically present with symptoms of mild discomfort and associated stiffness of the involved joint; however, the spectrum of presentations is broad. Although pigmented villonodular synovitis begins in, and usually is confined within, a synovium-lined joint, it may extend beyond the joint capsule and present as a soft tissue mass. Three cases of a previously unrecognized presentation of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the hip joint are presented. The authors believe these to be the first reported cases in the English language literature of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the hip seen with femoral or sciatic neuropathy.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Familial angiolipomatosis.

Large subcutaneous angiolipomata were observed bilaterally around the wrists, knees, and ankles in an adolescent boy. Growth had been slow since first noted at age 1 year. The tumors extended deeply between muscles, tendons and joint capsules, but without infiltration of these structures. The tumors recurred after subtotal excision. Muscular hypotrophy and deformation of bones near the affected joints were noted. An 8-year-old sister had similar tumors, suggesting a genetic etiology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Sternoclavicular joint: MR imaging--anatomic correlation.

PURPOSE: To correlate magnetic resonance (MR) images of the sternoclavicular joint with anatomic sections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR imaging was performed on 14 sternoclavicular joints in seven specimens from cadavers (three men and four women 64-94 years of age at death; mean, 84 years). MR arthrography was performed in four specimens (eight joints), after injection of gadopentetate dimeglumine. After imaging, the specimens were frozen and cut into 3-mm-thick slices along the MR imaging planes. Images were correlated with the anatomic slices. RESULTS: MR imaging depicted the anatomy of the sternoclavicular joint and surrounding soft tissue. T2-weighted and proton-density-weighted images were superior to T1-weighted images in depiction of the intraarticular disk. MR arthrography depicted best the intraarticular disk and four of five perforations and delineated the joint capsule. All perforations also were depicted on T2-weighted images. CONCLUSION: MR imaging allows delineation of all structures of the sternoclavicular joint. MR arthrography allows delineation of perforations of the intraarticular disk.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Atlantoaxial subluxation and absence of transverse ligament of the atlas in a dog.

Absence of the transverse ligament of the atlas was diagnosed at necropsy in an 8-month-old Shih Tzu with radiographic signs of atlantoaxial subluxation. Symmetric ataxia, tetraparesis, and signs of pain in the vertebral canal suggested a lesion in the cervical portion of the spinal cord. Necropsy revealed absence of the transverse ligament of the atlas and malformation of dens and atlas. In addition, the alar ligaments were distinct and thick, and the atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial joint capsules were markedly thicker than normal. Histologic examination revealed focal compressive myelopathy of the spinal cord at the level of the atlantoaxial joint.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Radial nerve in the radial tunnel: anatomic sites of entrapment neuropathy.

Common anatomical structures that can lead to radial nerve entrapment in the radial tunnel (radial tunnel syndrome) were studied in 46 embalmed cadaveric upper limbs. After dissecting the radial tunnel, we investigated: the radial nerve and its division into superficial and deep (DBRN) branches; the course of the DBRN in relation to the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) muscle; the presence of fat; fibrous adhesions between the anterior radiohumeral joint capsule and the DBRN; the nature of the superomedial margin of the ECRB; vascular arcades of the radial recurrent vessels; and the superior and inferior borders of the superficial layer of the supinator muscle. The locations of some of these structures were measured in reference to two fixed points: the radiohumeral joint line and a line joining the tips of medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus. Near the radiohumeral joint, fibrous adhesions were observed between the DBRN and underlying capsule in 23/46 (50%) cases; vascular arcades of the radial recurrent vessels were found in 33/46 (72%) cases; the superomedial margin of the ECRB was tendinous in 36/46 (78%) instances; the superior border of the superficial layer of the supinator muscle was noted to be tendinous (arcade of Frohse) in 40/46 (87%) specimens, and the inferior border of the superficial layer of the supinator muscle was tendinous in 30/46 (65%) cases. These anatomical features in the radial tunnel are significant enough to lead to entrapment neuropathy of the radial nerve.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Imaging the long head of biceps tendon--a pictorial essay emphasizing magnetic resonance.

