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PubMed1981

[Single administration of a progesterone preparation during early gravidity of gilts following synchronized ovulation and induction of puberty to lower the age of first insemination].

The action of one single injection of 62.5 mg of hydroxy-progesterone-capronate on the 14th day after first insemination was tested for the purpose of defining the fertility performance of 180 gilts with synchronised ovulation and induced puberty. Synchronised ovulation caused significant rise in litter size and enhancement in gravidity rates. By comparison with a control group, the number of piglets born additional to each first insemination was 2.3. Induction of puberty to lower first-insemination age was of significant positive effect only on the pregnancy result, and somewhat fewer piglets were actually born. Nevertheless, the surplus birth figure to each first insemination was 2.1, as compared to untreated sows. The positive effect on puberty-induced animals was inversely proportional to daily weight rise.

17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate↗
PubMed1995

HIV transmission through donor artificial insemination.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate and report cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission through donor artificial insemination (AI) before 1986 at five infertility clinics. DESIGN: Two types of look-back studies were performed: (1) identification of an HIV-infected woman who reported previous AI, followed by identification of the infected donor(s) and contact tracing of women who were inseminated with his semen, and (2) identification of an HIV-infected donor and subsequent examination of women receiving AI procedures using his semen. SETTING: Five infertility clinics in Los Angeles County, California; San Diego County, California; Arizona; and Vancouver, British Columbia. PATIENTS: A total of 230 women were inseminated with semen from any one of the five identified HIV-infected donors; 199 (87%) consented to HIV testing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Seropositivity for HIV among AI recipients. RESULTS: Seven (3.52%) of the 199 women (95% confidence interval, 1.55% to 7.41%) who were artificially inseminated with semen from any of five HIV-infected donors and consented to HIV testing tested HIV-seropositive. Information on HIV risk was available for three of the five donors; all three reported a history of having sex with men. Four HIV-infected women were identified through uncommon circumstances, rather than through routine look-back studies of donors. CONCLUSION: Infection with HIV through donor AI performed before routine HIV screening of semen donors represents a potentially serious threat to women who underwent AI procedures. Public health policies requiring retrospective identification of HIV-infected semen donors and patients receiving AI before 1986, especially in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-prevalent areas, should be considered routine. Women diagnosed with AIDS or HIV infection, in whom no identified risk of HIV acquisition is established, should be questioned about previous AI procedures.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intrauterine insemination as a successful method in the treatment of infertility caused by oligospermia.

Intrauterine insemination combined with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation was used in treating couples with infertility problem caused by oligospermia. We reported 85 cases, with sperm number less than 20.0 x 10(6) per insemination sample. We obtained successful insemination with 0.7 x 10(6) motile sperm cells per insemination sample. We were particularly successful in treating severe oligospermia. Most of the pregnancies in our population of patients ended in delivering singletons. In conclusion, infertility caused by oligospermia may be successfully treated using IUI with controlled ovarian stimulation. Our opinion is that the accuracy of IUI timing is critical, especially when severe oligospermia is concerned.

Female↗
PubMed1993

Vaginal anatomy of the domestic cat (Felis catus) in relation to copulation and artificial insemination.

In the course of an investigation of artificial insemination (AI) in the domestic cat, the site of deposition of the semen during vulval insemination was questioned. A limited study was carried out to ascertain both the anatomy and distensibility of the vagina and urogenital sinus, and the location of the cervix in relation to the vulva. In live restrained female cats a 4 mm diameter Teflon probe could not be inserted more than 20 mm, and elicited a cry similar to the copulatory vocalization when the resistance was encountered. However, a 1 mm diameter ball-tipped needle was passed to a depth of 40 mm. To confirm these observations, four adult female domestic cats were dissected. The cervix was located approximately 45 mm cranial to the vulva. The urogenital sinus narrowed approximately 17.5 mm from the vulva, preventing the passage of a 4 mm probe, and led to a constricted vagina, which permitted the passage of a 1 mm diameter probe to the depth of the cervix. A radiological investigation of a single anaesthetized cat supported these results. The erect penis of the adult male was measured during sexual arousal in five animals; the mean length and width (+/- SD) was 21.2 +/- 2.2 mm and 5.1 +/- 0.5 mm, respectively. These observations lead us to conclude that the stimulus for vocalization during natural mating is distention of the posterior vagina, where semen is probably deposited. The site of semen deposition is uncertain in several accounts of artificial insemination, as the passage of the insemination device depends on its diameter.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Intrauterine insemination. Effect of wash media on pregnancy rates and sperm motility.

