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PubMed1999

Clinical experience with Goal Attainment Scaling in geriatric care.

OBJECTIVES: This article presents a qualitative evaluation of the utility of Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) in geriatric care. GAS is an individualized outcome measure particularly suited for clients with multiple complex problems, such as are commonly served by geriatric programs. METHODS: Semistructured interviews were completed with 24 clinicians in four hospital or community-based geriatric services where GAS has been used. An inductive analysis was used to identify themes. RESULTS: GAS was described as resulting in shorter lengths of stay, more focused care, and improved team functioning. GAS was perceived as having greater use for functional (versus medical) goals, when clinicians had more direct control over treatments, when patients were involved in goal-setting, and when goals were set by an interdisciplinary team. DISCUSSION: GAS has affected both care practices and patient outcomes. This study illustrates the clinical impacts an outcome measure can have, as well as the use of qualitative methods for this type of research.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Using goal attainment scaling to evaluate a needs-led exercise programme for people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities.

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether involvement in a 16 week exercise programme improved goal attainment in areas of behaviour, access to community-based experiences, health and physical competence. Participants were women with severe intellectual disability and associated challenging behaviour (setting A,N = 14) and male/female service users with profound physical and intellectual disabilities (setting B,N = 8). The exercise programme included active and passive exercise, walking, swimming, hydrotherapy, team games and rebound therapy. Significant gains in aggregated goal attainment were demonstrated by week 16. The reliability and validity of our goal attainment procedures were demonstrated with inter-rater reliabilities exceeding 80 percent. Changes in goal attainment were concurrent with global clinical impression scores in a series of single case studies. Continuing care settings should dedicate care staff to provide routinized, continuing exercise programmes.

Exercise↗
PubMed2004

Direct and indirect effects of parenting and children's goals on child aggression.

This study tested a dual-mediation model of the relations among harsh parenting, hostile social information processing, and level of child aggression in a sample of 239 (150 male, 89 female) 2nd- to 4th-grade children. The theoretical model posited that harsh parenting has both direct and indirect effects on child level of aggression, with the indirect effects mediated through children's social goals. The model further posited that the impact of social goals on aggression is mediated through other social cognitive processes (i.e., attributions of hostile intent, hostile solution generation, and positive outcome expectancies for aggression). We tested the dual-mediation model with structural equation modeling and found it to be a good fit to the data. Results were consistent with the view that parenting affects children's goal orientation and that children's goal orientation affects their behavior via online processing in social situations.

Aggression↗
PubMed1989

[A study on the goals and achievements of postgraduate medical education].

In order to evaluate postgraduate medical education (PGME) in Japan, residents and supervisors of all the postgraduate teaching hospitals (128 university hospitals and 216 non-university hospitals designated by the Ministry of Health and Welfare) were surveyed. The purposes of this study were, 1) to compare the goals of PGME set by residents and the achievements of PGME by residents in university hospitals and non-university hospitals, 2) to compare the goals of PGME between residents and supervisors, 3) to identify how clinical skills and knowledge related to the behavioral sciences and social medicine are stressed on PGME. Residents and supervisors received a newly developed questionnaire consisting of 41 items concerning clinical skills and knowledge. The items were divided into four categories: 17 basic areas, 9 allied areas, 12 areas related to the behavioral sciences and social medicine, and 3 areas related to clinical research. The response rate was 52.3% for university hospitals and 75.5% for non-university hospitals. The results are 1) residents in non-university hospitals scored at higher levels than residents in university hospitals for 14 items concerning goals and 11 items of achievements, mainly basic clinical skills and knowledge, 2) there was an incongruence between residents and supervisors for 23 items concerning goals, 3) clinical skills and knowledge related to the behavioral sciences and social medicine were not as highly stressed as other areas of clinical skills and knowledge. This study suggests that more effort is needed to create or improve the system of PGME, especially in university hospitals.

Achievement↗
PubMed1977

Discovering and describing organizational goal conflict.

