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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Regulated expression of a calmodulin isoform alters growth and development in potato.

A transgene approach was taken to study the consequences of altered expression of a calmodulin isoform on plant growth and development. Eight genomic clones of potato calmodulin (PCM1 to 8) have been isolated and characterized (Takezawa et al., 1995). Among the potato calmodulin isoforms studied, PCM1 differs from the other isoforms because of its unique amino acid substitutions. Transgenic potato plants were produced carrying sense construct of PCM1 fused to the CaMV 35S promoter. Transgenic plants showing a moderate increase in PCM1 mRNA exhibited strong apical dominance, produced elongated tubers, and were taller than the controls. Interestingly, the plants expressing the highest level of PCM1 mRNA did not form underground tubers. Instead, these transgenic plants produced aerial tubers when allowed to grow for longer periods. The expression of different calmodulin isoforms (PCM1, 5, 6, and 8) was studied in transgenic plants. Among the four potato calmodulin isoforms, only the expression of PCM1 mRNA was altered in transgenic plants, while the expression of other isoforms was not significantly altered. Western analysis revealed increased PCM1 protein in transgenic plants, indicating that the expression of both mRNA and protein are altered in transgenic plants. These results suggest that increasing the expression of PCM1 alters growth and development in potato plants.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMed2007

Maternal protein restriction permanently programs adipocyte growth and development in adult male rat offspring.

We previously demonstrated that maternal protein restriction (MPR) during pregnancy and lactation led to fetal growth restriction and development of increased visceral adiposity in adult male rat offspring. Here we studied the rate of proliferation and differentiation of adipocyte precursors (preadipocytes) in vitro to investigate whether MPR may permanently program adipocyte growth and development in adult male offspring. Preadipocytes were isolated from visceral adipose tissue of control and MPR offspring at 130 days of age, and cultured under standard conditions. The rate of proliferation was studied by [(3)H]-thymidine incorporation, and the rate of differentiation assessed with the use of biochemical and morphological markers. Although it did not affect the rate of differentiation, MPR increased the rate of preadipocyte proliferation by almost twofold. To ascertain if the increased proliferation was due to persisting in vivo influences or aberrations inherent in the precursor cells, we studied the rate of preadipocyte proliferation in subcultures. We found that the increased rate of proliferation of MPR preadipocytes persisted throughout the first two subcultures, indicative of an inherent abnormality. In addition, we examined the rate of preadipocyte proliferation under reduced serum conditions. We showed that MPR reduced the rate of preadipocyte proliferation to 56 and 35% of the control in the presence of 5 and 2.5% serum, respectively. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MPR permanently programs adipocyte growth and development such that adipocyte precursors derived from MPR offspring replicate excessively under standard culture conditions but exhibit markedly attenuated growth rate under reduced serum conditions.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed1994

Insulin-like growth factor-I messenger RNA content in the oviduct of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica): changes during growth and development or after estrogen administration.

Complementary DNA (cDNA) of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) of Japanese quail was cloned. The nucleotide sequence analysis of the cDNA showed that only seven bases differed from those of chicken IGF-I cDNA in the 440 bases of the cloned region. This difference in nucleotide sequence did not cause changes in the amino acid sequence. Using this cloned cDNA, the changes in IGF-I mRNA content in the tissues of female quail during growth and development were investigated. In the oviduct, IGF-I mRNA was high about 5 weeks after hatching, concomitant with the rapid increase in total DNA content in this tissue (and the increases in total RNA content and RNA/DNA ratio). It decreased after 6 weeks, in accordance with the appearance of ovalbumin mRNA. When immature quails (6-day-old) were injected with diethylstilbestrol (DES), induction of IGF-I mRNA was observed after 24 hr. A few days later, there was a strong induction of ovalbumin mRNA. These two inductions were dependent on the dose of DES. The sequential inductions of these two mRNAs were also noted when DES was re-administered to the immature quail to which it had been first administered and from which then withdrawn. The present results showed that IGF-I gene is expressed extensively during development of the oviduct, probably in accordance with the activity of DNA replication, because the highest IGF-I mRNA content was observed when the total DNA content of the tissues increased extensively. The results suggest that IGF-I in the oviduct of Japanese quail works in an autocrinal or paracrinal mode during the development of this tissue.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Identification of BMP-4 as a signal mediating secondary induction between epithelial and mesenchymal tissues during early tooth development.

Growth factor-mediated signaling has been implicated in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during organogenesis. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4), a member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, is expressed in the presumptive dental epithelium at the initiation of tooth development. Subsequently, epithelial signaling leads to mesenchymal induction of BMP-4 expression. To address the role of this factor, BMP-4-releasing agarose beads were added to dental mesenchyme in culture. These beads induced a translucent mesenchymal zone similar to that induced by dental epithelium. Moreover, three transcription factors (Msx-1, Msx-2, and Egr-1) whose expression is governed by epithelial signaling were induced in response to BMP-4. In addition, BMP-4 induced its own mesenchymal expression. These findings support the hypothesis that BMP-4 mediates epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during early tooth development.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Moderate maternal vitamin A deficiency affects perinatal organ growth and development in rats.

