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PubMed1988

Comparison of health of occupants and characteristics of houses among control homes and homes insulated with urea formaldehyde foam. III. Health and house variables following remedial work.

This report describes the second survey of a group of 762 control and urea formaldehyde foam insulated (UFFI) houses performed following an interval of 1 year, after about two-thirds of the UFFI households either had their UFFI removed or performed other UFFI-related remedial work. The UFFI subjects who lived in remedial houses showed a decline in indicators of impaired health status, to roughly equalize with those whose houses were not altered; they continued to show a small excess of adverse health indicators relative to the controls, but at a somewhat lower level than seen in the first survey. This improvement was not associated with changes in indoor levels of formaldehyde. Weak exposure-response relationships were observed between formaldehyde and upper and lower respiratory symptoms, but mainly in the combined UFFI and control populations; these are interpreted as representing the contribution of background levels of formaldehyde to the prevalence of respiratory complaints in the general population. The principal findings of this study were primarily based on subjective variables, but most could be directly validated by objective measurements in the UFFI and control subjects. The support for a causal relationship between impaired health and living in a UFFI house is considered to be moderately strong. However the demonstrated adverse effects are generally minor in nature.

Construction Materials↗
PubMed2001

B vitamins induce an antinociceptive effect in the acetic acid and formaldehyde models of nociception in mice.

The effect of some B vitamins in chemical and thermal models of nociception in mice was investigated. The association thiamine/pyridoxine/cyanocobalamin (TPC, 20-200 mg/kg, i.p. or per os), thiamine, pyridoxine (50-200 mg/kg, i.p.) or riboflavin (3-100 mg/kg, i.p) induced an antinociceptive effect, not changed by naloxone (10 mg/kg, i.p.), in the acetic acid writhing model. Treatment for 7 days with thiamine/pyridoxine/cyanocobalamin (100 or 200 mg/kg, i.p.), thiamine (50 or 100 mg/kg) or pyridoxine (50 or 100 mg/kg) or acute treatment with riboflavin (6 or 12 mg/kg, i.p) inhibited the nociceptive response induced by formaldehyde. The B vitamins did not inhibit the nociceptive response in the hot-plate model. Both 7-day thiamine/pyridoxine/cyanocobalamin (100 mg/kg, i.p.) or acute riboflavin (25 or 50 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment partially reduced formaldehyde-induced hindpaw oedema. The B vitamins antinociceptive effect may involve inhibition of the synthesis and/or action of inflammatory mediators since it was not observed in the hot-plate model, was not reversed by naloxone, only the second phase of the formaldehyde-induced nociceptive response was inhibited, and formaldehyde-induced hindpaw oedema was reduced.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1998

Endogenous formaldehyde as a potential factor of vulnerability of atherosclerosis: involvement of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase-mediated methylamine turnover.

The mouse is known to be highly resistant to atherosclerosis. However, some inbred mouse strains are vulnerable to atherosclerosis when they are fed a high-cholesterol, high-fat diet. Increased deamination of methylamine (MA) and the subsequent production of formaldehyde has been recently shown to be a potential risk factor of atherosclerosis. In the present study semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO)-mediated MA turnover in C57BL/6 mouse, a strain very susceptible to atherosclerosis, has been assessed in comparison to a moderate, i.e. BALB/c, and resistant, i.e. CD1, mouse strains. Kidney and aorta SSAO activities were found to be significantly increased in C57BL/6 in comparison to BALB/c and CD1 mice. A significant increase of urinary MA and formaldehyde were detected in C57BL/6. [14C]MA following intravenous injection would be quickly metabolized by SSAO. The labeled formaldehyde product would cross link with proteins. C57BL/6 exhibits significantly higher labeled protein adducts than BALB/c and CD1 in response to [14C]MA. The results indicated that mice vulnerable to atherosclerosis possess an increased SSAO-mediated MA turnover. The increase of production of formaldehyde, possibly other aldehydes, may induce endothelial injury or be chronically involved in protein cross-linking and subsequent angiopathy.

Allyl Compounds↗
PubMed2002

Simultaneous determination of ketoconazole and formaldehyde in a shampoo: liquid chromatography method development and validation.

