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PubMed1995

Performance of abamectin bait formulations against German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).

Commercial and experimental formulations of abamectin-based baits were evaluated in laboratory and field studies against the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). In continuous exposure tests with adult males, toxicity and presumably bait consumption varied with the design of the bioassay. LT50s ranged from approximately 0.9 to > 41 d for an aerosol gel formulation for males deprived of water for 72 h before the test and for undeprived males tested with alternative food and water, respectively. Dry formulations had lower LT50s than water containing formulations for nondeprived males. There was no difference in bait toxicity between males deprived of food or water, but in arena tests, moist formulations were preferred by mixed-stage populations of cockroaches. Powder formulations were more repellent (approximately 14.9%) than moist formulations (approximately 6.4%) in Ebeling choice boxes assays, but all abamectin formulations had positive performance indices. A powder formulation reduced cockroach trap catch in infested apartments more rapidly when applied to 50, rather than 12 sites, even when the same amount of bait was applied per apartment. When applied at approximately 50 sites as a series of thin smears, an aerosol formulation provided nearly an 80% reduction in trap catch. Other abamectin formulations provided substantial, but smaller reductions in trap catch. Abamectin-based baits can reduce German cockroach populations when properly applied.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Interaction of insecticides, entomopathogenic nematodes, and larvae of the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

Chemical insecticides and entomopathogenic nematodes have been independently used to suppress corn rootworm damage in maize. We report on the mortality response of larvae of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, to the combined treatment with 1 of 3 insecticides (terbufos, fonofos, and tefluthrin) and the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser (Mexican strain). Corn rootworm mortality with combinations of the insecticides terbufos or fonofos and S. carpocapsae was typically additive for the 2 agents. Evidence of antagonism between these agents was sometimes observed. The combination of tefluthrin with S. carpocapsae frequently resulted in a synergistic response and a 24% average increase in expected mortality. The influence of the tefluthrin appears to be isolated to an effect on the rootworm larvae. Synergism also was observed when tefluthrin was combined with the nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Lewiston strain). The combined use of tefluthrin with an entomopathogenic nematode may offer an integrated approach to increase the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes for insect control.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Impact of early-season thrips management on reducing the risks of spotted wilt virus and suppressing aphid populations in Flue-cured tobacco.

The influence of tray drench (TD) treatments, with and without foliar applications of the plant activator acibenzolar-S-methyl (Actigard), was examined in replicated field plots in 2000--2002. TD treatments of Actigard, imidacloprid (Admire), and these two products combined had little effect on seasonal mean thrips populations; however, thrips densities were lower in the Admire-treated plots at 4 and 5 wk after transplanting. Actigard and Admire TD treatments significantly reduced the seasonal incidence of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) symptomatic plants in 2 yr in the study. The combination of both products was better in reducing TSWV than Actigard alone. Three early-season foliar sprays of Actigard had no effect on thrips population densities, but they did reduce TSWV incidence. The tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), comprised 92-95% of the thrips complex each year. Other thrips collected on tobacco foliage at very low densities included Haplothrips spp., Chirothrips spp., Limothrips cerealium (Haliday), other Frankliniella spp. and other unidentified species. Using nonstructural TSWV protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 1.5-2.3% of the F. fusca tested positive for nonstructural TSWV protein. Cured yields were higher in the TD treatments and the Actigard foliar treatments in the years with high TSWV in the untreated plots. The TD treatments and foliar Actigard had little impact on plant height or grade index; however, TD treatments with Admire had low tobacco aphid, Myzus nicotianae Blackman, populations through 10 wk after transplanting. The early-season Actigard and Admire treatment options are management decisions that can effectively reduce the risks of TSWV incidence in flue-cured tobacco.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Management of spotted wilt vectored by Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Virginia market-type peanut.

Field tests were conducted during 2001 and 2002 in northeastern North Carolina to evaluate the impact of cultural practices and in-furrow insecticides on the incidence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae, TSWV), which is transmitted to peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., primarily by tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca Hinds (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Treatments included in row plant populations of 7, 13, and 17 plants per meter; the virginia market-type 'NC V-11' and 'Perry'; planting dates of early and late May; and phorate and aldicarb insecticide applied in-furrow. The incidence of plants expressing visual symptoms of spotted wilt was recorded from mid-June through mid-September. Treatment factors that reduced the incidence of symptoms of plants expressing spotted wilt symptoms included establishing higher plant densities, delaying planting from early May until late May, and applying the in-furrow insecticide phorate. Peanut cultivar did not have a consistent, significant effect on the incidence of symptomatic plants in this experiment.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Impact of a screen barrier on dispersion behavior of Homalodisca coagulata (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae).