A novel strategy for discovering and describing organizational goals and goal conflicts is presented. The procedure represents an integration of two alternative approaches that have been presumed incompatible: (a) a rank ordering of organizational goals on the basis of their relative importance, and (b) an active dormant or sequential view of organizational goals. Advantages and disadvantages associated with each of these approaches are assessed, and the manner and value of combining the two strategies into a single procedure are demonstrated. Utilities of this integrated procedure for planning, policy setting, and implementation are discussed, and it is concluded that adoption of the procedure would help administrators manage and stimulate more productive human services agencies.

Goals↗
PubMed2003

[Individualized therapy goals and treatment efficacy--a follow-up study one year after inpatient psychotherapy].

Quality management of inpatient psychotherapy must integrate the different aspects of process-quality management as well as the evaluation of treatment outcome. The aim of our study was to investigate the association of the achievement of individually arranged and continuously re-evaluated therapy goals with symptomatic measures of treatment outcome (SCL-90-R, Giessener Beschwerde Bogen). 51 inpatient subjects were assessed directly before and after treatment and again at approximately 1 year after treatment (mean range 14.7 months). Therapy goal achievement was assessed on a weekly basis and, in addition, globally at the end of treatment. Pre/post-treatment results remained stabile at the follow-up assessment (SCL-90-R GSI effect size: 1.2). No significant association was found between therapy goal achievement and the degree of improvement of symptoms. This result leads us to the conclusion that the continuous evaluation of therapy goals during treatment seems to be a good instrument for quality management, but it is not suitable for the evaluation of treatment outcome.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Self-esteem in children: do goal orientations matter?

BACKGROUND: Although perceived competence has been identified as an essential component of global self-esteem, individual differences in the way competence is conceptualised have been virtually ignored. Achievement goal theory suggests that two conceptions of competence operate in achievement contexts: competence can be conceived as capacity or improvement. These two conceptions are embedded within two goal orientations, namely task and ego orientation. AIMS: The study examined the relationship of goal orientations and perceptions of athletic ability to global self-esteem. SAMPLES: Children (N = 907) attending summer sports camps participated in the study. METHOD: Children completed the Perception of Success Questionnaire and the Self-Esteem Scale and recorded their perceptions of normative athletic ability. RESULTS: High task-oriented children reported significantly higher self-esteem than low task-oriented children. Among high task-oriented boys, those with high perceived ability had higher self-esteem. In addition, high ego-oriented boys had high self-esteem when they perceived themselves as having high ability in relation to their peers. Finally, among low task-oriented girls, those with high perceived ability reported higher self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS: The findings are consistent with the tenets of achievement goal theory that success and failure are subjective psychological states. It is recommended that different conceptions of competence are considered in the study of self-esteem.

Achievement↗
PubMed2002

Contemporary measures of approach and avoidance goal orientations: similarities and differences.

BACKGROUND: In response to a resurgence of interest in and demonstrated utility of the approach-avoidance goal distinction, a number of researchers (Elliot & Church, 1997; Midgley et al., 1998; Skaalvik, 1997) have developed instruments to assess individual differences in the tendency to adopt approach-avoidance goals. However, to date there has been no attempt to examine the psychometric properties or conceptual and measurement overlap of these instruments. AIMS: (i) To determine whether three questionnaires designed to measure approach-avoidance goal orientations are assessing the same or different constructs, and (ii) to examine the psychometric properties of each of the approach-avoidance measures (i.e., internal consistency, convergent, discriminant, factorial, and construct validity). SAMPLE: Participants in this study were 475 undergraduate students (N = 228 males; N = 244 females; three missing information) enrolled at two large universities in the United Kingdom. METHOD: Participants completed a questionnaire which included measures of approach-avoidance goal orientations, effort regulation, test anxiety, perceived ability, and intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation. RESULTS: Results revealed a degree of convergence between the three instruments. Each of the instruments demonstrated good psychometric properties although construct validity results were inconsistent across the measures. CONCLUSION: There is a need for future research to clarify the operational definition and subsequent measurement of the performance avoidance construct, and in particular, to examine the role that effort, impression management, and anxiety/fear of failure play in its conceptualisation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Health, equity, and the Millennium Development Goals].