Testyolk Buffer has been shown to enhance sperm penetration in hamster penetration assays and increase fertilization of oocytes in in vitro fertilization. Based on these findings, we compared pregnancy rates and sperm motility in intrauterine inseminations done with sperm samples washed and resuspended in Ham's F10 as compared with Testyolk buffer. Charts were reviewed retrospectively from 1,098 husband and donor intrauterine inseminations performed at the University of Florida. Data were analyzed using life table analysis and the curves compared with the Mantel-Haenszel statistical test. In addition, sperm motility in fresh sperm was observed in samples incubated in Testyolk or Ham's F10, with motility counts performed at 0, 6 and 24 hours. Four hundred ninety-two Testyolk cycles and 579 Ham's F10 cycles were compared, with cumulative pregnancy rates at one year of 53% and 44%, respectively (P = .58). With donor sperm, 229 cycles with Testyolk and 314 cycles with Ham's F10 had cumulative pregnancy rates of 68% and 48%, respectively (P = .52). With husband insemination, 264 Testyolk and 253 Ham's F10 cycles had pregnancy rates of 37% and 35%, respectively (P = .23). Fresh sperm motility in 22 samples compared at 0, 6 and 24 hours in Ham's F10 (76%, 67.8%, 56.6%) versus Testyolk (76%, 67.7%, 58.8%) revealed no significant differences. There was also no difference in total motile sperm inseminated and postwash motility in 1,098 samples with Testyolk versus Ham's F10. This study demonstrates that there is no enhanced pregnancy rate or increased sperm motility when sperm are treated with Testyolk Buffer instead of Ham's F10.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Sperm cell dynamics in the female rabbit genital tract after insemination monitored by radiolabeled spermatozoa.

Dynamic in vivo imaging of spermatozoa radiolabeled with 99mTc-HMPAO in the female genital tract was performed noninvasively. Animal studies were performed under a variety of insemination conditions and their influence on the dynamics and number of spermatozoa in ascent was demonstrated. Spermatozoa motility was not significantly reduced by radiolabeling. In vitro and in vivo labeling stability was > 93% after 18 hr. Female rabbits were inseminated with labeled spermatozoa and dynamic scintigraphic studies were performed up to 12 hr after insemination. The in vivo behavior of labeled spermatozoa was similar to native spermatozoa. Absolute spermatozoa numbers could be determined noninvasively and reliably at different parts in the female genital tract at various timepoints after insemination.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Recovery rate and quality of embryos from mares inseminated at the first post-partum oestrus.

The pregnancy rate is lower in mares inseminated at the first post-partum (p.p.) oestrus (40-50%) compared with pregnancy rates in subsequent oestrous cycles (55-65%). The causes of the lowered pregnancy rate are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to examine if embryonic defects could be one of the reasons for lowered pregnancy rate. A total of 23 p.p. and 14 non-lactating control mares were flushed 7 days after detection of ovulation. Embryo recovery rate was 48% and 71% in p.p. and control mares, respectively (p = 0.16). Embryos were photographed, measured, graded and stained with fluorescein diacetate to assess their viability. Thereafter embryos were bisected and stained with Hoechst 33342 to count the cell nuclei. Embryos in both groups were equally viable and the cell numbers were not significantly different. According to morphological evaluation all embryos were classified as excellent or good. Embryos aged 7.3 to 7.6 days (+/-0.25 days) were smaller in the p.p. group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Forty-seven (9/19) and 8% (1/13) of the uterine swabs, taken before the first insemination, yielded bacteria and neutrophils in p.p. and control mares, respectively. The amount of neutrophils and/or bacteria had no statistically significant effect on embryo recovery rate (p > 0.10). Recovery of embryos was not related to histological findings in uterine biopsies taken after embryo recovery. Embryo recovery rate in p.p. mares (48%) was similar to previously reported foal heat pregnancy rates (40-50%). Hence, early embryonic death in utero would not be the most likely reason for lowered pregnancy rate in mares inseminated at the first p.p. oestrus. Sperm transport and oviductal conditions by the time of the first p.p. oestrus would need to be studied to clarify the role of fertilisation failure as the cause of lower pregnancy rate in mares inseminated at foal heat.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Donor insemination. Prevalence of antibodies to cytomegalovirus.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of seropositivity to cytomegalovirus in women presenting for donor insemination and in their partners. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective examination of test results for patients presenting for donor insemination. Two hundred eighteen couples presenting for donor insemination were studied. RESULTS: Overall, 37% of women were seropositive for cytomegalovirus. Their partners had a slightly, although not significantly, lower rate of seropositivity. No clear relationship between patient age and rate of seropositivity was found. CONCLUSION: The rate of seropositivity to cytomegalovirus in couples presenting for donor insemination appears to be lower than that reported for the general population.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Modification of in vitro insemination techniques in the treatment of severe male factors in assisted reproduction].

