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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Postnatal neuron death in the nodose ganglia of the rat.

Developmental neuron death is well described in sensory and sympathetic ganglia derived from the neural crest. In this study, nodose ganglia were removed from 2 litters of postnatal rats (male and female; 1, 3, 5, 9, and 14 days old) in order to determine whether postnatal neuron degeneration occurs in the nodose ganglia, which is derived from ectodermal placode. The ganglia were embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained with methylene blue. Neuronal nuclei were counted at a magnification of 100 and diameters of nodose nuclei were traced at each age. There was a significant (p < 0.001) increase in the nuclear diameter of the nodose neurons of male and female rats from birth to postnatal day 14. In male rats, this difference was most marked between postnatal day 5 and postnatal day 14. The results of the neuron counts for both male and female rats indicated a gradual, significant (p < 0.001) decrease in the neuron population from day 1 to 14. For the males a 57.2% decline was observed, while the females displayed a 49.2% decline. The numbers of neurons in male and female ganglia showed no consistent differences. The data for neuron counts suggest that developmental neuron death occurs in postnatal rats with a gradual decrease in number of nodose neurons. However, since our findings show no evidence of degenerating nodose neurons, we are unable to rule out the possibility of migration from the developing ganglion.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cochlear communication routes in the guinea pig--spiral ganglia and osseous spiral laminae: an electron microscope study using microsphere tracers.

The microscopic and ultrastructural anatomy of the spiral ganglia and osseous spiral laminae (OSL) of the guinea pig were studied using the transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The nerve and vascular elements within the spiral ganglia and OSL are surrounded by distinct perineural and perivascular spaces maintained by a loose meshwork of cells and connective tissue fibers. The connective tissue cells are fibers within the OSL and spiral ganglia are distinctly different from the arachnoid-like reticular cells and elastin fibers of the modiolus described in an earlier study. The present experiment demonstrates a pathway between the perineural spaces of the modiolus, spiral ganglia, and OSL. The perineural spaces of the modiolus were previously shown to communicate with the subarachnoid space; therefore, perineural communication from the cerebrospinal fluid to the perilymph via this route is likely. Using mircosphere tracers injected intrathecally, this communication route between the subarachnoid space and scala tympani was further defined. The tracer experiment suggests that the perineural spaces within the internal acoustic meatus, modiolus, spiral ganglia, and OSL are normally patent and do not represent artifacts induced during tissue processing.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Latent HSV-I infection in rat vestibular ganglia.

The vestibular ganglia of rats having no clinical symptoms after inoculation of HSV-I were examined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in order to prove latent HSV-I infection. The rats were divided into two groups: one inoculated with HSV-I into the middle ear cavity (m.i. group), and the other into the peritoneal space (i.p. group). In the m.i. group, 67% of the vestibular ganglia on the inoculated side and 0% on the opposite side were positive. In the i.p. group, 60% of the vestibular ganglia on both sides were positive. These data indicate that HSV-I can establish latent infection in the vestibular ganglia. Furthermore, we assumed that reactivation of HSV-I genomes in the vestibular ganglia might lead to disorders of the vestibular system.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Detection of latent herpes simplex virus DNA and RNA in human geniculate ganglia by the polymerase chain reaction.

By using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) we detected latent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in human geniculate and trigeminal ganglia obtained from autopsy cases. A pair of primers which were specific for a part of the HSV-1 thymidine kinase domain were used for detection of HSV DNA. We also examined the latency-associated transcript (LAT), known as latency-specific RNA, by means of reverse transcription-PCR with a pair of LAT-specific primers. HSV-1 DNA was detected in 16 of 17 (94%) trigeminal ganglia and in 15 to 17 (88%) geniculate ganglia of adults. We also demonstrated HSV-1 RNA derived from the LAT in both types of ganglia. These findings suggest that HSV-1 latently infects the majority of geniculate and trigeminal ganglia of adults, and that PCR and reverse transcription-PCR are useful tools for analysis of HSV latency.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Herpes simplex virus latency in the rabbit trigeminal ganglia: ganglionic superinfection.

