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PubMed2005

Tris(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)gallium(III) as a fluorescent probe for sensitive silanol-testing.

The peak shape of tris(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)gallium(III) by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was found to be very sensitive to trace amounts of silanol groups on the surface of octadecylsylanized silica gel (ODS silica gel). The variation of the peak of the gallium(III) complex can be used as a probe of the residual silanol groups in an ODS column. The chromatographic peak parameters of the complex were compared with the silanol activities output by some silanol-detecting tests using nitrogen-containing compounds as probes. The comparison was performed with several commercially available ODS columns and laboratory-packed columns in which the amount of silanol groups was controlled by mixing fully endcapped ODS materials and a non-endcapped ODS material. The peak height was the most effective parameter among the peak parameters, and much more sensitive than the silanol-detecting tests using nitrogen-containing compounds, in detecting a trace amount of silanol groups that could not be detected by other silanol-detecting tests.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2006

Utility of 1-octanol/octane mixed solvents for the solvent extraction of aluminum(III), gallium(III), and indium(III) with 8-quinolinol.

Using 1-octanol/octane mixed solvents, the extraction of aluminum(III), gallium(III) and indium(III) with 8-quinolinol was carried out at 25 degrees C. The formation constants of the respective metal(III) 8-quinolinolates in the aqueous phase and their partition constants between the mixed solvents and water were determined based on an analysis of the extraction equilibria. The relationship between the partition constants of 8-quinolinol and its complexes was analyzed by the regular solution theory. The molar volumes of aluminum(III), gallium(III) and indium(III) 8-quinolinolates, calculated from the present results, suggest that the electrostriction effect functions in complex forming. It has been found that octane/1-octanol mixed solvents were available not only for the extraction of metal ions, but also for determining the formation constants of these metal 8-quinolinolates in the aqueous phase and their partition constants.

1-Octanol↗
PubMed1999

Probable lymphocytic hypophysitis diagnosed by short-term serial computed tomography and gallium-67 scintigraphy--case report.

A 61-year-old female presented with headache, malaise, and left oculomotor nerve paralysis. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a diffuse pituitary mass and enlarged pituitary stalk with homogeneous contrast enhancement. Her symptoms gradually resolved without treatment. Gallium-67 scintigraphy showed abnormal uptake in the pituitary lesion. Serial CT every 2 weeks after admission showed homogeneous contrast enhancement and shrinking of the pituitary mass to a normal size 12 weeks after the onset. The final diagnosis was lymphocytic adenohypophysitis without biopsy. Recurrence has not been observed for 8 years after discharge. The patient did not need hormone replacement therapy. Histological examination is not always necessary to diagnose probable lymphocytic adenohypophysitis with the characteristic feature of rapid onset, abnormal gallium-67 uptake in the lesion, and resolution of symptoms in the acute stage with shrinking of the lesion on neuroimaging.

Female↗
PubMed1976

Gallium-67 scans in children with solid tumors.

Twenty pediatric patients with malignant disease were studied by whole body gallium scans. Seven had Hodgkin's disease, five had soft tissue sarcomas, three had neuroblastomas, two had Wilm's tumors, and one each had a hepatoblastoma, embryonal cell carcinoma, and sacrococcygeal teratoma. Of 50 sites studied, there was a true positive result in 17%, and in 58% there were false negative results. The method served best in patients with Hodgkin's disease, where the true positive rate was 64%. In no instance did the gallium scan affect the clinical management of a patient.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Effect of low power gallium arsenide laser on healing of venous ulcers.

The healing of venous ulcers of the leg with and without gallium arsenide laser treatment was studied in 42 patients randomly divided into two groups. One group received standard conservative treatment and gallium arsenide laser, and the other received the same standard treatment and placebo laser treatment. There were no differences in results between the two groups.

Arsenic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Focal pulmonary uptake of gallium-67 due to radiation pneumonitis: the case for a misdiagnosis of Hodgkin's disease progression.

Gallium-67 scan is usually performed in patients with Hodgkin's disease and high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma for evaluation of disease status after treatment. We present a case of an asymptomatic woman in complete remission of Hodgkin's disease after treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy where a focal uptake of Gallium-67 was discovered two months after finishing treatment. As classical radiation pneumonitis can appear one to three months after finishing radiotherapy and normally has an asymptomatic course, this possibility should be considered in these cases, especially when prior chemotherapy was administered.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Prognostic impact of pretransplantation computed tomography and gallium scans in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma with poor prognosis undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The present study evaluated computed tomography (CT) and Gallium-67 scanning (67Ga) before transplantation as prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) in patients with relapsed or primary refractory Hodgkin lymphoma undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-five patients were included. Of these, 10 (22%) had positive CT and 67Ga scan results, 21 (47%) had negative results of both techniques, 12 (27%) had positive CT/negative 67Ga scan results, and 2 (5%) had negative CT/positive 67Ga scan results. RESULTS: Patients with positive CT/67Ga scan results had a significantly worse EFS and OS at 5 years than those with negative 67Ga scan results, whether it was associated with positive or negative CT scan results (0 and 25% vs. 83% and 90% vs. 74% and 83%, respectively; P < 0.001). With a median follow-up of 59 months (range, 6-150 months), no differences were observed between patients with negative CT/67Ga scan results and those with positive CT/negative 67Ga scan results, with an EFS and OS at 5 years of 74% vs. 83% and 83% vs. 90%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, the presence of pretransplantation positive CT/67Ga scan results adversely influenced EFS and OS (hazard ratio, 39; 95% confidence interval, 8-202 [P < 0.001] and hazard ratio, 24; 95% confidence interval, 4-135 [P < 0.001], respectively). CONCLUSION: Gallium-67 scans help to identify pretransplantation CT-positive patients with a different outcome. A group of patients with positive CT/negative 67Ga scan results before transplantation who showed a favorable outcome with a low rate of relapse and another group of patients with positive CT/67Ga scan results before transplantation who showed poor prognosis did not benefit from autologous stem cell transplantation. They should be offered other therapeutic strategies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Gallium scintigraphy in AIDS.