Ketoconazole is an antifungal agent, which is the active ingredient in a shampoo primarily used for the treatment of seborrhatic dermatitis (anti-dandruff shampoo). The shampoo also contains imidazolidinylurea as a formaldehyde releasing preservative. The aim of this study was to develop a HPLC system that allows the determination of both ketoconazole and formaldehyde. The finally selected isocratic system consisted of an Interchrom Nucleosil (250 X 4.6 mm, 5 microm) C8 column and a mobile phase containing acetonitrile-phosphate buffer 0.025 M, pH 4.0, 45/55 (v/v). Ketoconazole could immediately be determined at 250 nm after injection of diluted shampoo. Formaldehyde was measured at 345 nm after derivatisation with a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution. At the selected conditions, the other excipients of the shampoo did not interfere in the assays for both substances. Method validation was performed on both assays. Different selectivity towards ketoconazole and formaldehyde was observed when applying other C8 columns. This fact, however, did not affect the assays of both substances.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2001

Derivation of ambient water quality criteria for formaldehyde.

This paper describes the derivation of aquatic life water quality criteria for formaldehyde, developed in accordance with United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses. The initial step in deriving water quality criteria was to conduct an extensive literature search to assemble available acute and chronic toxicity data for formaldehyde. The literature search identified a large amount of information on acute toxicity of formaldehyde to fish and aquatic invertebrates. These acute data were evaluated with respect to data quality, and poor quality or uncertain data were excluded from the data base. The resulting data base met the USEPA requirements for criteria derivation by having data for at least one species in at least eight different taxonomic families. One shortcoming of the literature-derived data base, however, was that few studies involved analytical confirmation of nominal formaldehyde concentrations and reported toxicity endpoints. Also, there were relatively few data on chronic toxicity. The acute toxicity data set consisted of data for 12 species of fish, 3 species of amphibians, and 11 species of invertebrates. These data were sufficient, according to USEPA guidelines, to calculate a final acute value (FAV) of 9.15 mg/l, and an acute aquatic life water quality criterion (one-half the FAV) of 4.58 mg/l. A final acute-chronic ratio (ACR) was calculated using available chronic toxicity data and USEPA-recommended conservative default assumptions to account for missing data. Using the FAV and the final ACR (5.69), the final chronic aquatic life water quality criterion was determined to be 1.61 mg/l.

Amphibians↗
PubMed2002

Expression of cytokine mRNAs in mice cutaneously exposed to formaldehyde.

In this study, we have investigated the expression of cytokine mRNAs in mice cutaneously exposed to formaldehyde using semiquantitative RT-PCR. We show that formaldehyde induced the long-lasting expression of IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNAs and the transient expression of IL-13 mRNA in mouse spleen and draining lymph nodes. The transient increases in IL-2, IL-15, IL-12p40, IL-15 and IL-18 mRNAs, but long-lasting IL-15 mRNA were only seen in the formaldehyde-exposed mouse spleen. Moreover, a weak contact hypersensitivity (CH) and the significant increases in IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNAs were detected in the ear skin of formaldehyde-cutaneously exposed mice when rechallenged mouse ears. Furthermore, CH as measured by mouse ear swelling response was positively correlated with IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNA levels in the challenged ears. This study thus suggests that the induction of Th1 and Th2 cytokine mRNAs, particularly IL-4 and IFN-gamma, are a common immunological feature caused by contact allergens irrespective of strong or weak contact allergens. The analysis of IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNAs may be useful markers in establishing the novel test for predicting chemical sensitizing potentials.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2000

Growth of Candida boidinii on methanol and the activity of methanol-degrading enzymes as affected from formaldehyde and methylformate.

Formaldehyde and methylformate affect the growth of Candida boidinii on methanol and the activity of methanol-degrading enzymes. The presence of both intermediates in the feeding medium caused an increase in biomass yield and productivity and a decrease in the specific rate of methanol consumption. In the presence of formaldehyde, the activity of formaldehyde dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase was essentially increased, whereas the activity of methanol oxidase was decreased. On the contrary, the presence of methylformate caused an increase of the activity of methanol oxidase and a decrease of the activity of formaldehyde dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase. Interpretations concerning the yeast behavior in the presence of intermediate oxidation products were considered and discussed.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed2001

Determination of formaldehyde in blood plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

An HPLC method was developed for the determination of formaldehyde in human blood plasma. The method was based on the determination of the fluorescent product of the chemical reaction between formaldehyde and ampicillin. A 0.2-ml aliquot of blood plasma was reacted directly with ampicillin under acidic and heating conditions. The reaction product was extracted from the matrix with diethyl ether and analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection. Recoveries of spiked formaldehyde at the low ppm (microg/ml) level were between 93% and 102% with relative standard deviations less than 8%. The limits of detection and quantitation of formaldehyde in blood plasma samples were 0.46 microg/ml and 0.87 microg/ml, respectively.

