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Hemagglutination titers of antigens from nine serologic groups of Bunyaviridae were increased by hypertonic NaCl. The effect was predominantly on sonically treated antigens and was additive with the increase from sonic treatment alone.
A simian rotavirus (SA-11) was shown to hemagglutinate human group "O" and guinea pig erythrocytes. The hemagglutinin appeared to be associated with the outer capsid of the SA-11 virus and was inhibited by specific hyperimmune anti-SA-11 guinea pig serum.
Human type "O," guinea pig, and chicken erythrocytes were agglutinated by enterovirus type 70 at 4 degrees C or room temperature. A hemagglutination inhibition test, using human "O" erythrocytes, is described for the serological diagnosis of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis caused by enterovirus type 70.
Mixed passive hemagglutination (MPHA) test was established using platelet-supernatant and indicator cells coated with purified antihuman IgG antibodies. The supernatant was shown to contain HLA A and B antigens, platelet alloantigens and blood group A, B and H antigens released spontaneously from the platelets. Unlike the MPHA with platelet monolayer, the in vitro-formed immune complex (IC) or IC containing pathologic sera did not give positive reactions in the MPHA with platelet supernatants presumably due to relatively low Fc receptor activities of the supernatants. By means of this test, HLA A or B antibodies were demonstrated in sera of 32 (44%) of 72 patients with multiple platelet transfusions including 'cytotoxicity negative absorption positive' sera. This test would provide a sensitive procedure for cross-match of sera of recipients of platelet transfusion and screening of HLA A and B typing sera.
A crane herpesvirus (CrHV) grown in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells was tested for hemagglutination (HA) with erythrocytes from a variety of species at 4 degrees C, room temperature and 37 degrees C. HA was observed at all temperatures with erythrocytes from mouse, ddY and BALB/c strains, but not with those from cattle, sheep and chicken. Mice, ddY strain, showed an individual variation in agglutinability of their erythrocytes and erythrocytes from BALB/c gave a higher HA titer. The HA activity was inhibited by the sera obtained from naturally infected cranes, experimentally infected duck and immunized rabbit with CrHV. HI antibody titers of these sera showed a closely positive correlation with their neutralizing antibody titers.
About 30 Sendai Virus (SV) preparations, examined for their capacity to induce natural human interferon alpha from fresh human leukocytes (Le-IFN-alpha) of healthy donors, were characterized for hemagglutinating (HA) and hemolytic (HemA) activities and for SDS-PAGE proteic pattern. The SV preparations were produced by a single passage or by serial propagations through eggs in different conditions of multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.). The produced SV subpopulations showed variable IFN-inducing capacity, the values of which are distributed over a 6-fold range resembling a Gaussian distribution. No detectable difference was observed comparing the SV preparation obtained by serial propagations with those obtained by a single passage. The variability of the measured HA activity and HemA activity and as well as the SDS-PAGE proteic pattern of the SV preparations did not correlate with the induced amount of IFN per cell. In the same experimental conditions to produce Le-IFN-alpha, u.v.-treated SV preparations were unable to induce interferon depending on the u.v.-treatment. So it can be concluded that the distinct nHu-IFN-alpha-inducing capacity of SV subpopulation could be mainly associated with divergent compositions of the viral RNAs rather than with a different contents of viral proteins, among those detectable in SDS-PAGE and those responsible for HA activity and for HemA activity.
A simple and rapid method utilizing immune adherence hemagglutination has been developed for the detection of antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAG) was prepared from Dane particles that had been isolated from plasma of asymptomatic antigen carriers. The method was specific and about 10 times more sensitive than the conventional complement-fixation method. A total of 215 serum samples obtained from healthy blood donors were surveyed for HBsAG and anti-HEc, as well as for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HBsAG (anti-HBs). Anti-HBc was found in 36 serum samples, at a prevalence rate higher than that of anti-HBs (31/215)...
To detect d-mannose-sensitive (MS) pili in 31 P. aeruginosa strains isolated from the respiratory tract of patients with inflammatory and purulent destructive pulmonary diseases, the hemagglutination (HA) test was used. The isolated Pseudomonas under study differed in the degree of manifestation of their MS adhesins. Among them microorganisms with pronounced HA activity (high HA titer) occurred, as well as those whose HA activity was less pronounced (low HA titer). P. aeruginosa strains with pronounced HA activity were more frequently isolated from patients with purulent destructive processes in the lungs. A correlation between the state of the patient at the moment of bacteriological examination and the degree of manifestation of MS pili in the P. aeruginosa strain isolated from this patients was established. The value of HA titer in the presence of d-mannose is indicative of the presence of MS adhesins in a P. aeruginosa strain.
Data on the nature of the substance which determines the structural gene hlyA in V. cholerae are presented. Computer analysis and experimental data on hemolysin preparations and V. cholerae strains testify that gene hlyA determines the synthesis of ricin-like galactose-specific lectin. Its lectin domain takes part in the lysis of sheep (but not rabbit!) red blood cells, as well as in the hemagglutinating capacity of non-toxigenic and toxigenic V. cholerae 569 B.
