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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

A two-component histidine kinase of the rice blast fungus is involved in osmotic stress response and fungicide action.

We isolated and characterized a histidine kinase gene (HIK1) from the rice blast fungus, Pyricularia oryzae (Magnaporthe grisea). The deduced amino acid sequence of HIK1 showed highest similarity (85.7%) to a hybrid-type histidine kinase, Os-1/Nik-1 of Neurospora crassa. Disruption of HIK1 caused no defect in cell growth on normal media and in pathogenicity to rice plants. The Deltahik1 strain acquired resistance to three groups of fungicides (phenylpyrroles, dicarboximides, and aromatic hydrocarbons) similar to os-1 mutants of N. crassa. The Deltahik1 strain showed increased sensitivity to high concentrations of sugars although its salt sensitivity was not elevated, suggesting that the rice blast fungus can distinguish osmostresses caused by high sugar concentrations and high salt concentrations. In contrast, os-1 mutants of N. crassa are sensitive to high concentrations of both salts and sugars. These findings suggest that P. oryzae and N. crassa partially differ in their os (osmosensitive) signal transduction pathway.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Hygrophorones A-G: fungicidal cyclopentenones from Hygrophorus species (Basidiomycetes).

Twenty new 5-(hydroxyalkyl)-2-cyclopentenone derivatives (hygrophorones) could be isolated from Hygrophorus latitabundus, H. olivaceoalbus, H. persoonii, and H. pustulatus. Their fungicidal activity was exemplarily tested. The hygrophorones have structural similarities to the antibiotic pentenomycin. Chemically, hygrophorones are 2-cyclopentenones with hydroxy or acetoxy substituents at C-4 and/or C-5. An odd-numbered 1' oxidized alkyl chain (C(11), C(13), C(15), or C(17)) is attached at C-5. In addition, from H. persoonii the new gamma-butyrolactone derivative [5-(E)-2-hydroxytetradexylidene-5H-furan-2-one] could be isolated. Some hygrophorones are responsible for the color reaction of the stipes of these fungi upon treatment with potassium hydroxide solution. Structural elucidations are based on 1D ((1)H, (13)C) and 2D (COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC) NMR spectroscopic analyses as well as HR-FT-ICR-MS investigations.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2006

Biosynthesis of fatty acid derived aldehydes is induced upon mechanical wounding and its products show fungicidal activities in cucumber.

Fatty acid 9/13-hydroperoxide lyase (9/13-HPL) in cucumber is an enzyme that can cleave either 9- or 13-hydroperoxides of polyunsaturated fatty acids to form C9- or C6-aldehydes, respectively, as products. In order to reveal the physiological function of 9/13-HPL, its expression profiles were analyzed, and it was found that 9/13-HPL expression was developmentally regulated and high in the hypocotyls, female flowers and mature fruits. However, its transcript as well as its activity was only induced by mechanical wounding in mature leaves. To analyze the biosynthesis of HPL-derived aldehydes in more detail we isolated and characterized the yet missing 9-lipoxygenase (LOX) that is mainly expressed in hypocotyls, cotyledons and flowers and that may provide HPL with fatty acid 9-hydroperoxides as substrates. As in the case with C6-aldehydes in most plant species, C9-aldehydes were also formed rapidly after disruption of the tissues. C9-aldehydes had fungicidal activities against fungal pathogens, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum. Because the concentration needed to cause toxic effect on the pathogens was almost equivalent to that found in disrupted tissues, the C9-aldehydes thus formed could be helpful to sterilize the wounds since they are less volatile in comparison to C6-aldehydes.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1990

Simultaneous determination of insecticides, acaricides and fungicides by thin-layer chromatography.

A method is described for the determination of residual amounts of some insecticides, acaricides and fungicides in fresh and processed fruits. Optimum conditions were established for the extraction of eighteen pesticides, purification of the extracts by column chromatography and subsequent two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on silica gel GF254 with cyclohexane-acetone (10:1) and light petroleum-benzene-ethanol (65:30:5) as solvents and with detection under UV light at 254 and 366 nm followed by a 0.1% solution of bromophenol blue.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2001

Study of fungicidal and antibacterial effect of the Cu(II)-complexes of thiophene oligomers synthesized in ZSM-5 zeolite channels.