The aim of this study is to detect qualified in vitro insemination techniques in the treatment of the severe oligoasthenotheratospermia which is defined as total motile count in the pretreatment samples (< 5 x 10(6) with > 50% of abnormal morphology). These patients have taken part in the in vitro insemination program of the Assisted Reproduction Unit of the 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Rome University "La Sapienza" during a period between June and December 1995. Several modifications of the standard in vitro techniques have been developed such as: mechanical decumulation of the oocytes, reduction of the volume of culture medium, increase of spermatozoa and oocyte concentration at the moment of insemination. A good fertilization rate was achieved (33%) as regard to the semen sample and procedures utilized. Twelve Ets were performed and 4 clinical pregnancies (25% per patients and 33% per transfer) were achieved. These data demonstrate that by the modification of standard laboratory methods for in vitro insemination, a good fertilization rate and a high clinical pregnancy rate can be achieved in cases of severe male factor infertility without having to resort to micromanipulation techniques.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Efficacy of a program of insemination with cryopreserved semen as treatment of the male factor].

The purpose of the present study is to determine the efficacy of an artificial insemination program with frozen donor sperm as an alternative therapy for male factor infertility. Twenty six women underwent 86 insemination cycles with frozen donor sperm. Clomiphene citrate or human menopausal gonadotropins were utilized for ovulation induction; human chorionic gonadotropins, 10,000 IU, was administered with one or more dominant follicles > or = 16 mm; intrauterine insemination was performed 36 hours after the injection. The pregnancy rate per cycle was 16.6%, and the cumulative pregnancy rate was 58.3%. It is concluded that intrauterine insemination with frozen donor sperm is a good alternative, instead of adoption, for male factor infertility with no available treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Factors affecting the success of donor insemination.

Of 81 women who completed six ovulatory cycles of properly timed donor insemination using freshly ejaculated semen, 65 (80%) conceived. The mean sperm concentration and motility in cycles of conception were 79.5 million/ml and 69%. In cycles where conception did not occur, the mean sperm concentration and motility were 78.4 million/ml and 67%, values similar to those in cycles of conception. There was also no significant difference between conception and nonconception cycles in the following: number of inseminations per cycle (2.43 versus 2.34), percentage of cycles with a preovulatory fall in basal temperature (35.1% versus 45.4%), maximum spinnbarkeit (5.6 versus 5.2 cm), and the interval between basal temperature nadir and maximum spinnbarkeit (0 versus 0.1 days). The distribution of inseminations in relation to the basal temperature nadir was similar in conception to that of nonconception cycles. Sixteen women (20%) did not conceive, and there was an apparent explanation in 3 of these: 1 was occasionally anovulatory during several cycles; 1 had no intraperitoneal passage of CO2; and 1 of 3 women who underwent laparoscopy had peritubal adhesions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Artificial insemination: an overview.

This article presents an overview of the indications for and techniques of artificial insemination, including artificial insemination of husband's/partner's sperm and artificial insemination of donor sperm. Important issues related to psychologic, legal, and ethical concerns are addressed, as well as long-term ramifications and implications for nursing.

Anger↗
PubMed1989

[The course of pregnancy and labor following artificial insemination].

The course of pregnancy and its final outcome--delivery of alive and viable fetus, is of special significance for women becoming pregnant after artificial insemination because of their limited possibilities for new pregnancy. 131 pregnancies, occurring after artificial insemination with fresh and frozen seminal plasma, were investigated. Analysis of the results showed that in basic lines the course of pregnancy and delivery as well as the state of the newborns did not differ substantially from those of normally conceived women. There was no statistical difference (p greater than 0.05) in the frequency of still-births, preterm deliveries and congenital anomalies of the fetus. In the course of pregnancy of women with artificial insemination two risk periods are determined. a) first trimester because of the greater frequency of spontaneous abortions b) delivery because of the increased operative activity and greater frequency of multiple pregnancy.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2004

Intrauterine insemination versus fallopian tube sperm perfusion for non tubal infertility.

