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PubMed2000

Susceptibility of Vespula vulgaris (Hymenoptera: vespidae) to generalist entomopathogenic fungi and their potential for wasp control.

The pathogenicity of Vespula vulgaris wasp workers and larvae to a range of fungi was determined. All fungi were isolated in New Zealand and included isolates from Vespula, known generalist insect pathogens, and isolates generally nonpathogenic to insects. Workers and larvae were highly susceptible to pathogenic isolates at high spore concentrations (>1.75 x 10(5) cfu/individual). Eight isolates, two of Metarhizium anisopliae, five of Beauveria bassiana, and one of Aspergillus flavus were pathogenic while a single isolate of M. flavouiride var. novazealandicum, Cladosporium sp., and Paecilomyces sp. were not. The transfer of spores between workers, and between workers and larvae, was also investigated using several different application methods. Transfer of spores occurred between treated and untreated individuals, and for some of the application methods sufficient spores were transferred to cause mortality of the nontreated individuals. These findings are related to the potential of fungi for the control of wasps.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Glomus, the largest genus of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales), is nonmonophyletic.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form a widespread and ecologically important symbiosis with plants in the land ecosystem. The phylogeny of the largest presently accepted genus, Glomus, of the monogeneric family Glomaceae (Glomales; AM fungi) was analyzed. Phylogenetic trees were computed from nearly full-length SSU rRNA gene sequences of 30 isolates, and show that "Glomus" is not monophyletic. Even after the very recent separation of Archaeospora and Paraglomus from "Glomus," the genus further separates into two suprageneric clades. One of them diverges further into two subclades, differing by phylogenetic distances equivalent to family level. The other, comprising Glomus versiforme, G. spurcum, and a species morphologically similar to G. etunicatum, is not closely related to the Glomaceae, but clusters together with the Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae in a monophyletic clade. Based on the molecular evidence, a new family, separate from the Glomaceae, is required to accommodate this group of organisms, initially named Diversisporaceae fam. ined. The current taxonomic concept of the recently erected family Archaeosporaceae also requires future emendation, because Geosiphon pyriformis (Geosiphonaceae) renders Archaeospora, the sole genus formally included in this family, paraphyletic. The suborders Gigasporineae and Glominaeae are not congruent with the natural phylogeny of the AM fungi. Our data necessitate a general reexamination of the generic concepts within the Glomales. In addition to the new family structure hypothesized herein, establishment of at least three new genera will be necessary in the future.

DNA, Fungal↗

PubMed1999

Chitin synthases in yeast and fungi.

The polysaccharide chitin is an important structural component of the cell walls of many fungi. Chitin synthesis is directly governed by an enzymatic activity called chitin synthase (CS). The use of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a biological model allowed the identification of three distinct chitin synthase activities: CSI, involved in repair functions at the end of cytokinesis; CSII, responsible for the synthesis of the primary septum that separates mother and daughter cells; and CSIII, responsible for the formation of the ring (bud scar) where most of the cell wall chitin is located. These chitin synthases differ not only in functions but also in catalytic properties. The catalytic subunit of each of these activities is encoded by separated genes, CHS1, CHS2 and CHS3, respectively, although it has been shown in S. cerevisiae that CSIII activity also depends on the products of other genes. To date, several chitin synthase (CHS) genes have been also identified in other fungi; most of them are similar to ScCHS1 and ScCHS2 genes and are classified in chitin synthases classes I, II and III in terms of sequence similarity. The rest are defined as two CHS classes, IV and V, highly similar to ScCHS3. While CHS class V genes have been only identified in filamentous fungi and their functions are unknown, class IV genes, which includes ScCHS3, are involved in the synthesis of most chitin in yeast cells.

Cell Wall↗

PubMed1992

Relationship between tissue reactions and morphological changes of the fungi in chromoblastomycosis: morphometry and electron microscopy.

