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PubMed2005

Transcervical artificial insemination in the cat.

Many studies have reported new reproductive techniques for reproduction in endangered non-domestic felids. Artificial insemination is an important tool for developing breeding programs. This manuscript reviews recent progress in feline artificial insemination, with particular emphasis on intrauterine sperm deposition. Intrauterine insemination of felids results in higher fertilization rates than intravaginal insemination, despite insemination with fewer sperm. Although surgical insemination was utilized historically, there are some reports of catheterization of the cervix of the queen. Recently, a new technique and catheter were proposed for transcervical insemination of fresh or frozen-thawed semen.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Ethical and legal aspects of in-vitro fertilization and artificial insemination by donor.

All areas of medical practice are shaped by ethical and legal mandates. When a physician provides infertility services, however, ethical and legal concerns reach an even greater prominence. The infertility specialist is in the awesome role of facilitating the creation of new life. A task of that level of importance brings with it responsibilities of an equal magnitude. Clinicians performing in-vitro fertilization and artificial insemination should be especially sensitive to the ethical and legal concerns raised by the selection of patients and donors, the informed consent process, and record-keeping. As reproductive technologies such as these develop, the clinician not only has a duty to monitor their safety and efficacy, but also to provide extensive information to the participants and to society at large to make possible informed decisions about how best to enhance the benefits and avoid the risks of these new technologies.

Confidentiality↗
PubMed1979

Comparison of the embryo survival rate in heifers following artificial insemination, non-surgical blastocyst transfer or both.

In Exp. 1, embryo survival rates of 45 and 47% were recorded after artificial insemination and ipsilateral transfer respectively. In Exp. 2, pregnancy rates of 62 and 60% were recorded after artificial insemination and contralateral transfer to inseminated recipients respectively. In this experiment the contralateral transferred embryo survival rate was 44%. Transferred embryo survival was lower overall when donors and recipients were out of phase by 1 day than when exactly synchronous.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Incidence of birth defects after artificial insemination with frozen donor spermatozoa: a collaborative study of the French CECOS Federation on 11,535 pregnancies.

Artificial insemination using cryogenically preserved spermatozoa has been widely used in human reproduction for several decades. No evaluation of the resulting pregnancies and conceptions has been undertaken in sufficiently large study populations for minor variations to be distinguished. This study involves 11,535 pregnancies conceived by artificial insemination using donor spermatozoa and followed from the time that pregnancy was diagnosed. The pregnancies followed a normal course with, in particular, no excessive fetal losses. While the global incidence of birth defects was similar to that of natural conception, our observations raise doubts concerning trisomy 21. The frequency of trisomy 12 was somewhat elevated when compared with French malformation registries. A recruitment bias could, in part, explain this discrepancy, but donor age cannot be excluded as an influencing factor.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Cost comparison of natural service sires and artificial insemination for dairy cattle reproductive management.

Despite the widespread popularity of artificial insemination, many dairymen still prefer the use of natural service sires due to a variety of reasons, including a common perception that it is easier to manage and less expensive than AI. Little has been done to estimate the explicit and implicit costs, including the probable loss of genetic progress associated with the use of natural service sires in dairy herds. A partial budget approach was used to stochastically model the expected costs and returns of reproductive management options in large, western, Holstein dairies. Option one was natural service sires managed using currently recommended approaches including breeding soundness evaluations, bull vaccination, and a rotational breeding system. Option two was an AI system using a modified Presync-Ovsynch timed AI program in conjunction with estrus detection and inseminations performed by a commercial route breeder. Stochastic variables in the model included the cost of the lactating ration and purchased bulls, as well as the value received for milk, market bulls, and net merit gains. All other variables were treated deterministically. Under the model's assumptions, the use of natural service sires averaged approximately US dollar 10 more in cost per cow per year as compared to an AI program. Sixty percent of the time, AI was less expensive than using bulls. However, there was wide variation in expected differences in cost between the two systems with net merit estimates having the largest impact, followed by prices received for milk sold and market bulls.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Artificial insemination: the state of the art.