BACKGROUND: Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) together with intrauterine insemination (IUI) is commonly offered to couples with infertility factors not involving the fallopian tubes. Intrauterine insemination gained its popularity because it is simple, non-invasive and cost-effective technique. Another simple non invasive method was introduced called fallopian tube sperm perfusion (FSP). This technique was developed to ensure the presence of higher sperm densities in the fallopian tubes at the time of ovulation than standard IUI provides. Fallopian tube sperm perfusion is based on pressure injection of 4 ml of sperm suspension with attempt of sealing of the cervix to prevent semen reflux. The IUI technique on the other hand is based on intrauterine injection of 0.5 ml of sperm suspension without flushing the tubes. A number of randomised controlled trials have been published comparing the efficacy of FSP with standard IUI. There were considerable variations in the results. The aim of this review was to determine whether outcomes differ between FSP and IUI in improving the probability of conception. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether outcomes differ between fallopian tube sperm perfusion and intrauterine insemination in the treatment of non tubal subfertility resulting in pregnancies and live births. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Menstrual Disorders & Subfertility Group trials register (24 March 2003), MEDLINE (January 1966 to July 2003) and EMBASE (January 1988 to July 2003). Abstracts of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (1987 to 2003) and European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (1987 to 2003) meetings were searched with the same key- or text words. SELECTION CRITERIA: Only randomised controlled studies comparing fallopian tube sperm perfusion with intrauterine insemination were included in this review. The method of allocation was assessed to determine whether each study was truly randomised or pseudo-randomised. Only first period data of cross-over trials were included for analysis. Couples who have been trying to conceive for at least one year were included but only when the female partner had patent tubes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two independent reviewers (AC and MJ) selected the trials for inclusion based on the quality of the studies. MAIN RESULTS: Overall six studies involving 474 couples were included in the meta-analysis. Only one study assessed live birth rates (OR 1.17, 95% CI 0.39 3.53). The results for pregnancy rate per couple were statistically significant with FSP showing higher pregnancy rates (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.79 using the odds ratio with the fixed effect model. To check the results the random effect model was used, which gave a wider confidence interval which crossed the line of no significance (OR 1.76, 95% CI 0.77 to 4.05). As a result, these outcomes should be interpreted with caution. Subgroup analysis revealed that couples suffering from unexplained subfertility benefit from FSP over IUI, resulting in significantly higher pregnancy rates (OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.73 to 4.78). Excluding studies which used the Foley catheter for tubal perfusion resulted in a significant difference favouring FSP for all indications (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.54 to 3.80). REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS: FSP may be more effective for non-tubal subfertility, but the significant heterogeneity should be taken into account. As a result no advice based on the meta-analysis could be given for the treatment of non-tubal subfertility. Subgroup analysis, which did not show evidence of statistical heterogeneity, suggested that couples with unexplained infertility may benefit from FSP over IUI in terms of higher pregnancy rates. FSP may therefore be advised in couples with unexplained subfertility. Results suggested the possibility of differential effectiveness of FSP depending on catheter choice.

Fallopian Tubes↗
PubMed1982

The effect of sperm concentrations during preincubation and at insemination on fertilization of rat eggs in vitro.

Rat epididymal spermatozoa, at a concentration of 40-65 X 10(4) cells/ml, were preincubated for 5-5, 5 hr and then added to eggs from superovulated, immature rats. By 10-12 hr after insemination, 86% of the eggs had undergone fertilization, but many of them (41%) were polyspermic. When sperm were preincubated at almost the same concentration and for the time stated above, but then diluted to 1-3 X 10(4) cells/ml before insemination, the number of fertilized eggs and the incidence of polyspermy were both reduced, being 56% and 5%, respectively. When a sperm concentration of 1-3 X 10(4) cells/ml was used both during preincubation and at insemination, the fertilization rate of 60% or more, with polyspermy not in excess of 10%, a sperm concentration of 30-100 X 10(4) cells/ml during preincubation and then diluted to approximately 1-3 X 10(4) cells/ml at insemination appears to be optimal.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Successive electrical responses to insemination and concurrent sperm entries in the polyspermic egg of the ctenophore Beroe ovata.