It has been confirmed and further documented that infection of the rabbit cornea with the E-43 strain of HSV-1 precludes superinfection of the corresponding trigeminal ganglia by another HSV strain, i.e., the challenging virus does not establish latency and can not be recovered from the ganglia. It was shown that after primary infection, a state of resistance is established in the neuronal cells of the ganglia, and although the challenging strain reaches the ganglia, it does not cause discernible acute infection, and does not displace the resident virus in the ganglia. This protection was present 6 months after primary infection, was independent of immune factors such as circulating or secretory antibodies, and was localized to the point of entry of the primary infecting strain and the sensory neurons that innervate that site. The smallest inoculum that provided protection from ganglionic superinfection was that which produced overt disease in the eye, although different degrees of disease resulted from varying inocula above this minimum. Asymptomatic primary infections produced by subminimal inocula of the E-43 strain or by the HSV recombinant strain, F(MP)F, which is avirulent for the rabbit eye, protected against severe disease and death, but the degree of protection against ganglionic superinfection was variable and depended on the time of challenge. These findings suggest that susceptible neurons in the trigeminal ganglion, when "occupied" by an infecting strain, cannot be superinfected by a second strain.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Surgical treatment of volar wrist ganglia].

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated surgery-related issues concerning the excision of volar wrist ganglia in the light of data obtained from our patients. METHODS: The study included 40 patients (10 males, 30 females; mean age 32.5 years; range 18 to 65 years) who underwent surgery for volar ganglia. All the patients had unilateral involvement. All operations were performed under axillary brachial plexus regional anesthesia in the microsurgery operating room. The mean follow-up period was 2.5 years (range 1 to 5 years). RESULTS: The ganglia originated from the radioscaphoid joint capsule in 18 patients (45%), scaphotrapezial joint capsule in 16 patients (40%), and from the flexor carpi radialis tendon in two patients (5%). The ganglia were attached to the radial artery in 26 patients (65%), in two patients (5%) the radial artery completely merged into the lesion. The pedicles could not be dissected in four patients (10%), all of whom developed recurrences. Complications included recurrences in nine patients (22%), injury to the median palmar cutaneous nerve in four patients (10%), injury to the radial artery in two patients (5%) and wrist stiffness in five patients (12.5%). No significant correlation was found between complications and experience of the operating surgeons. CONCLUSION: Considering possible dissections and interventions for complication-associated repairs, and potential recurrences, surgical removal of volar ganglia should be performed under appropriate circumstances, especially in a formal operating room.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Neuropeptide distribution in the stellate ganglia of the domestic animal.

We used immunohistochemical techniques to analyze the localization and distribution of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the neuropeptides methionine-endephalin (M-Enk), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), calretinin (Cal), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and galanin (Gal) in the stellate ganglia of two species of domestic animal (cattle and horses). NPY, VIP and Gal immunoreactive neurons (both cell body and nerve fiber) were observed in the stellate ganglia of both animals. M-Enk and CGRP immunoreactive nerve fibers were detected in the stellate ganglia of both animals, but positive cell bodies were found only in the stellate ganglia of the horse. In contrast, Cal- and SP-positive cell bodies existed in the stellate ganglia of cattle but not in the horse. SP-immunoreactive cells were observed only in young cattle. In both cattle and horses, almost all ganglion cell bodies exhibited TH immunoreactivity, but no positive nerve fibers were found.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Populations of afferent neurons in the sensory ganglia detected using lectin from Laburnum anagyroides].

The purpose of the present research was the study of afferent neuron subpopulations in vagal caudal ganglia and trigeminal ganglion of adult albino rats using a conjugate of fucose-specific Laburnum anagyroides lectin (LAL) with peroxidase. Histochemical preparations obtained were examined using computer videoanalyzer with the determination of dimensions of afferent neurons and integral optical density (IOD) of their cytoplasm. In the ganglia studied LAL was found to bind to the majority (more than 98%) of neurons. Reaction product was demonstrated in the perikaryon either as discrete granules (Nissl body-type), or as a uniform precipitate. Nucleoplasm in most of neurons remained lightly stained. Determination of IOD of neuronal cytoplasm in various ganglia demonstrated significant differences in degree of LAL accumulation. Analysis of interrelation between neuronal size and IOD permitted to establish non-linear correlation of metric and optical parameters and to detect subpopulations of cells in the sensory ganglia, which were stained with LAL most intensely. Functional specialization of these cells remains to be determined. Thus, a combined application of lectin-histochemical method with a computer videoanalysis of morphological slides enabled the identification neuronal populations and subpopulations in rat afferent ganglia, which are not demonstrated with the standard histological methods.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Synovial ganglia of the central pivot of the knee.