The recent incursion of the sharpshooter Homalodisca coagulata (Say) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), a vector of the plant pathogenic bacterium Xylellafastidiosa, into southern California has caused new epidemics of plant diseases. The potential of H. coagulata to spread throughout the state and disseminate disease has encouraged the development of techniques to limit further spread of the vector and to manage disease epidemics where the insect already exists. We evaluated a unique tactic to curtail the immigration of H. coagulata into high-value crops, including nursery stock, where they can be spread via commercial transportation throughout the state and into disease-susceptible vineyards. This tactic consists of a 5-m-high screen barrier surrounding the crop that is impenetrable to H. coagulata. We examined H. coagulata orientation and flight direction when placed near or on the screen barrier, and determined the proportion of insects that flew over it. When released midway between a barrier and adjacent vegetation 71.5% of H. coagulata flew away from the barrier and in the direction of the vegetation; whereas 29.5% flew in the direction of the barrier. Of the total number of H. coagulata released, 7.5% flew over the barrier. When placed on the barrier, H. coagulata generally climbed up an average of 1.16 m before flying away from the structure. Of the total number of H. coagulata placed on the barrier, 6% flew over it. These results suggest that a screen barrier can be a part of a management strategy to reduce number of H. coagulata in high-value crops.

Animal Migration↗
PubMed2005

Evolution of resistance to transgenic crops: interactions between insect movement and field distribution.

The refuge strategy is designed to delay evolution of pest resistance to transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) toxins. Movement of insects between Bt crops and refuges of non-Bt crops is essential for the refuge strategy because it increases chances that resistant adults mate with susceptible adults from refuges. Conclusions about optimal levels of movement for delaying resistance are not consistent among previous modeling studies. To clarify the effects of movement on resistance evolution, we analyzed simulations of a spatially explicit model based partly on the interaction of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), with Bt cotton. We examined resistance evolution as a function of insect movement under 12 sets of assumptions about the relative abundance of Bt cotton (50 and 75%), temporal distribution of Bt cotton and refuge fields (fixed, partial rotation, and full rotation), and spatial distribution of fields (random and uniform). The results show that interactions among the relative abundance and distribution of refuges and Bt cotton fields can alter the effects of movement on resistance evolution. The results also suggest that differences in conclusions among previous studies can be explained by differences in assumptions about the relative abundance and distribution of refuges and Bt crop fields. With fixed field locations and all Bt cotton fields adjacent to at least one refuge, resistance evolved slowest with low movement. However, low movement and fixed field locations favored rapid resistance evolution when some Bt crop fields were isolated from refuges. When refuges and Bt cotton fields were rotated to the opposite crop type each year, resistance evolved fastest with low movement. Nonrecessive inheritance of resistance caused rapid resistanceevolution regardless of movement rate. Confirming previous reports, results described here show that resistance can be delayed effectively by fixing field locations and distributing refuges uniformly to ensure that Bt crop fields are not isolated from refuges. However, rotating fields provided better insect control and reduced the need for insecticide sprays.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Soft-electron beam and gamma-radiation sensitivity and DNA damage in phosphine-resistant and -susceptible strains of Rhyzopertha dominica.

The soft-electron beam (low-energy electrons) and gamma-radiation sensitivities of phosphine-resistant (PHR) and -susceptible (PHS) strains of adults lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) were studied, with particular reference to DNA damage assessed using single-cell electrophoresis (comet assay). Results showed that mortality in adult R. dominica varied significantly between both PHR and PHS strains. Adults of the PHR strain were found to be more tolerant toward soft-electron and gamma radiation than adults of the PHS strain. Studies on the longevity of strains showed that mean survival time and dose rate were highly correlated with both strains and treatments. Results also showed that adults of the PHR strain lived longer than adults of PHS strain for both treatments. Radiation sensitivity indices, however, decreased as radiation dose increased in both strains. Analysis of DNA damage, after 40- and 160-Gy gamma radiation, was carried out using cells obtained from both strains. Gamma-irradiated adults of both strains showed typical DNA fragmentation, compared with cells from nonirradiated adults, which showed more intact DNA. Investigations using the comet assay showed that tail length, moment, olive-tail moment, percentage of tail DNA, and percentage of DNA damage were all greater in the PHS strain compared with the PHR strain and the control insects. Results also showed that DNA damage remained at a constant level for up to 24 h after irradiation. The results have been discussed in relation to the observed strain differences in radiation sensitivity and resistance to phosphine.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Funnel trap for the capture of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from tree holes.

A funnel trap that fitted over holes leading into hollow trees was used to capture adult phlebotomine sand flies, Lutzomyia shannoni Dyar, on Ossabaw Island, Chatham County, Ga. These insects rested in hollow trees during the day and were collected by funnel traps as they egressed from the tree holes at night. The trap is lightweight, durable, inexpensive, waterproof, and selective. Using this trap, greater than 100 healthy L. shannoni ++were captured per night by a single investigator during July and August 1988 when adult flies were abundant on the island.

Animals↗