In the ctenophore Beroe ovata, action potentials and sperm-induced egg electrical responses were recorded, in unfertilized and in vitro inseminated eggs, respectively. The unfertilized egg had a resting membrane potential of -65.6 +/- 1.3 mV and a membrane resistance of 1.45 +/- 0.09 M omega. When depolarized beyond a threshold of about -20 mV, the membrane displayed an action potential with a fast phase and then a peak reaching 38 +/- 0.6 mV, followed by a positive declining plateau which lasted about 20 sec and ended by a biphasic repolarization of the membrane. The action potential was mainly Ca(2+)-dependent and to a lesser extent, Na(+)-dependent. Upon one or several inseminations, monospermic eggs generated one fertilization potential and polyspermic eggs generated several sperm induced egg electrical responses. These sperm-induced egg electrical responses were composed of a voltage-gated action potential elicited by sperm-egg contact, resembling the action potential triggered by a depolarizing current, followed by a true sperm-gated depolarizing plateau which lasted about 60 sec and was mainly Na(+)-dependent. The number of electrical responses displayed by each egg corresponded to the number of male pronuclei detected in its cortex. An electrical response occurred for all egg membrane potentials ranging from -78 to +16 mV. In addition, the histogram giving the number of eggs in each class of egg characterized by a number of sperm entries indicated that each sperm entry constituted an independent process. However, when we compared the effectiveness of the in vitro inseminations during electrophysiological measurements and the in vivo inseminations under simulated natural conditions, the results showed two predominant classes of fertilized eggs, with one and two male pronuclei in the cortex respectively. Consequently, although our overall results exhibit features characteristic of polyspermy, they do not yet preclude the possibility that the eggs of the ctenophore B. ovata might be monospermic, or might, under natural planktonic conditions, display a small number of sperm entries.

Action Potentials↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Milk progesterone determination in buffaloes post-insemination.

Milk progesterone levels were studied in 17 buffaloes between post-insemination and 30 days thereafter. Six animals were confirmed pregnant. Seven of 10 animals took greater than 24 days to return to oestrus and the pattern of change of progesterone levels indicated a steady increase from 1 ng/ml on day 2 to 20 ng/ml on day 14 post-insemination, falling subsequently to about 5 ng/ml, 2 days prior to oestrus. In pregnant buffaloes, the milk progesterone levels showed a continuous increase up to 20 days post-insemination but did not decline thereafter. In individual buffaloes returning to oestrus, a cut-off milk progesterone level of greater than 10 ng/ml was considered for pregnancy diagnosis, 20, 22 and 24 days post-insemination. The test was 60, 75 and 75% accurate for detection of pregnancy on days 20, 22 and 24 respectively and 100% for non-pregnancy diagnosis on all three days. Individual animals showed a highly variable oestrous cycle length, which has been suggested as a contributory factor for false pregnancy diagnosis by milk progesterone test in this species. Milk progesterone assay may also identify silent heats, and clinical disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Insemination and population density in Entobdella soleae, a monogenean skin parasite of the common sole, Solea solea.

Immature specimens of the monogenean skin parasite Entobdella soleae, experimentally isolated from other individuals, fail to self-inseminate when maturity is reached and self-insemination has not been recognized during many hours spent observing living parasites. E. soleae lives on the lower surface of its flatfish host, the common sole (Solea solea), in relatively small numbers, most commonly 1, 2 or 3 adults per fish, but in spite of the low density and extensive habitat, freshly collected wild parasites were found to be inseminated. If it is assumed that E. soleae is unable to self-inseminate in the wild, then it seems likely that single isolated parasites on wild soles have lost their partners as a result of death or transfer to another host and that parasites have an efficient way of locating a mating partner. Mathematical modelling indicates that random locomotion with searching movements of the body would lead to mating contacts between 2 individuals on a small sole within the reproductive life-time of the parasites, but is unlikely to maximize reproductive output because it cannot ensure that mating will occur soon after sexual maturity is achieved. It is suggested that pheromonal attraction may ensure early meetings and that the thin stagnant layer of sea water between the lower surface of the relatively inactive sole and the sea bottom is an ideal environment for the operation of such a system and may account for the preference of adult E. soleae for the host's lower surface.

Animals↗