The influence of the Cu(II)-complexes of thiophene oligomers synthesized by oxidative polymerization of thiophene with Cu2+ ions in ZSM-5 zeolite channels on fungicidal and antimicrobial properties was studied. It has been found that the heterogeneous system culture medium-modified zeolite increases sporulation of the tested fungus (Aspergillus niger) and concurrently kills yeast (Candida albicans). These effects are attributed to a slow release of Cu2+ ions and thiophene oligomers into the culture medium. As for the tested bacteria (G+ Staphylococcus aureus, G- Escherichia coli), the percentage of the killed cells increases due to light activation of the system. The light effect is assigned to photogeneration of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly *OH radicals, which were registered in the water solution by EPR spectroscopy. It has been confirmed that the thiophene oligomers present in the Cu-ZSM-5 microstructure slow down the release of copper into the medium.

Candida albicans↗
PubMed2000

Impact of the fungicide carbendazim in freshwater microcosms. I. Water quality, breakdown of particulate organic matter and responses of macroinvertebrates.

Effects of chronic application of the fungicide Derosal(R) (active ingredient carbendazim) were studied in indoor macrophyte-dominated freshwater microcosms. The concentrations (0, 3.3, 33, 100, 330 and 1000 µg/l) were kept at a constant level for 4 weeks. This paper is the first of a series of two, and describes the fate of carbendazim and its effects on water quality parameters, breakdown of POM, and responses of macroinvertebrates. Carbendazim proved very persistent in the water layer. Values for t(12) varied between 6 and 25 weeks, and decreased with the treatment level. Significant effects on water quality parameters (DO, pH, alkalinity, conductivity) could not be demonstrated. After 4 weeks of incubation, the breakdown of Populus leaves was significantly slower at the two highest carbendazim concentrations. The macroinvertebrate community was seriously affected by carbendazim application, with Oligochaeta, Turbellaria, Hirudinea and some Crustacea as the most sensitive groups. The snail Bithynia decreased in numbers, but other gastropods increased in numbers. Safety factors as proposed by the Uniform Principles (European Union) for the risk assessment of pesticides, to be multiplied with toxicity data of the standard test species (Daphnia, fish, algae), appeared to ensure adequate protection of sensitive populations present in the microcosms.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Impact of the fungicide carbendazim in freshwater microcosms. II. Zooplankton, primary producers and final conclusions.

Effects of chronic application of the fungicide Derosal(R) (active ingredient carbendazim) were studied in indoor macrophyte-dominated freshwater microcosms. The concentrations (0, 3.3, 33, 100, 330 and 1000 µg/l) were kept at a constant level for 4 weeks. This paper is the second of a series of two; it describes the effects on zooplankton and primary producers and presents an overall discussion. The zooplankton community was negatively affected by the three highest treatment levels (NOEC(community)=33 µg/l). At higher treatment levels Cladocera taxa were completely eliminated, while Copepod numbers were reduced. Rotatoria taxa decreased (Keratella quadrata and Lecane sp.) or increased in abundance (Testudinella parva) at the highest treatment level only. Due to the reduced grazing pressure, the abundance of some phytoplankton taxa and the chlorophyll-a content of the phytoplankton increased at the three highest treatment levels (NOEC(community)=33 µg/l). This effect was not observed for the periphyton, most probably because the reduced grazing pressure was compensated by the increased abundance of some snail species such as Lymnaea stagnalis and Physella acuta. At the end of the experimental period the biomass of the macrophyte Elodea nuttallii was significantly elevated at the two highest treatment levels. It is hypothesised that carbendazim might have caused, directly or indirectly, the removal of pathogene organisms from the macrophyte.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Degradation of the fungicide difenoconazole in a silt loam soil as affected by pretreatment and organic amendment.