To investigate the histological distribution and the morphology of the fungi and the tissue reactions in chromoblastomycosis, especially in the process of transepidermal elimination, cutaneous lesions of two patients with this disease were studied morphometrically and ultrastructurally. In the dermis, most of the fungal elements appeared as sclerotic cells and their cell wall showed an irregular, worm-eaten leaf-like appearance; they seemed to be continuously attacked by polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The epidermis eliminated 10-20% of all the organisms in the skin lesions, and the hypha-forming activity tended to be higher in the epidermis than in the dermis. Ultrastructurally, basal keratinocytes facing the dermal abscess containing fungal elements frequently appeared as dark cells, suggesting an increased proliferation activity. Spinous keratinocytes facing intraepidermal microabscesses containing fungal elements showed an abnormal accumulation of tonofilaments and further early keratinization in the spinous cell layer. All of the morphological changes of the dermis and epidermis are regarded as defence reactions against the fungi existing in the skin lesions. There is a close relationship between tissue reactions and morphological changes of fungi in chromoblastomycosis.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Carbon assimilation and extracellular antigens of some yeast-like fungi.

Many yeast-like fungi assimilated n-hexadecane, butylamine and putrescine as sole carbon sources. Methanol was not assimilated. This points to a physiological similarity to endomycetous, hydrocarbon-utilizing yeasts. Stephanoascus ciferrii assimilated uric acid, adenine and allantoin as sole source of carbon and nitrogen. All strains of Geotrichum candidum and many other yeast-like fungi assimilated acetoin and butan-2,3-diol. Assimilation tests for adenine, uric acid, allantoin, acetoin and butan-2,3-diol were found to be suitable for taxonomic purposes. Extracellular antigens immunologically related to those produced by Geotrichum candidum were detected in the cell-free culture liquids of several yeast-like fungi. The extracellular antigen excreted by Stephanoascus ciferrii was species-specific.

Alkanes↗

PubMed1975

Four endoparasitic nematode destroying fungi isolated from sand ridge state forest soil.

A survey to determine the endoparasitic nematode destroying fungi located within Sand Ridge State Forest of Illinois was conducted from 1 January to 3 April 1973. A total of seven nematode destroying fungal species were isolated from the collected soil samples. Harposporium helicoides, H. crassum, H. lilliputanum are endoparasitic nematophagous fungi that have been isolated previously from the forest soil. Acrostalagmus gonoides, A. obovatus, Cephalosporium balanoides, and Monacrosporium cionopagum are nematophagous fungal species that had not been isolated previously from Illinois soil. Soil pH's and soil nutrient levels were not important in the isolation frequency of the collected endoparasitic nematode destroying fungi.

Illinois↗

PubMed1991

Keratinolytic and keratinophilic fungi in the soils of Papua New Guinea.

A study was made of soil samples collected during an expedition to the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Fungi were isolated from the samples by the method of hair baiting (To-Ka-Va). Of the 33 species isolated, about half showed keratinolytic activity. Such activity is previously unreported for Mucor hiemalis f. hiemalis, Myrothecium roridum, Paecilomyces carneus, P. marquandii, Penicillium brevicompactum, Rhinocladiella mansonii and Verticillium lecanii. The species most active keratinolytically were Chrysosporium an. Arthroderma cuniculi, C. an. A. curreyi, C. indicum, Myceliophthora vellerea and Trichophyton ajelloi. The spectrum of fungi with keratinolytic activity isolated from the different sites differed considerably according to the frequency of use by man, heaviest use being correlated with greatest activity. The pH of the soil (varying from 5.8-7.5) had little influence on the type of such fungi isolated.

Fungi↗

PubMed1983

Allergenic fungi and actinomycetes in smoking materials and their health implications.

Street marijuana, commercial cigarettes and pipe tobaccos were studied for the presence of fungi and actinomycetes associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Aspergillus species and thermophilic actinomycetes were isolated from the smoking materials. In addition, Aspergillus fumigatus spores were isolated from marijuana smoke, indicating the potential hazard involved in developing serious disease. Precipitin antibodies against fungi, particularly Aspergillus, showed a higher prevalence in marijuana smokers, whereas only very few cigarette smokers and nonsmokers demonstrated antibodies to fungi. Cigarette smokers and nonsmokers showed more or less similar prevelance of antibodies against thermophilic actinomycetes.

Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic↗

PubMed1988

Taxonomic study of keratinophilic fungi isolated from soil and some mammals in France.

