Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Intelligence Tests”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Influence of the myopia gene on brain development.

Evaluation of the performance of 17-18-year-old high school students on standard intelligence tests confirms previous reports that nearsighted persons consistently achieve scores approximately eight I.O. points higher than non-myopes. Comparison of tests administered to the same students 10 years earlier suggests that the intellectual gain precedes the development of nearsightedness. Since there is convincing evidence from genetic studies that myopia is an inherited condition, probably transmitted as a recessive characteristic, it is concluded that the myopia gene has a stimulant action on the brain in addition to its effect on the eye. The high frequency of myopia in urbanized societies is explained in terms of an evolutionary adjustment, myopes probably having a survival advantage under conditions of industrialization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

German Observational Study of Adult Twins (GOSAT): a multimodal investigation of personality, temperament and cognitive ability.

The German Observational Study of Adult Twins (GOSAT) is the largest population-based observational twin study in Germany to date. Embedded in the Bielefeld Longitudinal Study of Adult Twins (BiLSAT), it addresses the etiology of personality, temperament and cognitive ability in a sample of 300 monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) adult twin pairs between 18 and 70 years of age. A major aim of the GOSAT lies in the utilization of different modes of measurement, (i.e., peer reports and observational data), in addition to self-reports which have been used predominantly in past behavioral genetic research on personality and temperament in adults. Participants completed a full day assessment at the University of Bielefeld including videotaped social interactions and presentations, psychometric intelligence tests and computerized elementary cognitive tasks as well as objective measures and unobtrusive behavior counts. The research design of the GOSAT was devised to reduce the potential impact of systematic rater bias on estimates of genetic and environmental influences to a minimum. In combination with extensive self- and peer report data on key personality and personality related dimensions available from the BiLSAT, the GOSAT provides a rich dataset, which currently includes DNA samples from 80% of its participants.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Breakfast, blood glucose, and cognition.

This article compares the findings of three studies that explored the role of increased blood glucose in improving memory function for subjects who ate breakfast. An initial improvement in memory function for these subjects was found to correlate with blood glucose concentrations. In subsequent studies, morning fasting was found to adversely affect the ability to recall a word list and a story read aloud, as well as recall items while counting backwards. Failure to eat breakfast did not affect performance on an intelligence test. It was concluded that breakfast consumption preferentially influences tasks requiring aspects of memory. In the case of both word list recall and memory while counting backwards, the decline in performance associated with not eating breakfast was reversed by the consumption of a glucose-supplemented drink. Although a morning fast also affected the ability to recall a story read aloud, the glucose drink did not reverse this decline. It appears that breakfast consumption influences cognition via several mechanisms, including an increase in blood glucose.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Neuropsychology of temporal partial epilepsy: a comparison of drug resistant and pharmacologically controlled patients].

INTRODUCTION: Various factors may contribute to cognitive deterioration in temporal lobe epilepsy, and there is controversy as to which has the greatest effect. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, we establish a comparison between patients with temporal lobe epilepsy controlled by drugs and drug-resistant patients, with the object of discovering the effect of different factors in causing cognitive damage. RESULTS: The persons whose disorder was controlled by pharmacological means had better results in memory and intelligence tests than those with drug-resistance. The latter had alterations of declarative memory for verbal material (left) and for visio-spatial material (right) in delayed free recall tests. Also, the greater proportion of symptomatic epilepsies in the drug-resistant group affected their greater cognitive deterioration. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that having long-standing epilepsy with great frequency of seizures and symptomatic epilepsy is correlated with cognitive alterations in memory function in temporal lobe epilepsy. Most deterioration is seen in patients with long-standing drug resistant symptomatic left mesial temporal epilepsy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Relationships of the WISC-R and K-BIT for an adolescent clinical sample.

Correlations between the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised IQs and the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test were determined for a clinical sample of 44 adolescents (35 with learning disabilities, 9 with mental retardation) who underwent routine three-year reevaluations. Even though three years had elapsed between the WISC-R and K-BIT scores, the correlations among the total and subscale scores of these measures were high and were all statistically significant. A significant mean difference was found between the WISC-R Verbal IQ and its K-Bit counterpart, the Vocabulary subscales. Implications of findings for assessment specialists are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The relationships between nonverbal intelligence and the strength of left-hand preference in left-handers to sex and familial sinistrality.

The relationship between the strength of left-handedness and spatial reasoning ability was studied in left-handed male and female subjects with and without familial sinistrality (FS). The degree of left-handedness was assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. The spatial reasoning ability was measured by Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test. It was found that there was a negative linear correlation between nonverbal IQ and the strength of left-handedness in females with and without FS, a quadratic relationship in male left-handers without FS and a positive linear correlation in male left-handers with FS. These results indicate that the brain may exhibit different patterns of cerebral organization in left-handers to sex and FS. It was concluded that the "crowding" hypothesis may apply only to a subgroup of left-handers, i.e., females with a greater bilaterality of cognitive functions than males.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The meaning of IQ constancy in young retarded children.

