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Elevated numbers of non-blastoid T cells expressing either the Tac or Ia antigens were found on separate cell populations in inflammatory synovial tissues and fluids of individuals with arthritis. Those synovial T cell preparations containing Tac+ cells exhibited marked proliferation upon the addition of IL 2 without concomitant mitogen stimulation; T cell eluates containing Ia+ but not Tac+ T cells did not show significantly increased levels of blastogenesis. Paired T cell preparations from blood had only minor increases in the number of Tac+ T cells and moderate increases in the number of Ia+ cells. The blood cells did not exhibit significant proliferation to IL 2. In contrast mitogen or allogeneic activation of T cells induced blastoid cells that expressed abundant per cell amount of Ia or Tac antigens. These blastoid cells resembled the small T cells of inflammation in having only very limited overlap between the population that bore Ia antigens and those with the Tac antigen; however, there was a preponderance of Tac-bearing cells.
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Using a modified Boyden chamber technique, variables in the cell environment were investigated and found to have a profound influence on the monocyte chemotactic responsiveness. The concentration of monocytes, pH of cell suspension, the presence of protein, the concentration and pH of cytotaxins, time allowed for migration and the temperature were all found to be critical factors for the migration response. Optimal concentrations of casein, zymosan-activated serum and N-f-methionyl-leucyl phenylalanine had equal cytotactic potency. The addition of gentamycin decreased the monocyte chemotactic responsiveness, while penicillin had no effect. Under standardized conditions the technical variability was moderate and the intra-individual variability in healthy donors was continuously less than twenty per cent.
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Incorporation of glycopeptide, glycolipid and peptidoglycolipid preparations from the culture fluid or organisms of a variety of mycobacterial species in suboptimally stimulated cultures of normal mouse bone marrow cells increased the responsiveness of colony-forming cells to colony-stimulating factor, as measured by enhanced colony formation. Possible mechanisms of action and the significance of enhanced colony growth in relation to the mode of action of mycobacterial adjuvants are discussed.
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The Sartorius absorption simulator was used as a device to detect possible in vivo gastrointestinal tract drug interactions. The drugs chosen were propranolol hydrochloride and two diuretics (namely hydrochlorothiazide and frusemide) commonly used in conjunction with propranolol hydrochloride for the treatment of hypertension. The results show that the presence of both diuretics increased the intestinal absorption rate constant and the percentage diffused of propranolol hydrochloride. Moreover, the presence of propranolol hydrochloride also caused the intestinal absorption rate constants and the percentages diffused of both diuretics to be increased.
Recombinant growth factors and proinflammatory cytokines were added to primary cultures of human intrahepatic biliary duct epithelia to test for their ability to stimulate DNA synthesis and elicit cytokine production. Interleukin-6 and hepatocyte and epidermal growth factors were found to increase the DNA labeling index of biliary duct epithelium from fourfold to sixfold 24 hr after their addition to primary biliary duct epithelium cultures maintained in serum-free medium. The proliferative responses to all three biliary duct epithelium mitogens peaked within 24 hr, and hepatocyte growth factor was effective over a concentration range of 1.0 to 50 ng/ml, whereas interleukin-6 was effective from 1 to 1,000 U/ml. Insulin-like growth factor, phorbol myristate acetate, interleukin-1 beta and platelet-derived growth factor BB showed mild stimulatory effects, whereas interleukin-4, gamma-interferon, phytohemagglutinin and platelet-derived growth factors AA and AB did not increase DNA synthesis in biliary duct epithelium. Interleukin-1 beta and phorbol myristate acetate were also shown to induce in a dose-dependent fashion a threefold to fivefold increase of interleukin-6 production as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in human primary biliary duct epithelium cultures, when compared with hepatocyte growth factor, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, phytohemagglutinin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha or platelet-derived growth factor. These results show that interleukin-6 participates in growth regulation of human biliary duct epithelium. This could be exerted in a paracrine or autocrine manner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mouse epididymal sperm incubated in Tyrode's T6 fertilization media were analyzed over time for chromosome damage by two methods. First, cytogenetic analysis was done on paternal pronuclei metaphase chromosomes. After 6 hours incubation 11% of the cells demonstrated chromosome structural abnormalities. Secondly, sperm nuclei were measured by the sperm chromatin structure assay, which is a measure of the susceptibility of sperm DNA to the nuclei demonstrated an increased susceptibility to DNA denaturation, reaching near 100% by 48 hours. Changes in chromatin structure at the molecular level may lead to chromosome breaks seen in pronuclear chromosomes.
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The effects of the calcium channel blocker isradipine were studied in the indirectly and directly stimulated mouse diaphragm and in the anesthetized rat to determine its potency, reversibility and interaction with a number of drugs. Initially, it potentiated both indirect and direct twitches followed by a reduction. With tetanic contractions, no potentiation was obtained, only a reduction, which was complete or near complete at the highest concentration tested (10(-4) M). In combination, isradipine reduced the IC50 and IC90 values for the antibiotics gentamicin, polymyxin B and clindamycin, d-rubocurarine and magnesium ions. Depression of contraction caused by isradipine or in combination could be reversed to varying degrees by washout, elevated calcium ions, neostigmine or 4-aminopyridine. Spontaneous recovery from the effects of isradipine alone or in combination was slow and usually incomplete. For in vivo experiments, severe cardiovascular depressant effects of isradipine limited its exposure to lower concentrations and for shorter periods. Under these conditions, it had no effect on heart rate. However, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly reduced, while pulse pressure was increased. After an initial potentiation muscle contraction was maximally reduced to 55% of control. This study indicates that acute administration of isradipine may aggravate neuromuscular effects of antibiotics, muscle relaxants or hypermagnesemia, although it is unlikely that spontaneous recovery or reversibility of muscular activity by suitable reversal agents will be affected. However, prolonged use of the drug may be more difficult to reverse.
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