In France, most of the researches have showed the distribution of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi in the soil and in the coat of wild mammals. During these last years, we have also practiced numerous investigations about the distribution of such fungi. The isolated species are: Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton terrestre, Trichophyton ajelloï, Trichophyton simii, Microsporum gypseum, Microsporum cookei, Microsporum nanum, Microsporum persicolor, Anixiopsis stercoraria, Chrysosporium keratinophilum, Chrysosporium tropicum, Chrysosporium state of Arthroderma curreyi, Chrysosporium state of Arthroderma cuniculi, Chrysosporium state of Arthroderma tuberculatum, Chrysosporium state of Arthroderma multifidum, Ctenomycès serratus, Chrysosporium parvum, Chrysosporium indicum, Chrysosporium georgii, Chrysosporium merdarium, Chrysosporium asperatum, Chrysosporium pannorum. A key to these species is proposed: it attempts to provide an aid in identifying geophilic dermatophytes and related fungi (belonging to the Chrysosporium genus).

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Keratinophilic fungi on sheep hairs from the West Bank of Jordan.

The mycoflora of the hair in 285 sheep from the West Bank of Jordan was analysed and the frequency of occurrence and the relative importance value for different fungal species found were calculated. Ninety six species which belong to 36 genera were isolated. Forty one of these species were either well-known agents of animal and human mycoses (Trichophyton verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes, Microsporum nanum, M. canis, and others), or have been isolated from human and animal lesions (Arthroderma cuniculi, A. curreyi, Chrysosporium tropicum, Acremonium kiliense, Aphanoascus fulvuscens, Aspergillus versicolor, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, and others). These pathogenic fungi comprised 75.4% of all fungi recovered from the hair of sheep. This animal seems to represent an adequate reservoir for several dermatophytes and several potentially pathogenic fungi.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Keratinophilic fungi of school playgrounds in the Nablus area, West Bank of Jordan.

The distribution of keratinophilic fungi in the soil of 57 school playgrounds in the Nablus area was studied with relation to human presence. A total number of 73 species was recovered. Thirteen of these species were dermatophytes and closely related fungi. The most common and frequent species of the latter fungi were: Arthroderma cuniculi (found in 32.1% of school playgrounds), Chrysosporium keratinophilum (32.1%), Microsporum gypseum (10.7%), T. terrestre (7.1%), and C. asperatum (7.1%). Twenty eight of the isolated species had been reported to be pathogenic; these comprised 64.3% of the keratinophilic mycoflora of school playgrounds.

Dermatomycoses↗

PubMed1986

Isolation of keratinophilic fungi from floors in Roman kindergarten and secondary schools.

We examined the dust collected from the floors of forty classrooms, twenty in kindergarten schools (children aged 2-5) and twenty in secondary schools (students aged 11-14) in order to determine the diffusion of keratinophilic fungi in respect to such different factors as human presence and children's age. In the kindergarten schools 268 colonies of keratinophilic fungi were isolated: 50 were Microsporum, 6 Trichophyton and 212 Chrysosporium species. Members of the Chrysosporium genus were found the widely diffused. It is interesting to note the isolation of M. gypseum in two schools. In the secondary schools 847 colonies of keratinophilic fungi were isolated: 727 were Chrysosporium, 81 Microsporum, 38 Trichophyton and 1 Epidermophyton species. Again the Chrysosporium species were the most widely diffused. It is remarkable to point out the isolation of pathogenic species such as Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum and the rather rare Microsporum vanbreuseghemii.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Fungi associated with post-harvest rot of black plum (Vitex doniana) in Nigeria.

The fungi associated with rot of Vitex doniana fruits (blackplum) were isolated and identified. Aspergillus niger, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Candida spp. Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium pallidoroseum F. oxysporum and Mucor mucedo were the primary rot causing fungi in contrast to Cladosporium herbarum and Mucor circinelloides which were just present as secondary colonizers. The rot fungi penetrated mainly through wounds and bruises on the surface of fruits. Mature green fruits were less susceptible to infection than half ripe and fully ripened red fruits. Optimum rot by pathogenic isolates occurred at 25-30 degrees C and relative humidity 72.5-100%. The results of investigation of influence of storage temperatures and relative humidity on the quality of uninoculated healthy fruits are presented and discussed.

Aspergillus niger↗

PubMed1990

In vitro activity of seven azole compounds against some clinical isolates of non-dermatophytic filamentous fungi and some dermatophytes.