Degradation of the fungicide difenoconazole was examined in a silt loam soil under controlled conditions (60% WHC, 30 degrees C) in the laboratory. Difenoconazole was applied at 0.1 and 1.0 mg kg(-1) dry soil, respectively. The experiments were run with non-pretreated and pretreated field soil, respectively, partly mixed with easily decomposable organic matter (leaf powder). In all experiments, degradation curves showed a sigmoidal shape with clear acclimation phases. Pretreatment with difenoconazole in the field decreased the acclimation phases, DT(50)- and, in some cases, DT(90)-values. The incorporation of easily decomposable organic matter decreased both DT(50)- and DT(90)-values and increased the general microbial activity significantly. We conclude that difenoconazole is metabolized by an acclimated part of the soil microflora. However, the degradation seems to be stimulated in the presence of suitable co-substrates.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Characterisation of soil-bound residue fractions of the fungicide dithianon by gel permeation chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

The degradation of the (14)C-labelled fungicide dithianon in an orthic luvisol was investigated under standardized conditions in comparison to stimulated microbial activity by an amendment of maize straw. The compound is characterized by mineralization losses of approximately 33% and the formation of non-extractable bound residues of approximately 63% in 64 days. Despite the major role of microorganisms in mineralizing this compound, the formation of bound residues is not biotically induced. Gel permeation chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, as different size separation techniques of the humic acids fractions, showed differences in the distribution patterns of non-extractable residues depending on the addition of straw material. The results presented support the existence of humic substances in soil as a micellar system rather than as a biopolymer.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Effects of propolis from Brazil and Bulgaria on fungicidal activity of macrophages against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.

Paracoccidioidomycosis is the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America. Its etiological agent, Paracoccidoides brasiliensis, affects individuals living in endemic areas through inhalation of airborne conidia or mycelial fragments. The disease may affect different organs and systems, with multiple clinical features, with cell-mediated immunity playing a significant role in host defence. Peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were stimulated with Brazilian or Bulgarian propolis and subsequently challenged with P. brasiliensis. Data suggest an increase in the fungicidal activity of macrophages by propolis stimulation, independently from its geographic origin.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Proton translocating ATPase mediated fungicidal activity of a novel complex carbohydrate: CAN-296.

CAN-296 is a complex carbohydrate (approximately 4300 Da) isolated from the cell wall of Mucor rouxii. It exhibits excellent in vitro fungicidal activity against a wide spectrum of pathogenic yeasts, including isolates resistant to azoles and polyenes. The rapid irreversible action of CAN-296 on intact fungal cells and protoplasts suggested a membrane-located target for its action. The proton translocating ATPase (H+-ATPase) of fungi is an essential enzyme required for the regulation of intracellular pH and nutrient transport. Inhibition of H+-ATPase leads to intracellular acidification and cell death. We therefore investigated the effect of CAN-296 on H+-ATPase-mediated proton pumping by intact cells of Candida and Saccharomyces species by measuring the glucose-induced acidification of external medium. CAN-296 inhibited proton pumping of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida guilliermondii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae at low concentrations (0.078-1.25 mg/l). Other commonly used antifungal agents such as amphotericin B, itraconazole and fluconazole had no effect on H+-ATPase-mediated proton pumping. A clinical isolate of C. glabrata with reduced in vitro susceptibility (MIC = 10 mg/l) to CAN-296 also showed resistance to CAN-296 inhibition of proton pumping. Purified membrane fractions rich in H+-ATPase activity were not inhibited by CAN-296 suggesting that the effect on the H+-ATPase-mediated proton pumping in intact yeast cells is an indirect effect, perhaps mediated by local or global disruption of the plasma membrane. These results suggest that the inhibition of fungal H+-ATPase is at least partly responsible for the antifungal activity of CAN-296.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2002

Isogamous, hermaphroditic inheritance of mitochondrion-encoded resistance to Qo inhibitor fungicides in Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici.