Five patients with intraarticular synovial ganglia of the knee were treated by arthroscopic surgery. These synovial cysts were found in the intercondylar fossa and appeared to originate from the cruciate ligaments. In 3 patients the ganglia were the only pathologic finding, solely responsible for the pain and functional impairment. In the other 2 patients the ganglia were accompanied by other intraarticular lesions. The diagnostic procedure (radiography, arthrography, CT, MRI, arthroscopy), confirmed the validity of CT scan and MRI in detection, differential diagnosis, and location of the ganglia in all cases. Arthroscopy enabled us to directly observe, biopsy, and remove the ganglia, resulting in immediate disappearance of symptoms and no relapse after a minimum follow-up of 20 months.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Detection of viral DNA in vestibular ganglia tissue from patients with Menière's disease.

OBJECTIVE: The main goal of this study was to examine the vestibular ganglia from 11 patients with intractable classic Menière's disease (MD) for the presence or absence of DNA from three neurotropic viruses (herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and varicella zoster virus) using exquisitely sensitive molecular biologic techniques. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective controlled study with vestibular ganglia from patients with MD and from patients with small vestibular schwannomas undergoing resection. Polymerase chain reaction was used for viral DNA detection from the ganglia along with known positive and negative polymerase chain reaction control subjects. SETTING: The study was performed in an academic tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Patients for inclusion had medically uncontrolled MD, including documented fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, episodic vertigo, and tinnitus who elected to undergo vestibular nerve section. Control patients were undergoing vestibular schwannoma removal. INTERVENTIONS: The intervention was vestibular nerve section with removal of vestibular ganglion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The presence or absence of viral DNA (herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and varicella zoster virus) in vestibular ganglion tissues detected by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: No viral DNA was detected in the vestibular ganglia of patients with MD (p = 0.028) nor in the control group. The likelihood of a type II or beta type error was < 10%. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with MD requiring surgical intervention, infection with herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, or varicella zoster virus of the vestibular ganglia does not appear to play a major role in the pathoetiology of the disease.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2007

Circuits and circuit disorders of the basal ganglia.

Views of the anatomy and function of the basal ganglia and their role in motor and nonmotor disorders have undergone major revisions during the past decades. The basal ganglia are now appreciated as components of parallel, reentrant cortico-subcortical circuits, which originate from individual cortical areas, traverse the basal ganglia and thalamus, and terminate in their respective areas of origin in the frontal lobe. Further research and clinical experience have resulted in new insights and perspectives on the details of the circuitry and on the role of these structures in Parkinson disease and other basal ganglia disorders. On the basis of anatomical and physiological studies and the striking success of focused surgical interventions, it seems appropriate to view these varied clinical disorders as circuit disorders, resulting from pathologic disturbances in neuronal activity throughout specific cortico-subcortical loops.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF)-like immunoreactivity in sensory ganglia of the rat.

Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF)-like immunoreactivity has been demonstrated in the trigeminal and spinal ganglia of fetal, young and adult rats by use of peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemistry. GRF-like-immunoreactive cells first appear during the second half of embryonic life, as early as day 17. In untreated animals the GRF-immunoreactive elements form approximately 1% of all ganglion cells in the trigeminal and spinal ganglia; their numbers do not change significantly during development. The granular immunoreaction product is confined to perikarya, especially to the perinuclear region. Nerve fibers displaying GRF-like immunoreactivity were found neither in the ganglia, nor in the corresponding central and peripheral areas of termination. The possible role of GRF in sensory ganglia is discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Motor functions of the basal ganglia.

A study of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease can provide an indication of the motor functions of the basal ganglia. Basal-ganglia diseases affect voluntary movement and can cause involuntary movement. Deficits are often manifested during the coordination of fine multi-joint movements (e.g., handwriting). The disturbances of motor control (e.g. akinesia, bradykinesia) caused by basal-ganglia disorders are illustrated. Data suggest that the basal ganglia play an important role in the automatic execution of serially ordered complex movements.

Basal Ganglia↗
PubMed2003

Expression and distribution of phocein and members of the striatin family in neurones of rat peripheral ganglia.

Phocein and members of the striatin family (striatin, SG2NA and zinedin) are intracellular proteins, mainly expressed in neurones of the mammalian central nervous system where they are thought to be involved in vesicular traffic and Ca(2+) signalling. Here, we have investigated whether these proteins are also present in the peripheral nervous system, by analysing their expression and distribution within sensory neurones of the vagal (nodose and jugular) ganglia, the petrosal ganglion, the dorsal root ganglion, and also in the sympathetic neurones of the superior cervical ganglion. RT-PCR experiments showed that mRNAs of phocein, striatin, SG2NA and zinedin are present in all studied peripheral ganglia. Immunocytochemical detections demonstrate that phocein, striatin and SG2NA are expressed in neurones of vagal, petrosal and dorsal root ganglia. Immunoblotting experiments confirm these data and in addition demonstrate that: (1) the proteins phocein, striatin and SG2NA are also present in the superior cervical ganglion and (2) zinedin is detected in all studied ganglia. The distribution appears to differ: immunoreactivity for striatin and SG2NA is found only in soma of sensory neurons, whereas immunoreactivity for phocein is observed in both soma and processes. Our study thus demonstrates that phocein and the members of the striatin family are expressed not only in central nervous system but also in the peripheral nervous system and, in particular, in afferent sensory neurones.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Postnatal expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) mRNAs in rat sympathetic and sensory ganglia.