In a clinic population of 289 children (nine years of age and under) suspected of developmental delay, it was found that correlations on repeated administrations of the Bayley and/or Stanford-Binet intelligence tests were much higher than in normal children; that the magnitude of the correlations was inversely related to IQ level; that children initially tested under two years of age displayed more IQ change than those tested over the age of two, with girls more likely than boys to show a drop, and the greatest amount of fluctuation occurring the 51-80 range. The IQ constancy of this population has important developmental implications for the retarded: it suggests that they are growing intellectually at a rate proportional to normal children of their own mental rather than chronological age; that they may well have more years of maturation before reaching a plateau; and that educational programs should take into consideration this lengthened learning period.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

White-black and white-Hispanic differences on fluid and crystallized abilities by age across the 11- to 94-year range.

Standardization data for the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT) were used to examine white-black and white-Hispanic differences on the Horn-Cattell crystallized and fluid constructs at several age groups across the broad 11- to 94-year span. Samples included 1,547 white, 241 black, and 140 Hispanic persons. Multivariate analyses with educational attainment covaried yielded only one significant finding: the white-black difference on the Crystallized Famous Faces subtest became smaller with increasing age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

DSM-IV learning disorders in 10- to 12-year-old boys with and without a parental history of substance use disorders.

This research examined whether learning disorders (LDs) among 10- to 12-year-old boys are related to a parental history of alcohol and other substance use disorders (SUDs). Subjects were boys with (SA+; n = 179) and without (SA-; n = 203) a parental history of SUDs. LD diagnoses were made according to DSM-IV criteria using several standardized intelligence tests, and mother and teacher reports of academic and cognitive difficulties. The results indicated a higher rate of DSM-IV LDs in SA+ compared to SA- boys. This association remained significant after accounting for the effects of socioeconomic status and ethnicity. SA+ boys with a lower socioeconomic status had particularly high rates of LDs (15.3%). The results suggest that LDs are associated with a parental history of SUDs. SA+ children with lower SES may be at particularly high risk for cognitive and academic difficulties.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1997

Fluctuating asymmetry and psychometric intelligence.

Little is known about the genetic nature of human psychometric intelligence (IQ), but it is widely assumed that IQ's heritability is at loci for intelligence per se. We present evidence consistent with a hypothesis that interindividual IQ differences are partly due to heritable vulnerabilities to environmental sources of developmental stress, an indirect genetic mechanism for the heritability of IQ. Using fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of the body (the asymmetry resulting from errors in the development of normally symmetrical bilateral traits under stressful conditions), we estimated the relative developmental instability of 112 undergraduates and administered to them Cattell's culture fair intelligence test (CFIT). A subsequent replication on 128 students was performed. In both samples, FA correlated negatively and significantly with CFIT scores. We propose two non-mutually exclusive physiological explanations for this correlation. First, external body FA may correlate negatively with the developmental integrity of the brain. Second, individual energy budget allocations and/or low metabolic efficiency in high-FA individuals may lower IQ scores. We review the data on IQ in light of our findings and conclude that improving developmental quality may increase average IQ in future generations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Phenylketonuria: no specific frontal lobe-dependent neuropsychological deficits of early-treated patients in comparison with diabetics.

Neuropsychologic studies have shown that even phenylketonuric patients treated early suffer from phenylalanine-related deficits in all age periods, from childhood to adulthood. This study was performed to determine whether phenylketonuric children show specific frontal lobe-dependent deficits when compared with diabetic patients. The comparative study included 42 phenylketonuric patients, 10 to 18 y of age [mean 14.7 (years, months), SD 2.9], and 42 diabetic patients matched for sex, age, and socioeconomic status. Patients were assessed for intelligence quotient (Culture Fair Intelligence Test), information processing (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Trail-Making Test), and selective (Stroop task) as well as sustained attention (Test d-2). Phenylketonuric patients had significantly poorer results than the diabetic patients. Within all tests, however, this was due to reduced performance speed, not to deficits in specific functions. Patients did not show deficits in insight and learning. The selection abilities and the sustained attention of the phenylketonuric patients were not impaired. Performance speed and blood phenylalanine levels were negatively correlated. Elevated phenylalanine levels may cause an imbalance in neurotransmitter metabolism. However, this seems to refer to a global neurotoxic effect rather than to specific effects on the dopaminergic system, which would affect specifically the activation of the frontal lobes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

Effects of physical conditioning on information-processing efficiency.

This study investigated changes in information-processing efficiency that occur when physical fitness improves. Information-processing variables were Sternberg's memory-scan rate, Posner's name-access time, the Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test, and numbers of words remembered from word lists. At present and posttest 10 to 12 wk. later, 66 adults between the ages of 18 and 48 yr. took all cognitive tests and rode a bicycle ergometer to estimate physical fitness. A 2 X 2 (improved/stable fitness groups by pretest/posttest trials) analysis of variance with repeated measures indicated that the group who improved 15% or more in physical fitness improved significantly more on the name-access time than the group whose fitness remained stable. There was a trend toward improvement in memory-scan rate and number of words remembered on the first word trial by people who became more fit. The results may have implications for assessment and training of personnel in occupations where speeded perception and responses are required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Mental and intellectual development of neonatal surgical children in a long-term follow-up.