A mutation of glycine to alanine at position 143 in the mitochondrial cytochrome b amino acid sequence of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici cosegregated with the QoI-resistant phenotype in a ratio of 1:1 in a cross between a sensitive and a resistant isolate. This mutation was used as a mitochondrial marker to determine whether mitochondrial inheritance in B. graminis was anisogamous, as in heterothallic Neurospora sp., or isogamous and hermaphroditic, as in Aspergillus nidulans. Segregation of mitochondrial genotypes in B. graminis f. sp. tritici was consistent with inheritance of mitochondria being hermaphroditic and isogamous, in that all ascospores from an individual cleistothecium had the same mitochondrial genotype and that either parent could act as the maternal parent of a cleistothecium. Within each cleistothecium, nuclear segregation occurred independently of mitochondrial inheritance, as shown by segregation of resistance to the fungicide triadimenol and by segregation of avirulences to the wheat cultivars Galahad (Pm2), Armada (Pm4b), and Holger (Pm6).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Growth at different temperatures and on fungicide amended media: two characteristics to distinguish Colletotrichum species pathogenic to rubber.

Slower growth at temperatures ranging from 15 to 32.5 degrees C and high tolerance of three fungicides, benomyl, carbendazim and thio-phanate methyl, were shown to be reliable characteristics in distinguishing rubber isolates of Colletotrichum acutatum from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in addition to the characteristics reported previously.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fungicidal and binding properties of three plant peptides.

The fungicidal properties of plant seed peptides from Heuchera sanginea (Hs-AFP1), Raphanus sativus (EA-AFP2), and Impatiens balsamina (Ib-AMP3) were determined for the non-germinated and germinated conidia of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium moniliforme. These peptides were weakly lethal for germinated but not for non-germinated conidia of A. flavus. Both non-germinated and germinated conidia of F. moniliforme were susceptible to these peptides. Overall, F. moniliforme was more susceptible than A. flavus to the peptides. The peptides bound strongly to chitin, mannan, galactocerebrosides, and sphingomyelin. Binding results varied for ergosterol, cholesterol, and beta1,3-glucan.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Implications of fungicidal effects of benzimidazole compounds on Duddingtonia flagrans in integrated nematode parasite management in livestock.

An in vitro trial with carbendazim fungicide on the growth profile of the predatory fungus Duddingtonia flagrans was undertaken and in vivo trials in sheep and buffaloes, fed on chlamydospores of D. flagrans and administered albendazole anthelmintic, were conducted. Although no growth inhibition was detected at a carbendazim concentration of 0.05 ppm, growth inhibition was recorded of 50% and above at concentrations of 0.25 and 1.00 ppm (p < 0.001) and of around 90% at concentrations of 2.00 to 5.00 ppm (p <0.0001). Scanty recovery of the fungus was made from faecal culture 48 h following a single dose of albendazole both in sheep and buffaloes. However, profuse fungal recovery was made from 96 h post dosing onwards. When the drug was used as an intraruminal slow-release capsule, no faecal fungal recovery could be made from day 3 after administration of the capsule, when the albendazole sulphoxide concentration was around 1.0 microg/ml. However, profuse and scanty fungal recovery could be made on days 1 and 2, respectively, after administration of the capsule, when the plasma albendazole sulphoxide concentration was around 0.4 and 0.9 microg/ml, respectively. The implications for use of a combination of anthelmintics and biological control in sustainable parasite control programmes are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Fungicidal activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (L.) and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr et L.M. Perry against crown rot and anthracnose pathogens isolated from banana.

AIMS: To develop a post-harvest treatment system against post-harvest fungal pathogens of banana using natural products. METHODS AND RESULTS: Colletotrichum musae was isolated and identified as the causative agent responsible for anthracnose peel blemishes while three fungi, namely Lasiodiplodia theobromae, C. musae and Fusarium proliferatum, were identified as causative agents responsible for crown rot. During the liquid bioassay, cinnamon [Cinnamomum zeylanicum (L.)] leaf, bark and clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L.)] oils were tested against the anthracnose and crown rot pathogens. The test oils were fungistatic and fungicidal against the test pathogens within a range of 0.03-0.11% (v/v). CONCLUSIONS: Cinnamon and clove essential oils could be used as antifungal agents to manage post harvest fungal diseases of banana. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Cinnamon and clove essential oil could be used as alternative post-harvest treatments on banana. Banana treated with essential oil is chemically safe and acceptable to consumers. Benomyl (Benlate), which is currently used to manage fungal pathogens, can cause adverse health effects and could be replaced with volatile essential oils.

Antifungal Agents↗