The history of research into artificial insemination (AI) is over two centuries old and its commercial application now spans 75 years. It is appropriate to reflect on the contribution of this powerful method of gene dispersal. AI remains as one of the most important assisted reproductive technologies. The three cornerstones for its application are: it is simple, economical and successful. The importance of AI will be challenged in the next few decades. The remarkable progress made in other assisted reproductive technologies does have the potential to rapidly generate offspring. The challenge for any of these reproductive technologies to attain widespread use is to match AI in being simple, economical and successful. This review aims at capturing the salient advances in AI, the comparisons with natural mating and other reproductive technologies, and, whether the future of AI will be challenged. It predicts what the new horizon looks like and the role that AI will play in the overall reproductive technologies landscape.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The potential impact of sperm encapsulation technology on the importance of timing of artificial insemination: a perspective in the light of published work.

To facilitate artificial insemination with encapsulated spermatozoa independently of oestrus, ways must be found to extend the life of spermatozoa at body temperature, and to devise encapsulation procedures which will allow progressive release of viable spermatozoa over several days. In the past, the most common approach to the preservation of semen has been the principle of reduced temperature. However, the research literature presents several promising clues to the resolution of these problems; these are reviewed, and new directions are identified and explored. The potential impact of a successful encapsulation technology is recognized as the driving force for implementing the novel research required.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Appraisal, coping, and emotional health of infertile couples undergoing donor artificial insemination.

OBJECTIVES: To describe differences between wives and husbands undergoing donor artificial insemination (AID), in terms of stress level, factors contributing to the stress of AID, cognitive appraisal of AID, ways of coping, and emotional health. DESIGN: Descriptive correlational. SETTING: A gynecology-endocrinology clinic at a university hospital and a private infertility practice in the midwestern United States. PARTICIPANTS: Forty wives and thirty-five husbands participating in AID. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Perceived level of stress, factors contributing to the stress of AID, appraisal of AID, revised ways of coping, and profile of mood states. RESULTS: Wives had greater stress levels, used more ways of coping, and more often appraised AID as a harm-loss, threat, or challenge. Husbands more often appraised AID as a beneficial experience. Individuals who appraised AID differently differed in emotional health and levels of stress. CONCLUSIONS: Investigations into the relationships among stress levels, stressors, appraisal, coping, situational factors, and emotional health will help nurses understand how these factors affect the health of couples undergoing AID.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1988

Current topics in artificial insemination of sheep.

There have been developments in several aspects of artificial insemination (AI) in recent years, some of which have been directly responsible for proliferation of AI in the sheep-breeding industries of several countries. The most notable advances have probably been associated with the development of intrauterine insemination by laparoscopy. There is potential for refinement of some of the related techniques, particularly in the area of control of ovulation and definition of appropriate times and optimum doses of spermatozoa for insemination. It is unlikely that laparoscopic AI will be developed sufficiently that it will become readily affordable, and therefore widely practised, by commercial producers. Unfortunately, there has been little progress in the past few years in improvement of the methods of cryopreservation of ram semen. There is considerable potential for AI to have a significant impact on the genetic improvement of sheep, though this has yet to be evaluated in practice. However, if the full potential of AI in sheep is to be realized, it will likely only happen when methods of freezing semen are improved sufficiently that cervical or even vaginal insemination can be widely used with frozen-thawed semen, or when practicable methods of deep cervical or intrauterine insemination through the cervix are developed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Crossing blue fox (Alopex lagopus) to red fox (Vulpes vulpes) using artificial insemination].

An experiment with breeding red fox to blue fox by artificial insemination is described. The conception rate obtained was low. Of five blue fox vixens three whelped, and average litter size was 6.5. None of the six red fox vixens whelped. Examination of semen from the hybrid males showed aspermia. The testosterone levels in the male hybrids were significantly lower than those in male blue fox, the difference was less outstanding between the hybrids and the red fox males. The histological investigation of testes of the hybrids indicated that the spermatogenesis was arrested in the later prophase of the first meiotic division.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effect of acrosomal defects on fertility of bulls used in artificial insemination and natural breeding.