Vitamin A deficiency during pregnancy is associated with detrimental effects in the offspring. We have developed a rat model to examine specific effects of maternal vitamin A status on perinatal growth and development. A total of 54 female rats were fed a vitamin A-free (VAF), -marginal (VAM) or -sufficient (VAS) diet from weaning until mating (at 7 weeks) and throughout pregnancy. Half of the rats in each group were injected with a single large dose of vitamin A on day 10 of pregnancy. Fetal and neonatal samples were taken on day 20 of pregnancy and the day of birth respectively. Maternal plasma retinol concentrations on day 20 and at birth were 50% and 30% lower in the VAF and VAM when compared to the VAS group. Fetal weight and survival did not differ between groups although placental:fetal ratio was higher in the VAF group than in the VAS group (0.195 (SE 0.005) v. 0.175 (SE 0.004), P < 0.05). Rats fed the VAF diet gave birth at 23.5 d, an average of 1 d later than the other groups, and had lower number of live neonates at birth. Fetal liver, heart and lung weights relative to total body weight were lower in the VAF group and had altered growth trajectories. In neonates, only the relative lung weight was reduced. In addition, an increased protein:DNA ratio indicated hypertrophy in fetal kidneys. Vitamin A injection had no additional effect on length of gestation and fetal or neonatal number. However, injection increased relative fetal organ weights in the VAF group but did not alter the effects of vitamin A deficiency in the neonate. These data suggest that chronic vitamin A deficiency during pregnancy compromises liver, heart and kidney and impairs lung growth and development during the last few days of gestation and reduces number of live neonates at birth.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Variation of nasal respiratory pattern with age during growth and development.

The purpose of this study was to determine changes in nasal respiratory pattern with growth and development, particularly to determine the age where upper airway growth ceases. The results on 361 healthy subjects, aged 7 to 24 years, based on aerodynamic measurements during rest breathing, showed clear differences between inspiratory and expiratory phases. Nasal airflow rate and cross-sectional area increased and oral-nasal pressure and nasal resistance decreased with age up to the age of 16, levelling by the age of 20 years. The body size and gender had effect only on nasal airflow rate. This study suggests that the measurements of the nasal respiratory pattern, determining impaired nasal airway, should be done during inspiration and using age-related assesment from a healthy population until the age of 16 years. From then on, guidelines for adults are applicable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[The nutritional factor in the growth and development of children from 0 to 6 years of age: methodology of a longitudinal study].

In order to pursue a study on the growth and development of French-Canadian children from birth to 6 years of age, 496 pregnant women were selected in the Montreal area. A complete survey of the family's social and medical background, along with the parents' height and weight was recorded through a prenatal interview that generally took place towards the last trimester of pregnancy. In the course of the same interview the mother participated in a quantitative investigation of her own diet during pregnancy, and filled in a 24-hour food record that was revised by the nutritionist to further precise the actual quantities of food ingested. Perinatal events and anthropometric measurements at birth were recorded. The babies were examined at the Center every 3 months up to the age of 18 months, and then at 24 months old; thereafter they are seen annually within more or less 7 days of the date of their birthday. The medical examinations are performed by a multi-professional team responsible for analyzing the various factors influencing the growth and development of the child. Since nutrition is one of the outstanding aspects of this study, the present article deals with the investigation of two known methods for evaluating the mother's nutrition during pregnancy, as well as that of the child during his first years of life.

Canada↗
PubMed1986

Growth and development of Fibricola seoulensis metacercariae in tadpoles.

In order to observe the growth and development of Fibricola seoulensis metacercariae, the tadpoles of Rana nigromagulata were experimentally infected with the cercariae. The metacercariae of various developmental stages were recovered from the tadpoles after 2 to 65 days of infection. They were prepared for morphological observation, and were given orally to mice to observe their infectivity. The following results were obtained. All of the tadpoles exposed to the cercariae were observed to harbour the larvae in their abdominal cavity. The young metacercariae of 2 days after infection were 121.1 micrometer long and 63.3 micrometer wide. They grow linearly for the first 14 days to be 262.0 micrometer long and 166.4 micrometer wide. Thereafter, no more growth recognized until 65 days. The larvae of 2 days old were similar with cercarial body and had 2 suckers, a pharynx, two ceca and a primordium of germ cells but no tribocytic organ. On the 8th day, they had tribocytic organ, and their morphology resembled that of mature metacercariae. The metacercariae younger than 10 days could not infect the mice. Only the metacercariae older than 14 days had infectivity. The recovery rate increased by the age of metacercariae from 19.0% in 14 days old to 70.0% in 40 days old. Above findings indicate that the tadpole is indispensible for metacercarial development and it needs at least 2 weeks for maturation. The tadpole is a pivotal host in the life cycle of F. seoulensis for connection between the snail and the frog.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Analysis of body composition changes of swine during growth and development.