Lesions of the long head of the bicepstendon (BT) are seen in association with tears of the rotator-cuff, particularly lesions of the subscapularis tendon and the rotator-interval. The frequency of positive MR-findings at the BT is approximately 25%. The pathologic alterations include complete medial luxation, subluxation and entrapment by the subscapularis tendon, tendinitis or tendovaginitis and lesions at the origin of the tendon at the superior labrum (superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP)--lesions). The imaging signs of BT pathology on MR include an abnormal course and position of the tendon, alterations in shape and changes in signal-intensity (SI), obliteration and thickening of the tendon-sheath. In long standing intra-articular BT rupture, neo-insertion of the tendon in the bicipital sulcus may ensue. The long BT needs to be visualized in transaxial, coronal oblique and sagittal oblique projections. Besides serving as stabilizer of the long head of biceps muscle, the BT is also an important stabilizer of the anterior joint capsule.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Use of a combined pedicled toe fillet flap.

We report the use of a double toe fillet flap combined with reconstruction of the joint capsule of the metatarsal proximal phalanx (MP) in a diabetic patient with a chronic persistent deep plantar ulcer and an avulsed third MP joint. Not only was the soft tissue defect dealt with, but also the stability of the MP joint was increased by the vascularised extensor tendon provided by the pedicled toe fillet flap.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Axial rotation in the lumbar spine and gaping of the zygapophyseal joints.

Axial rotation and zygapophyseal joint gaping was studied using 12 human lumbar spines from individuals ranging in age from 14 to 75 years. Using weight and pulley tests and manipulative testing in a torque apparatus, the movement produced by twisting the spine was found not to be pure axial rotation, but rather movement coupled with various combinations of lateral bending and flexion or extension. This motion may not be possible in testing an individual mobile segment. The twisting movements of the spine do not normally produce gaping of the zygapophyseal joints. These joints adapt to the axial rotation by the compliance of their articular cartilages and the movement of fat pads in and out of the joint capsule. Hypermobility appears to be associated with evidence of damage to part of the mobile segment, suggesting that the hypermobility (gaping) at a joint could be due to instability caused by injury.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Innervation of the lumbar facet joints. Origins and functions.

STUDY DESIGN: The levels of dorsal root ganglia and paravertebral sympathetic ganglia innervating the lumbar facet joint were investigated in rats using the retrograde transport method. The pathways and functions of the nerve fibers supplying the lumbar facet joint were determined immunohistochemically. OBJECTIVES: To study lumbar facet pain in relation to its innervation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The lumbar facet joints have been reported to be innervated segmentally. Little is known, however, about the origins and functions of the nerve fibers. METHODS: Cholera toxin B subunit, a neural tracer, was placed in the L5-L6 facet joint, and the bilateral dorsal root ganglia and paravertebral sympathetic ganglia were examined immunohistochemically. The serial sections of lumbar vertebrae of newborn rats and the sections of the facet joint capsules, dorsal root ganglia, and paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of adult rats were investigated immunohistochemically. The pathways of the nerve fibers supplying the facet joint were reconstituted. RESULTS: Labeled neurons existed in ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia from L1 to L5 and in paravertebral sympathetic ganglia from T12 to L6. The dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve and rami communicantes were connected to each other by calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive fibers and dopamine beta-hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers. CONCLUSIONS: The L5-L6 facet joint was innervated by ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia and paravertebral sympathetic ganglia, segmentally and nonsegmentally. Some of the sensory fibers from the facet joint may pass through the paravertebral sympathetic trunk, reaching L1 and/or L2 dorsal root ganglia. Inguinal and/or anterior thigh pain with lower lumbar facet joint lesions may be explained as referred pain.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effects of interactions of naturally-occurring neuropeptides on blood flow in the rat knee joint.