Four bulls that produced spermatozoa with a high percentage of abnormal acrosomes were individually placed in pens with females for 21 days. Frozen semen from 2 of the bulls was used for artificial insemination. One of the bulls was placed in a competitive mating situation with normal bulls at pasture. First service pregnancy rates were determined by transrectal ultrasonography 28 days after bull removal from breeding pens, or after the last artificial insemination. The results of competitive mating at pasture were determined from breeding observations, the phenotypic characteristics of calves sired, and blood typing for parentage. The results of these studies suggest that bulls that produce a high percentage of spermatozoa with indented acrosomes may have normal fertility when used in artificial insemination or in single sire mating; however, their fertility may be low when breeding competitively with bulls with normal spermiograms.

Acrosome↗
PubMed2003

Short communication: presynchronization using a single injection of PGF2alpha before synchronized ovulation and first timed artificial insemination in dairy cows.

Conception to synchronized ovulation (Ovsynch) using injections of GnRH and PGF2alpha and timed artificial insemination has been shown to be maximized when the program is initiated 5 to 12 d after estrus. The objective of this double-blinded field trial was to assess the effect of one injection of PGF2alpha, 10 d before the Ovsynch program, on the probability of pregnancy at first insemination in lactating dairy cows. The hypothesis was that cows that underwent luteolysis in response to PGF2alpha would be between 5 and 8 d postestrus at the start of Ovsynch. In five commercial dairy herds in Ontario, Canada, at 52 +/- 12 d in milk, 506 cows were assigned at random to receive either one i.m. injection of 500 microg of cloprostenol or saline. Ten days later, all cows received 100 microg of GnRH i.m., followed in 7 d by 500 microg of cloprostenol i.m. and 100 microg of GnRH i.m. 48 h later. All cows were artificially inseminated 0 to 20 h after the second injection of GnRH, without regard to detection of estrus. Pregnancy was diagnosed by transrectal palpation at least 35 d after insemination. The probability of pregnancy after first insemination was modeled with logistic regression, accounting for the correlation of cows with herd and the effect of season of calving. There was no difference in pregnancy risk between cows that received PGF2alpha presynchronization and controls (37.3 and 36.6%, respectively; odds ratio = 1.03, 95% confidence interval, 0.88 to 1.20). Parity and days in milk at insemination were not significant covariates.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Combined artificial insemination and synchronisation of oestrus in sheep (author's transl)].

A brief introduction is followed by a description of artificial insemination in sheep, based on a review of the literature. A number of experiments are then discussed, which were mainly concerned with the possibilities arising when artificial insemination and synchronisation of oestrus are combined. It is concluded that satisfactory results (70-80 per cent pregnant) may be obtained, provided a large number of live spermatozoa (500 x 10(6)) are inseminated at the right time.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Multi-level modelling of conception in artificial insemination by donor.

Data on insemination with donor's sperm have a crossed hierarchical structure due to the coexistence of female factors (ovulatory cycles within pregnancy attempt within women) and male factors (inseminations within donations within donors). A crossed random multi-level logistic model, taking account of this structure, permits an improved estimation of the fixed effects and provides insights into their influence at each level in the hierarchy. We present an efficient algorithm for fitting such models using alternating EM steps. We further discuss the inclusion of compositional covariates to determine what information the quality of a donation conveys regarding the donor basal fecundability and on the specific sperm donation.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Genetic aspects of artificial insemination with donor semen: the French CECOS Federation guidelines.

The genetic problems raised by assisted reproduction using donor gametes (AID) are numerous and often complex. They concern the legitimacy and the appropriate forms of genetic screening for both gamete donors and recipients; the identification of genetic indications justifying the use of this method of reproduction; and ascertainment of the state of health of the conceptus at birth. The experience and guidelines of the French CECOS Federation, which comprises 20 AID treatment centers, are described. The discussion emphasizes the need for an international exchange of view on this subject.

Eugenics↗