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a growing problem in Australia: 438 new cases were added in 1988, resulting in the cumulative total of 1562 patients up to November 1989. The cumulative death rate stands at 54%, the majority of deaths being due to secondary infections and malignancies. The clinical presentation of these problems is often non-specific and protean; early diagnosis is the key to successful treatment and survival. Whole body gallium-67 scintigraphy offers an early diagnostic window into many of these infections and malignancies. Although the findings may be non-specific, the procedure is sensitive and may indicate the need for urgent empirical therapy or direct the more definitive investigation. A review of our experience with gallium-67 scanning in 56 AIDS patients at the Prince of Wales/Prince Henry Hospitals confirms its role in presaging significant clinical deterioration in patients with AIDS.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1999

Diagnostic role of gallium scanning in the management of lymphoma with mediastinal involvement.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Therapy of both Hodgkin's disease (HD) and aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) with mediastinal presentation at the time of diagnosis is frequently followed by radiological detection of residual masses. Computed tomography (CT) scanning is generally unable to detect the differences between tumor tissue and fibrosis. Gallium-67-citrate single photon emission ((67)GaSPECT) can potentially differentiate residual active tumor tissue from fibrosis. DESIGN AND METHODS: Seventy-five patients with HD or aggressive NHL presenting mediastinal involvement (64% with a bulky mass) were studied with CT and (67)GaSPECT at the end of combined modality therapy (chemo- and radiation therapy). RESULTS: After treatment, 3/3 (100%) patients with positive (67)GaSPECT and negative CT scan relapsed while only 1/18 (6%) patients with both negative (67)GaSPECT and CT scan did so. At the same time, 54 patients had a positive restaging CT scan (abnormal mass < 10% of size of initial mass). Of these patients, 13 had a positive (67)GaSPECT, 10 of whom (77%) relapsed; 41 had a negative (67)GaSPECT of whom 5 (12%) relapsed. The 4-year actuarial relapse-free survival rate was 90% for those with negative scans compared with 23% for gallium-positive patients (p < 0.000000). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: In lymphoma patients with mediastinal involvement, (67)GaSPECT should be considered, at least in patients who are CT positive, the imaging technique of choice for monitoring and differentiating the nature of any residual masses.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Fever of unknown origin and the value of gallium-67 and technetium-99M for defining abnormality of the spleen: a case report.

A three-year-old white female with acute promyelocytic leukemia developed persistent fever after successful induction-remission therapy; many large monilial abscesses were later found in the grossly enlarged spleen. Although the technetium-99M sulfur colloid scan prior to splenectomy suggested only a slight abnormality of the spleen, the gallium-67 citrate scintigraph showed a marked increase in gallium accumulation. The disparate results of the scanning techniques utilized in this patient suggest that it may be necessary to use more than one type of radiopharmaceutical to define an enlarged spleen, as well as the pathological process responsible for its enlargement.

Abscess↗
PubMed1999

From crystalline to glassy gallium fluoride materials: an NMR study of 69Ga and 71Ga quadrupolar nuclei.

Owing to the implementation of acquisition techniques specific for nuclei with very large quadrupolar interaction (full shifted echo and variable offset cumulative spectra (VOCS)), NMR spectra of 69Ga and 71Ga are obtained in crystallised (PbGaF5, Pb3Ga2F12, Pb9Ga2F24 and CsZnGaF6) and glassy (PbF2-ZnF2-GaF3) gallium fluorides. Simulations of both static (full echo or VOCS) and 15 kHz MAS spectra allow to obtain consistent determinations of isotropic chemical shifts and very large quadrupolar parameters (nuQ up to 14 MHz). In the crystalline compounds whose structures are unknown, the number and the local symmetry of the different gallium sites are tentatively worked out. For the glassy systems, a continuous Czjzek's distribution of the NMR quadrupolar parameters accounts for the particular shape of the NMR spectrum.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2001

[Usefulness of gallium-67 scintigraphy in diagnosing pyothorax-associated lymphoma].