A method for preparation of an erythrocyte immunoglobulin herpes preparation for the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) is described. A high specificity and sensitivity of this test and the preparation has been demonstrated. The results of the use of IHA with this preparation for the detection of herpes simplex virus in specimens from patients are presented.
Considerable variability of the immunogenic and antigenic (in HA test) activity of tick-borne encephalitis virus strains was shown. No correlation was observed between the hemagglutinating activity of strains and their capacity to stimulate humoral immunity in the infected animals. The results of the study did not allow one to place strains into groups according to the area of isolation in relation to their immunogenic and antigenic activity.
A reversed passive hemagglutination (RPHA) method was developed for the detection of transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus in the fecal specimens from pigs. Ovine erythrocytes fixed with glutaraldehyde and treated with tannic acid were coated with anti-TGE virus swine antibodies, which were purified by affinity chromatographic technique linked with purified TGE virus. The RPHA test was done by the Microtiter method. Erythrocytes coated with purified specific antibodies were agglutinated by TGE virus, but not by porcine rotavirus or porcine enterovirus. The reaction was specifically inhibited by antiserum against TGE virus, confirming the specificity of the reaction. A litter of seven 3-day-old pigs was orally inoculated with TGE virus, and fecal specimens were obtained once a day and serum was obtained every 4th day. With the RPHA test, TGE virus was detected in the diarrheal feces; all of the inoculated pigs developed virus-neutralization antibody for the TGE virus. The RPHA test detected TGE virus in feces from pigs with naturally occurring diarrhea. The RPHA test detected TGE virus in 5 of 6 fecal specimens (80%), whereas the positive rate was only 50% (3/6) for the immunofluorescent staining of primary cultures of porcine kidney cells inoculated with the specimens. The advantages of the RPHA method are simplicity, high sensitivity, and rapid to do.
Anabol and blastolysin preparations obtained from L. bulgaricus may contain surface structural components of the initial strain with adhesion activity; of these, one is similar in specificity to L. casei adhesin and the other, to L. plantarum adhesin. The antigenic activity of anabol and blastolysin, evaluated in the immunodiffusion test, does not correlate with their capacity for binding the receptors of susceptible bacterial cells, determined in the Lactobacillus-induced hemagglutination inhibition test.
A two-channel photometer is experimentally found to be suitable for vertical photometry to record the output of indirect hemagglutination, which is detected by the type of precipitates deposited on a parabolic bottom of sockets in microtitrimetric plane tables. Dynamic processes of depositing are studied as a function of sample volume and concentration of erythrocytic diagnosticum.
Hemagglutinating (HA) and nonhemagglutinating (NHA) variants were selected from each of two strains of Mycoplasma synoviae, WVU-1853 and Neb-3S. The HA titers of antigens prepared by 100-fold concentration of broth cultures were 1:2560 and 1:5120 for the HA variants and less than 1:5 for the NHA variants. Adsorption of erythrocytes to colonies of the variants was directly correlated with HA activity. The HA and NHA characteristics were stable in vitro, and there was no change in HA titers after repeated transfers in broth medium. Comparisons of pathogenicity indicated differences between strains but not between variants of each strain. Air-sac lesions resulting from exposure to variants of strain Neb-3S were marked, whereas those resulting from exposure to variants of WVU-1853 were slight. The HA titers of isolates recovered from turkey air sacs exposed to the Neb-3S variants varied considerably, suggesting in vivo instability of the HA characteristic.
In both experimental and clinical conditions the passive hemagglutination test (PHAT with the use of an ornithosis erythrocytic diagnostic preparation was found to be sufficiently sensitive and specific as compared with the complement fixation test (CFT), a routine testing method. The study of the dynamics of immune response in infected animals and ornithosis patients allowed to regard the PHAT as a comparatively early method of serological analysis. Hemagglutinins were also found to circulate in the patients' blood sera only for a short time (on the average for 1 1/2--2 months). The CFT and the PHAT with erythrocytic diagnostic preparation, used in combination, will make it possible not only to diagnose ornithosis in patient more effectively, but also to differentiate between the cases of infection and anamnestic reaction.20
The antigenic relationships, antigenic spectrum, and immunogenicity of seven IBV-Massachusetts-41 isolates were investigated using the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. HI titers equal to 32 are considered suspicious, titers lower than 32 are considered negative, and titers higher than 32 are considered positive immune responses to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Some isolates of Massachusetts-41 ( M41 ) were capable of inducing large quantities of antibodies in chickens following inoculation and demonstrated a wider antigenic spectrum than others. Variations in antigenic spectrum observed within M41 isolates in this study are in agreement with previous reports. This variation is of importance in selecting a proper vaccine strain for a successful immunization program for IBV.
The article presents the results of the study of resistance to tetanus in 450 guinea pigs immunized against tetanus in a single injection and having antitoxin titers in their blood, as determined in the passive hemagglutination test, from less than or equal to 0.01 IU/ml to 1.6 IU/ml and more. The degree of protection in the immunized animals was determined by their challenge with Clostridium tetani spores in DCL and LD50.