1. Changes of blood flow in the rat knee joint, measured by laser Doppler flowmetry, were produced by topical application of naturally-occurring neuropeptides to the joint capsule. 2. Substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), and neurokinin B (NKB) all produced dose-dependent transient vasodilatation of the rat knee joint microvasculature. NKB showed significantly smaller vasodilator responses compared to SP and NKA which were similar in their potencies. 3. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) produced dose-dependent vasodilatation which was more pronounced than that produced by the neurokinins. The rank order of potency was: CGRP > SP = NKA > NKB. The vasodilator effect of CGRP was also more prolonged and this extended phase was abolished by co-administration of SP. 4. Cross-tachyphylaxis was not observed with the different neurokinins, but SP and NKA showed novel antagonistic effects on NKB-induced vasodilatation. 5. Co-administration of 1 nmol of the specific NK1 receptor antagonist, CP-96345, with 1 nmol of each of the neurokinins produced significant inhibition of the vasodilator response to SP but did not affect vasodilator responses to NKA and NKB. Co-administration of CP-96345 with the neurokinins plus superfusion of the rat knee joint with a solution containing 0.1 mM CP-96345 further reduced the vasodilator responses to SP but again the vasodilator responses to NKA and NKB were not significantly altered. 6. The results suggest that multiple neurokinin receptor types may be present in the rat knee joint which could mediate the vasodilator responses of the different neurokinins. Co-release of neuropeptides from sensory nerve endings in the rat knee joint may have inter-regulatory actions on their individual responses on the microvasculature.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Arthroscopic approaches and intraarticular anatomy of the equine elbow.

Periarticular anatomy and techniques for arthroscopic access to the equine elbow were studied in six joints from cadavers. Caudomedial and craniolateral approaches were evaluated subsequently in 11 anesthetized horses. The caudomedial approach was made between the flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris muscle bellies. Most of the caudal articular surfaces of the humeral condyles, the caudal perimeter of the radius, and the trochlear notch and portions of the anconeal process of the ulna could be identified. The voluminous caudal joint capsule cul-de-sac proximal to the anconeal process was readily entered. A 70 degree arthroscope allowed examination of more of the joint recesses and articular surfaces of the olecranon fossa than a 25 degree arthroscope. A second portal for intraarticular instrument manipulation was made caudal and slightly proximal to the arthroscope entry. Entry more proximal than the level of the radiohumeral articulation carried significant risk of damage to the ulnar nerve and collateral ulnar artery and vein. For examination of the cranial regions of the elbow, a craniolateral portal was established cranial to the lateral collateral ligament. An instrument portal was made through the muscle bellies of the extensor carpi radialis or common digital extensor muscles. The cranial articular surfaces of the humeral condyles were readily exposed by extension of the elbow. The weight-bearing articular surface of the radius could not be seen. Eight horses were euthanatized without recovery from anesthesia and the elbows were dissected for examination. Three horses were allowed to recover from anesthesia and were euthanatized on days 3, 30, and 60.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Structure, strain and function of the transverse acetabular ligament.

To assess the morphology and function of the transverse acetabular ligament (TAL), its internal structure and insertion sites were analyzed, and its strain was determined during hip joint loading. Fifteen specimens were embedded in methyl methacrylate and cut into 500-micron sections parallel to the inlet of the acetabulum. Polarized light microscopy and contact radiography revealed important differences between the ventral and dorsal attachment of the TAL. Ventrally, the fibers insert close to the labrum, at a rather extensive site consisting of fibrous cartilage. Dorsally, the ligament arises from a wide attachment at the bony region of the posterior horn, where it is continuous with the periosteum and the joint capsule. In a second part of the study, six specimens (four fixed, two fresh) were investigated, using a testing machine to simulate hip joint loading. The strains of the TAL and of two sites of the acetabular labrum were measured with strain gauges. Loads of 10-2,800 N were applied and the degree of rotation of the femoral head was varied. At 400% body weight, the TAL encountered tensile strains of up to 3.7%, but the labrum only of up to 0.5%. The contact areas of the hip joints were determined with a polyether casting material. At 50% body weight they were found to lie in the anterior and posterior aspects of the lunate surface. These results indicate that, due to a natural incongruity, the acetabular notch is widened during loading and the TAL submitted to tension.