Two cases of pyothorax-associated malignant lymphoma were reported. The presence of chronic tuberculous pyothorax after thoracoplasty and the development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma on the chest wall are closely related. Both patients had suffered from tuberculous pyothorax for more than thirty years, and developed new painful chest wall tumors. CT and MRI delineated both malignant lymphoma and pyothorax. Gallium-67 accumulated strongly in malignant lymphoma, however did not in pyothorax. Gallium-67 scintigraphy was useful for detection of malignant lymphoma in both cases; therefore it could be a useful test for diagnosing of pyothorax-associated lymphoma.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Gallium-68 labeling of albumin and albumin microspheres.

Because of the high stability constant of gallium transferrin, the formation of a protein that will be stable in vivo and labeled with gallium-68 (a positron emitter) requires preliminary coupling of a strong chelating group to the protein. In the present study, we have used a reaction developed by Krejcarek and Tucker, in which DTPA is coupled to proteins by the formation of an amide bond. Using human serum albumin (HSA) as a model, we have studied the efficiency of the reaction of HSA with the mixed acid anhydride of the quarternary triethyl ammonium salt of DTPA and butyl formate, as a function of the ratio of albumin to DTPA. After purification of the DTPA-labeled HSA, it is possible to prepare Ga-68-labeled albumin in high yield by chelation of the Ga-68 with the DTPA-labeled protein. In vitro and in vivo stability studies showed that the labeled protein was stable over a period of several hours. The same type of bifunctional chelate has been used to attach Ga-68 to HSA microspheres.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

On the antitumor activity of gallium and lanthanides.

When assayed on lymphatic leukemia BW5147 and lymphosarcoma 6C3HED bearing mice lanthanum shows a higher tumor inhibitory activity than does gallium. The mechanisms involved in the inhibition of the tumor growth appear related to effects of lanthanum and gallium on the tumor metabolism of calcium and magnesium.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Keloid paracoccidioidomycosis assessed with gallium].

This rare mycosis is caused by Paracoccidiodis loboii and is found mainly among indians of the Amazon forest. It is a cutaneous disease. No visceral affection was ever described, though generalized skin disease has been reported. One case of cheloid paracoccidioidomycosis was studied with gallium-67. The radiopharmaceutical has accumulated in the affected area and in a lymph node, although adenomegaly be rare. Degree of accumulation was discrete/moderate but the patient had been under irregular treatment for 10 years. As no laboratorial data are evaluable for this affection, gallium-67 may represent a means of disease extent and therapy efficacy evaluation.

Citrates↗
PubMed1992

Pulmonary disposition of gallium-67 in patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia: an analysis using bronchoalveolar lavage.

Gallium-67 localizes to the cellular fraction of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in patients with sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, as well as normal subjects. To further study 67Ga disposition in BAL fluid, 11 patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and 8 patients with a variety of other lung diseases, underwent BAL 24 hr after 67Ga injection. Compared to the non-PCP patients, PCP patients had high uptake gallium scans at 24 and 72 hr, and showed significantly increased radioactivity in both unfractionated lavage and in the acellular, supernatant fraction of BAL. The mean ratio of total supernatant/cell pellet radioactivity was also higher in patients with PCP (1.23 +/- 0.27 versus 0.24 +/- 0.05, p less than 0.01). Supernatant radioactivity correlated with the presence of neutrophil alveolitis, but not with BAL transferrin concentrations. We conclude that neutrophil alveolitis in PCP promotes 67Ga accumulation in the acellular fraction of BAL fluid. However, the high uptake 67Ga scans observed in PCP patients without neutrophil alveolitis suggest that the mechanism of pulmonary uptake of 67Ga is not fully elucidated by BAL fluid analysis alone.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Cellular basis for the elevated gallium-67 computed lung index in a rheumatoid lung patient.

A patient with high levels of serum rheumatoid factor and an open lung biopsy which showed high-grade interstitial pneumonia with large numbers of lymphocytes and plasmocytes had intense gallium uptake in the lungs. Lymphocytes and/or plasmocytes might be responsible for the gallium uptake even though neutrophils are usually credited with high-level uptake. Differential cell counts demonstrated plasmocyte and lymphocyte preponderance, but neutrophil paucity. In vitro cell cultures of purified neutrophils, monocytes, leukemic plasmocytes, and resting and stimulated lymphocytes with 67Ga showed that plasmocytes take up comparatively low levels of 67Ga, but that activated lymphocytes take up levels that approach neutrophils. It is probable that both rheumatoid lung plasmocytes and activated lymphocytes are responsible for the pulmonary 67Ga concentration in this patient.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Gallium-SPECT in the detection of prosthetic valve endocarditis and aortic ring abscess.

A 52-yr-old man who had a bioprosthetic aortic valve developed Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Despite antibiotic therapy he had persistent pyrexia and developed new conduction system disturbances. Echocardiography did not demonstrate vegetations on the valve or an abscess, but gallium scintigraphy using SPECT clearly identified a focus of intense activity in the region of the aortic valve. The presence of valvular vegetations and a septal abscess was confirmed at autopsy. Gallium scintigraphy, using SPECT, provided a useful noninvasive method for the demonstration of endocarditis and the associated valve ring abscess.

Abscess↗