Calibration↗
PubMed2003

Validation of an HPLC method on short columns to assay ketoconazole and formaldehyde in shampoo.

An HPLC method to determine simultaneously ketoconazole and formaldehyde in an anti-dandruff shampoo, originally developed on a long column, was transferred to two short columns with similar stationary phase properties, but with a length of at the most 30% of the initial one. Using the conventional column as reference, the fast HPLC methods on the short columns were validated. The validation characteristics consisted of selectivity, linearity range, precision (repeatability and time-different intermediate precision), bias and robustness. For the ketoconazole assay, linearity for peak area was found in the concentration range up to 0.20 mg/ml. For formaldehyde, two calibration ranges (0-10 x 10(-5) and 0-10 x 10(-4)%) were linear, both for peak area and height. The assays for both ketoconazole and formaldehyde in these ranges showed no bias and an acceptable precision, although the precision found with the short columns was slightly worse than with the long one. The robustness tests were performed applying a Plackett-Burman design. For the ketoconazole assay, 6 factors were examined in a 12 experiments design and for formaldehyde, 11 factors in 16 experiments. The methods were found to be robust. Despite the somewhat less good precision the transfer seems to be successful and the obtained assays on the short columns are applicable for fast routine analysis.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2003

A study on the effect of inhalative formaldehyde exposure on water labyrinth test performance in rats.

We investigated the effects of repeated inhalative exposure to several formaldehyde concentrations (2 hours/day, 10 consecutive days) on the behavior of adult male and female LEW.1K rats during a period in which they learned to perform a water labyrinth task. We also examined the effects on the histology of some organ tissues. While the controls needed increasingly shorter swimming periods to complete the water labyrinth test and made fewer errors with advancing trial duration, such progress could not be observed in the learning behavior of the exposed animals. They took significantly longer swimming periods to reach the finish and made significantly more errors in comparison to the controls. The statistical comparison between the collected data in the formaldehyde exposed male and female rats reveals that females in general reached the end point of the swimming labyrinth in significantly less time. On some trial days, however, they made more mistakes than males. In the highest concentration group, no gender differences were evident in the frequency of errors. The histological examination revealed no pathological changes attributable to formaldehyde exposure. Since the water labyrinth test is used to investigate changes in memory and learning behavior in animals, we conclude that under investigational conditions, formaldehyde affects the learning behavior and the memory of male and female rats.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed2000

Formaldehyde and methanol biodegradation with the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha in a model wastewater system.

In search of the optimal way to reduce the hazards of environmental contamination by formaldehyde (FD) and methanol the use of unconventional yeasts is proposed as exemplified by the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. In a very simplified environment of a model wastewater solution, H. polymorpha cells were able to grow on, and metabolize formaldehyde and methanol, applied as sole carbon sources, at concentrations typical for wastewaters of the chemical industry. Several experimental conditions were tested for cell growth and biodegradation kinetics. It was found that the yeast culture inoculated at low cell density was able to grow on initial FD levels up to 400mg/l and the biomass yield was dependent on both, the amount of total carbon added and the physiological state of the cells. When high density of pre-adapted cell culture was used, the methylotrophs were fully viable and able to degrade formaldehyde present at initial concentrations up to 700 mg/l. The maximum limiting FD consumption rate was determined as approx. 400 mg/1 per hour. Methanol, at concentrations up to 2%, was easily utilized and did not have a negative effect on cell growth and respiration. It is suggested that in real wastewaters the eukaryotic microorganisms--in contrast to bacteria--might reveal greater adaptation potential to toxic levels of formaldehyde as well as to other wastewater constituents.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2003

Zinc, copper and iron concentrations in cerebral cortex of male rats exposed to formaldehyde inhalation.