The mental and intellectual development of 75 children aged 6 to 10 years who had undergone operations during their neonatal period was estimated using the WISC-R intelligence test and the Bender-Gestalt test (BGT). WISC-R test results correlated with patients' total surgical stress scores, number of operations, and total duration of hospitalization. A tendency for verbal IQ deficiency was observed in many patients. BGT results correlated with the number of operations and total period of hospitalization. Patients with anorectal anomalies were apparently affected more than those with other diseases. An accumulation of therapeutic stresses relating to operations and hospitalizations during childhood extending through the neonatal period may affect subsequent mental and intellectual development.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Long-term outcome of children with fetal alcohol syndrome: psychopathology, behavior, and intelligence.

Within an interdisciplinary research project, the long-term outcome of children with fetal alcohol syndrome was studied. Methods for the assessment of psychopathology, behavior, and intelligence included psychiatric interviews, behavior checklists for parents and teachers, and intelligence tests. The children were assessed during preschool age, early school age (6 to 12 years), and late school age (> or =13 years). An excess of psychopathology, (including hyperkinetic disorders, emotional disorders, sleep disorders, and abnormal habits and stereotypes) with a strong persistence over time was found. Cognitive functioning was marked by a large proportion of mentally retarded children and also did not change considerably over time. This long-term outcome study reflects the handicapping effects of fetal alcohol syndrome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Consequences of congenital hearing loss - a longterm view.

Responsibility for detection of hearing loss at the earliest possible age rests on the shoulders of the medical profession. Early detection and presentation of language through all available sensory channels, most notably the visual, are essential since deaf children of hearing parents, the vast majority of the deaf, characteristically remain grossly deficient linguistically despite years of special schooling. The deaf children of deaf parents, who are not as deprived linguistically since they learn a manual language at the normal age of language acquisition, tend to be less severely handicapped than the deaf children of hearing parents. Deafness is a hidden handicap in infancy although lack of vestibular function may delay motor milestones like sitting and walking but does not constitute a serious problem after they are achieved. The average 18 year old deaf student achieves a reading level comparable to that of a hearing fourth grader and the mathematical skills of a sixth grader. He is also deficient in science, social studies, and general information despite his average scores on nonverbal intelligence tests. Although many deaf students drop out of school before graduation and few go on to higher education, congenitally deaf adults are usually self-supporting and independent. Eighty per cent of the deaf marry hearing impaired persons. The deaf are greatly assisted by the cohesive deaf community existing in every sizable city which provides a social, recreational, and economic framework to their lives. As a result, delinquency and psychiatric illness are not higher among the deaf than the hearing, despite the difficulties they have dealing with the complexities of the hearing society.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Neuropsychological correlates of subclinical paroxysmal EEG activity in children with epilepsy. 2: Quantitative aspects.

Altered cognitive functioning has often been reported in patients with epilepsy. In our study we looked for quantitative correlation between the recurrence of Subclinical Spike-and-Wave Discharges (SSWD) during EEG recording, the scores on the intelligence test (WISC) and the electro-clinical characteristics of 29 epileptic children with subclinical discharges of generalized spike-and-wave complexes. In our sample we found a below-normal mean IQ, with greater impairment on performance than on verbal tasks. No clear quantitative correlation was found between the weighted scores on the various subtests and the "time density" of the spike-and-wave complexes. These findings suggest that the SSWD interfere with cognitive development (mainly with visuo-spatial and sensorimotor coordination abilities) and selectively impair some of the functions involved in the cognitive processes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Apgar scores and cognitive performance at 17 years of age.

The association between low Apgar scores (7 or less) at 1 and 5 minutes and cognitive performance in late adolescence was assessed. A 17-year follow-up of 1942 subjects was performed. The intelligence test scores at 17 years of age were matched with 1- and 5-minutes Apgar scores. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to control for the possible confounding effect of perinatal factors (birth weight, gestational age, serum bilirubin levels, birth order) and demographic characteristics (ethnic origin, paternal education, social class). The sensitivity and positive predictive value of a low 1-minute Apgar score were 8 and 8% and of a low 5-minute Apgar score 1.5 and 5%, respectively. Low Apgar scores are poorly correlated with long-term intellectual outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Hand preference and I.Q. in a group of Oxfordshire villages.

Verbal and performance scores in a standard intelligence test (WAIS) were considered in relation to patterns of hand preference (measured by questionnaire) in a large sample of the general population. Left-handers and mixed-handers did not obtain lower scores than right-handers. Indeed, there was a tendency for subjects who reported that they could use either hand for at least one of the questionnaire tasks to obtain higher I.Q.s. Otherwise, there were no significant differences in I.Q. with the exception of a consistent sex difference, in that men achieved higher scores on both verbal and performance scales.

Adult↗