The in vitro activity of seven azole compounds viz clotrimozole, isoconazole, bifanazole, fluconazole oxyconazole, Bay n 7133 and Bay L 9139 was investigated against 47 clinical isolates of pathogenic non-dermatophytic filamentous fungi and dermatophytic fungi. The isolates included Hendersonula toruloidea-26, Scytalidium hyalinium-5, Scytalidium japonicum-1, Trichophyton rubrum-5, Trichophyton tonsurans-3, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes-4, Epidemophyton floccosum-2, Microporum gypseum-2 isolates. The drugs were significantly more active against the dermatophytes (MIC range 0.025-1.56 micrograms/ml) than non-dermatophytes (MIC range 0.39-6.25 micrograms/ml). Isoconazole showed more activity than the rest of the azole compound tested. Clotrimazole, fluconazole, oxyconazole, bifonazole were comparable in their inhibitory activity against both dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes. The azole derivatives, Bay n 7133 and Bay L 9139 showed higher MIC range i.e. gave a range of 0.39-1.56 micrograms/ml for dermatophytes and 1.56-6.25 micrograms/ml for non-dermatophytic filamentous fungi. The minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) of all the drugs tested were mostly within 2-8 times their MIC values.

Arthrodermataceae↗

PubMed1980

Air-borne fungi in Barcelona City (Spain). I. A two-year study (1976-1978).

Quantitative and qualitative studies were made of the fungi of the air in Barcelona City. The genera Cladosporium and Alternaria formed two of the most important components of the fungus population studied during a two-year period running from January 1976 through January 1978. Penicillium species formed the 16.3% of the total colonies while Aspergillus species represented only the 2.8%. The occurrence of the genera was greatly affected by climatic conditions. An attempt was made to summariza the data of various kinds of fungi on a volumetric basis. Most of the fungi reported here have been identified as far as genera.

Air Microbiology↗

PubMed1980

Investigation of keratinophilic fungi from soils in western Australia a preliminary survey.

In order to determine which species of geophilic dermatophytes were present in Western Australian soils 299 samples were investigated. These samples were collected from a range of locations, 208 towns throughout the state and 91 samples from the Perth Metropolitan area. Most samples were collected from areas frequented by people and animals, such as home gardens, parks and animal yards. Of the total 299 soils, 271 (90.6%) yielded keratinophilic fungi. A total of 181 dermatophytes were isolated, and there were 205 isolations of other keratinophilic fungi. Microsporum gypseum (30.7%) was the most prevalent dermatophyte recovered from soil followed by Microsporum cookei (21.7%) and then Trichophyton ajelloi (8.0%). No other dermatophytes were recovered. Chrysosporium indicum was the most common of all the keratinophilic fungi and was isolated from 50.1% of the samples. Mixed growth was obtained from 33.5% of the soil samples.

Arthrodermataceae↗

PubMed1981

Survey of human pathogenic actinomycetes and fungi in soil from Rome and other Italian areas.

As part of a study sponsored by the Ministry of Health of Italy, a research program on pathogenic actinomycetes, keratinophilic and pathogenic fungi in soil was carried out. Two hundred soil samples, collected from different areas of the city of Rome, Calabria, Emilia Romagna, Latium, Apulia, Sardinia, Sicily, Tuscany and Umbria, were examined by several techniques to detect the widest possible variety of pathogenic actinomycetes and fungi. Seven isolates of Nocardia asteroides, four of Actinomadura madurae and one of Nocardiopsis dassonvillei were isolated for the first time from soil in Italy. In addition, numerous isolates of Petriellidium boydii, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger and keratinophilic fungi of the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton and Chrysosporium were also recovered.

Aspergillus↗

PubMed1979

Toxigenic fungi isolated from Roquefort cheese.

To evaluate the potential for mycotoxin production by fungi contaminating blue-veined cheese, as well as by the ripening fungus, Penicillium roqueforti, the fungal flora of six of local and imported brands was determined. A total of 19 fungi were isolated from the six brands tested. Fourteen of the isolates were toxic to chicken embryos. The toxigenic fungi produced the following mycotoxins: Aspergillus fumigatus, kojic acid; A. versicolor, sterigmatocystin; Penicillium roqueforti, penicillic acid and unidentified toxic metabolites.

Animals↗