The postnatal expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) mRNAs in superior cervical ganglia (SCG) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of normal rats were studied by using RT-PCR. IL-6 and IL-6R transcripts were found in both these peripheral nervous system (PNS) tissues and their expression was differentially regulated. In sensory ganglia, a strong upregulation (12-fold) of the IL-6R mRNA occurred between postnatal day 2 and day 20, staying at this elevated level until adulthood (day 70). During the same period the IL-6 mRNA increased to a lesser extent (3-fold). In SCG, both transcripts undergo only a minor induction (2-fold) during postnatal development. To identify the cellular source of IL-6 and its receptor mRNAs in both PNS tissues, a sensitive non-radioactive in situ hybridization technique was used. Both mRNAs could be localized predominantly in the neuronal cell bodies in the sympathetic and sensory ganglia. In addition, IL-6R mRNA positive cells were found located along the axon outside the DRG, and are likely to be Schwann cells. The same cells were negative for IL-6 mRNA. These findings support the concept of IL-6 as a regulator of neuronal survival and differentiation in the central and peripheral nervous system.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Nerve growth factor changes the relative levels of neuropeptides in developing sensory and sympathetic ganglia of the chick embryo.

The effects of chronic nerve growth factor administration on the development of neuropeptides in the embryonic chick peripheral nervous system were quantitated by radioimmunoassays. Starting at embryonic Day 3.5, daily doses of 20 micrograms of nerve growth factor (NGF) increased the substance P content of lumbosacral spinal sensory ganglia at all ages studied (Days 10-14), while having no effect on substance P levels of thoracic sensory ganglia. In contrast, the contents of somatostatin were increased in both thoracic and lumbosacral ganglia, but only at comparatively late time points (Day 14). Nerve growth factor administration was also found to decrease the somatostatin contents of lumbosacral paravertebral sympathetic ganglia at early time points (Day 8) while increasing levels at later stages (Day 14), thus acting to accelerate the normally occurring developmental changes in level of this peptide. These changes were shown to be specific for somatostatin by demonstrating that NGF increased tyrosine hydroxylase levels in sympathetic neurons at Day 8, and had no effect on sympathetic vasoactive intestinal polypeptide levels at Day 14. It has been concluded that exogenous NGF does not simply act to increase or prolong the expression of neuron-specific phenotypes in the chick, but rather its action is time and location dependent to accelerate development.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Accumulation of glycosphingolipids in spinal and sympathetic ganglia of a symptomatic heterozygote of Fabry's disease.

Fabry's disease is an X-linked disorder of glycolipid catabolism. We have found a symptomatic heterozygous female with cardiomyopathy and severe pain in the extremities. We studied histochemically and biochemically the accumulated glycolipids in spinal and sympathetic ganglia of the patient. Histochemical examination demonstrated the marked glycolipid deposits that have been observed in heterozygous males in these ganglia. Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) revealed that these accumulated glycolipids were characterized as globotriaosylceramide (Gb3cer) and galabiosylceramide (Ga2cer). In the heterozygous female, the accumulations of Gb3cer in spinal and sympathetic ganglia were, respectively, 34 and 48 times the amount in normal controls. This is the first report on quantitative and qualitative analyses of the accumulated glycolipids in spinal and sympathetic ganglia of a heterozygous carrier female.

Fabry Disease↗
PubMed1992

Differential accumulation of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcripts in sensory and autonomic ganglia.

We have analyzed the capacity of sensory and autonomic ganglia to demonstrate latency-associated transcripts (LATs) following inoculation of the anterior chamber of the mouse eye with Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). In autonomic ganglia, the number of LAT-containing neurons decreased 50-fold or more from the acute to the latent phase, while in the trigeminal ganglion, the decrease was less than 2-fold. The decrease in autonomic ganglia could not be related to destruction of neurons expressing LATs, since these ganglia harbored substantial amounts of viral DNA. The data demonstrate that during the latent phase of the infection, accumulation of LATs varies depending on the type of infected neuron and suggest that some neurons may harbor a latent infection in the absence of LAT expression.

Animals↗