In September 2000 representatives of 189 countries met for the Millennium Summit, which the United Nations convened in New York City, and adopted the declaration that provided the basis for formulating the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The eight goals are part of a long series of initiatives that governments, the United Nations system, and international financial institutions have undertaken to reduce world poverty. Three of the eight goals deal with health, so the health sector will be responsible for implementing, monitoring, and evaluating measures proposed to meet targets that have been formulated: to reduce by two-thirds the mortality rate in children under 5 years of age between 1990 and 2015; to reduce by three-quarters the maternal mortality rate between 1990 and 2015; and to halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS by the year 2015, as well as to halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria, tuberculosis, and other major diseases. The health sector must also work with other parties to achieve targets connected with two other of the goals: to improve access to affordable essential drugs, and to reduce the proportion of persons who do not have safe drinking water. Adopting a strategy focused on the most vulnerable groups-ones concentrated in locations and populations with the greatest social exclusion-would make possible the largest total reduction in deaths among children, thus reaching the proposed target as well as producing greater equity. In the Region of the Americas the principal challenges in meeting the MDGs are: improving and harmonizing health information systems; designing health programs related to the MDGs that bring together the set of services and interventions that have the greatest impact, according to the special characteristics of the populations who are intended to be the beneficiaries; strengthening the political will to support the MDGs; and guaranteeing funding for the measures undertaken to attain the MDGs.

Goals↗
PubMed2000

Effect of a clinical pharmacist-managed lipid clinic on achieving National Cholesterol Education Program low-density lipoprotein goals.

Despite national guidelines for treatment of hyperlipidemia, significant numbers of individuals with coronary artery disease are not treated to their National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) low-density lipoprotein (LDL) goals. The potential benefits of a clinical pharmacist-managed lipid clinic would be to improve rates of success in achieving these goals, improve drug adherence and compliance with therapy, and reduce cardiovascular events. All patients who had a documented history of coronary artery disease and were under the care of one cardiologist were treated in the pharmacist-managed lipid clinic. A second cardiologist provided usual care to a group of patients with coronary artery disease who served as controls. Patients in each arm were followed for a minimum of 6 months. A protocol for therapy changes in clinic patients was developed by the clinical pharmacist and approved by the cardiologist. At the end of 6 months, 69% of patients in the pharmacist-managed clinic achieved their LDL goal, compared with 50% of controls. Compliance with laboratory tests and drug regimens also improved in clinic patients. Compliance with lipid panels went from 8% 2 months before to 89% 2 months after the start of the study. At the end of 6 months compliance with laboratory work and refills was 80%. Thus the clinical pharmacist-managed clinic was highly successful in achieving NCEP goals for secondary prevention.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Goal setting in acquisition of a volleyball skill late in motor learning.

To examine the effects of different types of goal setting on motor skill acquisition during advanced stages of learning. 44 female volleyball players were tested in four experimental training groups with generic goals, specific long-term goals, specific short-term goals, and as a control group. This study's pretest, training, and retention test phases used performance of a volleyball dig/forearm pass oriented to a target. Analyses yielded no significant differences among groups, although performance increased from pre- to retention test.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Goal-setting protocol in adherence to exercise by Italian adults.

A goal-setting protocol, based on research in goal setting and performance and personal construct theory, was tested for its effect on adherence to a new exercise program. The Goal-setting group (n = 50) had significantly less dropout (30%) than the control group (n = 50) (74%). The Goal-setting group also had significantly better attendance (p<.0001). Suggestions for increasing confidence in findings through further research and practical implications of using the protocol to improve exercise maintenance across settings were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Relation of functional physical impairment and goal perspectives of wheelchair basketball players.

This study examined the relation of functional classification in wheelchair basketball and its relation to the theory of psychological goal perspectives for 59 adult male competitive players. Participants completed the 13-item Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire designed for wheelchair basketball players. Analyses indicated that Flemish wheelchair basketball players were similar in their goal perspectives to able-bodied athletes. The present sample was predominantly task-oriented. No significant differences were found between high-point and low-point players in their goal perspectives, indicating that players can be severely or minimally disabled and still share the same goal perspective and the same motivational profile. These findings are not consistent with the hypothesis that severity of disability is associated with the motivation profile of disabled athletes.

Achievement↗
PubMed2003

Relations of women exercisers' mastery and performance goals to traits, fitness, and preferred styles of instructors.