Retrospective cohort studies and clinical findings have suggested effects of formaldehyde exposure on the central nervous system in anatomists, embalmers and pathologists. On the other hand, harmful effects of formaldehyde inhalation on the nervous system are not well documented. The concentrations of elements such as zinc, copper and iron within the cerebral cortex indicate whether physiological conditions are maintained. In this study, adult male albino Wistar rats were exposed to formaldehyde at different concentrations (0; 6.1; 12.2 mg x m(-3)) and during different periods of time (subacute-subchronic), and body weights were recorded weekly. Zinc, copper and iron concentrations were measured in the parietal cortex using atomic absorption spectrometry after wet ashing. We conclude that subacute or subchronic exposure to formaldehyde may cause growth retardation and alter zinc, copper and iron levels in the cerebral cortex.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Sperm head abnormalities and dominant lethal effects of formaldehyde in albino rats.

The effects of formaldehyde exposure have been investigated in rats by two short-term in vivo mutagenicity tests (sperm head abnormality and dominant lethal mutation assays). Five daily interperitonial injections of formaldehyde resulted in a statistically significant increase in induction of sperm head abnormalities at 0.125 to 0.500 mg/kg. The frequency of dominant lethal mutations in female rats sired by males exposed to formaldehyde was significantly higher than the control group. There was also a reduction of fertile matings in females mated 1-7 days after treatment of males with formaldehyde. The genetic and environmental health implications of the results are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, gelatin-resorcin-formaldehyde (GRF) compound and suture in stabilization of cartilage grafts in rabbits.

UNLABELLED: Cartilage grafting is an interesting option for rhinoplasties refinements. AIM: To compare butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, compound gelatin-resorcin-formaldehyde (GRF) and suture control to determine the efficacy of these tissue glue preparations in securing grafted cartilage. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental. METHODS: Fifteen male adult New Zealand rabbits were submitted to a surgical procedure to harvest 6 auricular cartilage grafts from each animal. 2 of these grafts in each animal were glued together with butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, 2 with compound gelatin-resorcin-formaldehyde and 2 sewn together with nylon suture. These sandwich grafts were then glued or sewn to the periosteum of the calvaria. After 2, 6 and 12 weeks, groups of 5 animals were sacrificed and histological analysis for inflammation was performed. Cartilage graft migration, adhesion and deformities of the grafts were also evaluated. RESULTS: There was less migration of the cartilages glued with GRF than with cyanoacrylate and suture. There was no statistical difference between the 3 materials of graft stabilization in relation to the inflammatory reaction in all evaluated periods. There wasn't detachment neither deformity in the cartilage sandwiches sewn with suture. The majority of detachment and deformed cartilages were found among those glued with cyanoacrylate. The number of deformed cartilages was directly related to the number of detached cartilages. The data were statistically significant (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION: The compound gelatin-resorcin-formaldehyde revealed to be a stabilization material for cartilage grafts in rabbits better than butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. The compound gelatin-resorcin-formaldehyde was also better than the suture when comparing its fixation to the periosteum.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Formaldehyde metabolism by Escherichia coli. Carbon and solvent deuterium incorporation into glycerol, 1,2-propanediol, and 1,3-propanediol.

Escherichia coli were grown on 14.3% uniformly 13C-labeled glucose as the sole carbon source and challenged anaerobically with 90% 13C-labeled formaldehyde. The major multiply labeled metabolites were identified by 13C NMR spectroscopy to be glycerol and 1,2-propanediol, and a minor metabolite was shown to be 1,3-propanediol. In each case, formaldehyde is incorporated only into the C1 position. A novel form of 13C NMR isotope dilution analysis of the major products reveals that all the 1,2-diol C1 is formaldehyde derived but that about 40% of the glycerol C1 is derived from bacterial sources. Glycerokinase converted the metabolite [1-13C]glycerol to equal amounts of [3-13C]glycerol 3-phosphate and [1-13C]glycerol 3-phosphate, demonstrating that the metabolite is racemic. When [13C]formaldehyde incubation was carried out in H2O/D2O mixtures, deuterium incorporation was detected by beta- and gamma-isotope shifts. The 1,3-diol is deuterium labeled only at C2 and only once, while the 1,2-diol and glycerol are each labeled independently at both C2 and C3; C3 is multiply labeled. Deuterium incorporation levels are different for each metabolite, indicating that the biosynthetic pathways probably diverge early.