Acetabulum↗
PubMed1986

Arthrosonography of the irritable hip in childhood: a review of 1 year's experience.

A retrospective study of 87 children presenting acutely with an "irritable hip" was undertaken to assess the role of arthrosonography of the hip joint. Arthrosonography detected 52 hip-joint effusions, of which 16 were aspirated and an effusion confirmed in 14 (88%). In 82 cases plain radiography was compared with arthrosonography for the detection of hip-joint effusions. Of 47 children with a positive ultrasound diagnosis, 28 (59%) showed abnormal findings on plain radiographs and, of 35 cases with negative ultrasound findings, 22 (63%) had a negative diagnosis by plain radiography. Patients with more severe clinical signs were more likely to have an ultrasonic diagnosis of an effusion (87%-100%) than those with mild clinical signs (25%). The ultrasonic measurement of the hip-joint capsule to femoral neck distance was 2.2 mm +/- 0.5 mm (mean +/- 1 SD) in normal hips and 6.3 mm +/- 1.5 mm in the joints with effusions. Our study suggests that arthrosonographically the normal capsular space is less than 3 mm and the difference between the two sides less than 2 mm. It is suggested that hip arthrosonography is a more accurate method for detecting hip-joint effusions than plain radiography; it may help select cases for hospital admission and should be performed before aspiration is attempted.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

A modified internal rotation stretching technique for overhand and throwing athletes.

Strength, stretching, and rehabilitation methods for the shoulder have been previously described and have been universally applied; nevertheless, many throwing athletes continue to develop overuse injuries. The pitching process tends to increase external rotation and limit internal rotation of the shoulder joint. Our technique involves a modified stretching method of the posterior shoulder musculature. The athlete lies prone with the elbow flexed 90 degrees. With the shoulder abducted 90 degrees, in neutral flexion/extension, and 90 degrees or more of internal rotation, the scapula protrudes posteriorly. By depressing the inferior angle of the scapula toward the thoracic wall, the infraspinatus muscle and posterior joint capsule are effectively isolated and stretched. Manual stabilization of the scapula onto the chest wall transfers the internal rotation movements to the glenohumeral joint, as opposed to sharing the movement with the scapulothoracic articulation. This method improves the efficacy of the internal rotation stretching exercise for the glenohumeral joint. Such an addition to traditional stretching methods may increase the efficiency of the least effective component. We conclude that this modification to traditional programs should be an integral part of the training and rehabilitation program of any athlete requiring near maximal performance of the shoulder.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Arthroscopic surgery: simple devices to facilitate multiple entries and manipulations of the knee.

A system has been especially designed and fabricated for use with an arthroscope and other instruments so that an open passage is maintained through the skin, retinaculum, and joint capsule to allow the insertion and withdrawal of instruments at will. This system is designed to minimize loss of irrigating fluid from the joint during use, including instrument exchanges. A companion stabilization device has been constructed to allow the unassisted application of valgus or varus stress to the knee while leaving the surgeon's hands free.

Humans↗
PubMed1984

Mechanoreceptors in human cruciate ligaments. A histological study.

We obtained human cruciate ligaments at the time of total knee replacement and from autopsy and amputation specimens, and examined histological sections of the ligaments for the presence of mechanoreceptors using the Bodian, Bielschowsky, and Ranvier gold-chloride stains for axons and nerve-endings. The cruciate ligaments obtained at the time of total knee replacement were too distorted by disease processes to be of use. The autopsy and amputation specimens, however, contained fusiform mechanoreceptor structures measuring 200 by seventy-five micrometers, with a single axon exiting from the capsule of the receptor. One to three receptors were found at the surface of each ligament beneath the synovial membrane, and were absent from the joint capsules and menisci. Morphologically the receptors resembled Golgi tendon organs, and it seems likely that they provide proprioceptive information and contribute to reflexes inhibiting injurious movements of the knee. This is the first histological demonstration of mechanoreceptors in human cruciate ligaments.

Aged↗