This study addressed the influence of both mastery and performance goals of 144 women (M=21.8 yr.) exercising at a campus fitness center. Five goal patterns were compared: mastery alone, performance alone, both-low, mastery-performance, and, performance-mastery. These five patterns were compared in terms of optimism, social physique anxiety, and fitness as well as preferences for instructors' mastery, performance, or supportive responses. Those with dual motivational goals (mastery-performance and performance-mastery) preferred instructors to emphasize mastery and supportive responses, and they had higher fitness than the mastery or low groups. However, the performance-mastery group endorsed significantly lower optimism than all other groups. There were no group differences on the measure of anxiety about physique. Results support the importance of addressing both mastery and performance goals when seeking to understand and influence the attitudes of women who work out in a fitness center. Instructors would do best to emphasize autonomy and supportiveness and avoid comparisons among women exercisers.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Reaching long-term goals based on local interaction between an organism and the environment: computer simulations based on adaptive behavior.

An agent-based computer simulation created using the adaptive-behavior approach has shown that in some cases it is possible to reach a long-term goal (defined here as a desirable place far removed from the agent in time and in space) without necessarily having an exhaustive, predefined plan of action, but rather by using a set of rules on sensorimotor couplings that govern the organism's local interaction with its environment. We used an agent-based simulation program that emulated a two-dimensional microworld in which agents interacted with their environment and other agents through a set of sensorimotor couplings to reach a long-term goal. The main hypothesis was that the sensorimotor coupling, which consisted of following other agents, led to the emergence of collective behavior that enabled the agents to attain the long-term goal. We systematically varied the sensorimotor couplings that allowed agents to follow other agents, agents' perceptual field length, and the number of obstacles. In total, there were 160 independent simulations for each design cell. Analysis supported the hypothesis and suggested that, in addition to the process of reaching long-term goals, other cognitive processes, such as categorization, memory, and reasoning, can be reconsidered bearing in mind the emergence of behavior and an approach based on interaction between the organism and its environment.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Relationship between achievement goal constructs and physical self-perceptions in a physical activity setting.

The relations of achievement goal theory constructs and physical self-perceptions were explored with 225 students (91 men, 109 women, and 25 nonindicators; M age=23.5 yr., SD=9.2), enrolled in basic physical activity classes (aerobics, weight training, modern dance, badminton, yoga, tai chi, basketball, racquetball, gymnastics, bowling, aquatone, and step aerobics) in a university setting. Goal orientations (Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire), perceptions of the motivational climate (Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2), and physical self-perceptions (Physical Self-perception Profile) were assessed. Data were analyzed separately by sex. Ego orientation was the only predictor of Physical Self-perceptions in men, accounting for between 12 and 15% of the variance in Physical Self-worth, Sport Competence, Physical Conditioning, and Body Attractiveness. Constructs of achievement goal theory were not predictive of Physical Self-perceptions in the women. The results are discussed in light of achievement goal theory and the nature of the sample.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

Hypermasculinity and academic goal-setting: an exploratory study.

The relation between gender-role percepts and academic goal-setting was explored. An inventory examining the aspects of masculinity that would facilitate or inhibit academic goal-setting was developed based on a literature review of how masculinity relates to academic behaviors. A diverse sample of students (120 male, 147 female, 14 not indicating sex) was measured on three aspects of sex and academic goal-setting behavior. Factor analysis confirmed the content validity of masculine factors having facilitative (Mastery Competitiveness) and inhibitory (Antisocial Competitiveness) academic properties. Regression analyses indicated that sex-role orientations (Competitiveness and Hypermasculinity) significantly predicted academic goal-setting behaviors (R2 = .136). Finally, men scored higher than women on the subscales measuring Hypermasculinity and Antisocial or Competitiveness, while there were no sex differences on the Mastery Competitiveness subscale. The implications of these findings and suggestions for research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Influences of type of high school attended and current relationship status on life goal ratings of college women.

Scores on the Goals in Life Scale of 183 college women were compared based on type of high school attended, single-sex versus co-educational, and current relationship status, dating versus nondating. Type of high school alone did not influence any life goal, and those in dating relationships gave priority to relationships over life goals. Several significant interaction effects were present, however, as single-sex school attendees in dating relationships gave lower ratings to several life goals than did women in the other groups.

Adolescent↗