This study was conducted to model the growth of carcass, viscera, and empty body components and component composition of pigs. Quantitative tissue and chemical composition of 319 swine, representative of barrows and gilts from five commercial genetic populations, was determined at eight stages of growth between 25 and 152 kg. After whole body grinding and carcass dissection, proximate analyses were performed to calculate concentrations of protein, lipid, moisture, and ash of carcass, viscera, empty body, carcass lean, and carcass fat. Linear and nonlinear equations were developed to investigate the growth patterns of each component. Nonlinear growth functions accounted for the greatest amount of variation in empty body protein, lipid, moisture, and ash mass. Differences (P < .05) existed between barrows and gilts for nearly all components investigated. Carcass lean and fat tissues significantly increased in lipid percentage and decreased in moisture percentage as live weight increased. There were significant changes in the ratio and composition of the tissues of barrows and gilts during growth. Nonlinear models fitted the data better than allometric equations for nearly all of the components investigated.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

Endogenous thyroid hormones modulate pituitary somatotroph differentiation during chicken embryonic development.

Growth hormone cell differentiation normally occurs between day 14 and day 16 of chicken embryonic development. We reported previously that corticosterone (CORT) could induce somatotroph differentiation in vitro and in vivo and that thyroid hormones could act in combination with CORT to further augment the abundance of somatotrophs in vitro. The objective of the present study was to test our hypothesis that endogenous thyroid hormones regulate the abundance of somatotrophs during chicken embryonic development. Plasma samples were collected on embryonic day (e) 9-14. We found that plasma CORT and thyroid hormone levels increased progressively in mid-embryogenesis to e 13 or e 14, immediately before normal somatotroph differentiation. Administration of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) into the albumen of fertile eggs on e 11 increased somatotroph proportions prematurely on e 13 in the developing chick embryos in vivo. Furthermore, administration of methimazole, the thyroid hormone synthesis inhibitor, on e 9 inhibited somatotroph differentiation in vivo, as assessed on e 14; this suppression was completely reversed by T3 replacement on e 11. Since we reported that T3 alone was ineffective in vitro, we interpret these findings to indicate that the effects of treatments in vivo were due to interactions with endogenous glucocorticoids. These results indicate that treatment with exogenous thyroid hormones can modulate somatotroph abundance and that endogenous thyroid hormone synthesis likely contributes to normal somatotroph differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (Igfbp5) compromises survival, growth, muscle development, and fertility in mice.

The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are essential for development; bioavailable IGF is tightly regulated by six related IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). Igfbp5 is the most conserved and is developmentally up-regulated in key lineages and pathologies; in vitro studies suggest that IGFBP-5 functions independently of IGF interaction. Genetic ablation of individual Igfbps has yielded limited phenotypes because of substantial compensation by remaining family members. Therefore, to reveal Igfbp5 actions in vivo, we generated lines of transgenic mice that ubiquitously overexpressed Igfbp5 from early development. Significantly increased neonatal mortality, reduced female fertility, whole-body growth inhibition, and retarded muscle development were observed in Igfbp5-overexpressing mice. The magnitude of the response in individual transgenic lines was positively correlated with Igfbp5 expression. Circulating IGFBP-5 concentrations increased a maximum of only 4-fold, total and free IGF-I concentrations increased up to 2-fold, and IGFBP-5 was detected in high M(r) complexes; however, no detectable decrease in the proportion of free IGF-I was observed. Thus, despite only modest changes in IGF and IGFBP concentrations, the Igfbp5-overexpressing mice displayed a phenotype more extreme than that observed for other Igfbp genetic models. Although growth retardation was obvious prenatally, maximal inhibition occurred postnatally before the onset of growth hormone-dependent growth, regardless of Igfbp5 expression level, revealing a period of sensitivity to IGFBP-5 during this important stage of tissue programming.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Desferrioxamine E produced by Streptomyces griseus stimulates growth and development of Streptomyces tanashiensis.

The authors previously reported that interspecific stimulatory events between Streptomyces species for antibiotic production and/or morphological differentiation mediated by putative diffusible metabolites take place at a high frequency. This paper reports the isolation and characterization of a substance produced by Streptomyces griseus that stimulates the growth and development of Streptomyces tanashiensis. The substance was purified from the culture supernatant of S. griseus by using anion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC. FAB-MS and NMR analyses of the purified preparation indicated the substance to be desferrioxamine E (synonym: nocardamine), a siderophore that is widely produced by Streptomyces species and related organisms. Similar stimulatory effects on the growth and development of S. tanashiensis were exerted by desferrioxamine E produced by another actinomycete strain, but not by other siderophores tested, including ferrichrome and nocobactin and free ferric ion. An exogenous supply of desferrioxamine E stimulated secondary metabolite formation and/or morphological differentiation in various actinomycete strains. Disruption of the desferrioxamine biosynthesis gene cluster in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) abolished the production of desferrioxamine E and the activity to stimulate the growth and differentiation of S. tanashiensis. The S. coelicolor mutant showed impaired growth and development on Bennett's/glucose agar medium, but it was rescued by the exogenous supply of desferrioxamine E. These results indicate that desferrioxamines play an important role in streptomycete physiology. Similar to several pathogenic bacteria and fungi, S. tanashiensis may be defective in the production of siderophores; however, it can utilize the siderophores excreted by other organisms.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