Deuterium↗
PubMed1999

Quantification of formaldehyde-mediated covalent adducts of adriamycin with DNA.

Duplex DNA incubated with adriamycin, dithiothreitol (DTT), and Fe3+ under aerobic, aqueous conditions yields double-stranded (DS) DNA bands by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (DPAGE) analysis, characteristic of DNAs which are interstrand cross-linked. Another laboratory has provided evidence that formaldehyde produced under these conditions promotes the covalent linkage of adriamycin to one strand of DNA and suggested that this complex results in the anomalous DPAGE behavior. We provide herein strong support for this interpretation. We show: (a) that mixtures of DNA and adriamycin incubated with DTT/Fe3+, H2O2, or formaldehyde all show DS DNA bands on DPAGE, (b) that the DS DNA bands and the formaldehyde-mediated lesion (detected by an indirect, GC-MS analysis) form with similar time courses, and in similar amounts, and (c) that the DNA in the DS DNA bands contains approximately one such lesion per DNA, whereas the single-stranded DNA is devoid of it. These results further support the interpretation that adriamycin does not create interstrand cross-links in DNA, and that the DS DNA observed in DPAGE experiments derives from the formaldehyde-mediated monoadduct.

DNA↗
PubMed2005

Development of a compound-specific isotope analysis method for atmospheric formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.

A novel method determining compound-specific carbon isotopic compositions for atmospheric formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in ppb or sub-ppb levels by gas chromatography/ combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/ IRMS) is presented. Atmospheric carbonyls are collected using the conventional 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization method, and their delta13C values are calculated based on stoichiometric mass balance after measuring the carbon isotopic compositions of the carbonyl-DNPH derivatives and DNPH, respectively. Using formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and DNPH standards with their delta13C values predetermined, the delta13C fractionation is evaluated for derivatization processes both in solutions and in simulation experiment of atmospheric sampling. In these two derivatization systems, through reduplicate delta13C analysis, good reproducibility of the derivertization process is found with an average error of less than 0.5 per thousand, and the differences between the predicted and the measured delta13C values range from -0.18 to 0.49 per thousand, indicating that the derivatization process introduces no isotopic fractionation for both formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. Thus, the delta13C values of the original underivatized carbonyls can be accurately calculated through mass balance equation. Using the method developed, preliminary tests of atmospheric formaldehyde and acetaldehyde at two urban sites were conducted and revealed significant differences of their isotopic compositions, implying possible application of the method in helping us understand the primary emission, secondary formation, or removal processes of carbonyls in the atmosphere.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed2005

The role of intracellularly released formaldehyde and butyric acid in the anticancer activity of acyloxyalkyl esters.

Previous studies described a family of anticancer histone deacetylase inhibitor prodrugs of formula Me(CH(2))(2)COOCH(R)OR(1), which upon intracellular hydrolysis release acids and aldehydes. This study examines the mechanisms by which the prodrugs affect tumor cells and the contribution of the released aldehyde (formaldehyde or acetaldehyde) and acids to their anticancer activity. Type I prodrugs release 2 equiv of a carboxylic acid and 1 equiv of an aldehyde, and of Type II release 2 equiv of acids and 2 equiv of an aldehyde. SAR studied inhibition of proliferation, induction of differentiation and apoptosis, histone acetylation, and gene expression. Formaldehyde, measured intracellularly, was the dominant factor affecting proliferation and cell death. Among the released acids, butyric acid elicited the greatest antiproliferative activity, but the nature of the acid had minor impact on proliferation. In HL-60 cells, formaldehyde-releasing prodrugs significantly increased apoptosis. The prodrugs affected to a similar extent the wild-type HL-60 and MES-SA cell lines and their multidrug-resistant HL-60/MX2 and MES-Dx5 subclones. In a cell-free histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition-assay only butyric acid inhibited HDAC activity. The butyric acid and formaldehyde induced cell differentiation and increased p53 and p21 levels, suggesting that both affect cancer cells, the acid by inhibiting HDAC and the aldehyde by an as yet unknown mechanism.

Acetaldehyde↗