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PubMed1998

Perceived stress, psychopathology, and family support in Korean immigrants and nonimmigrants.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of immigration on perceived stress, psychopathology, and family support in Korean immigrants. A total of 105 immigrants and 32 nonimmigrants responded to the questionnaire. The Global assessment of recent stress (GARS) scale as well as anxiety, depression and somatization scales of the symptom checklist-90-revised (SCL-90-R), and the perceived social support scale were used to measure perceived stress, psychopathology and extent and of family support. Immigrants scored significantly higher on the somatization scale than nonimmigrants. However, no significant differences were found in scores on the anxiety and depression scales of SCL-90-R, total GARS scores for family support between the two groups. Immigrants with lower incomes had significantly higher scores on the anxiety, depression and somatization scales as well as total GARS scores than those with higher incomes, whereas the former were significantly lower in family support than the latter. Immigrants with nonprofessional occupations had significantly higher scores on the anxiety and somatization scales and lower scores for family support than those with professional occupations. The extent of satisfaction for family (spouses and children), job and friendship had significantly negative correlations with scores on all three scales of SCL-90-R in immigrants. These results suggest that Korean immigrants had more somatization than nonimmigrants, and that the immigrants' psychopathology, including somatization, could be greatly influenced by income, type of occupation, satisfaction for job, family and friendship.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Social influences, social norms, social support, and smoking behavior among adolescent workers.

PURPOSE: To examine the relationships between worksite interpersonal influences and smoking and quitting behavior among adolescent workers. DESIGN: The cross-sectional survey assessed factors influencing tobacco use behavior. SETTING: During the fall of 1998, data were collected from 10 grocery stores in Massachusetts that were owned and managed by the same company. SUBJECTS: Eligible participants included 474 working adolescents ages 15 to 18. Eighty-three percent of workers (n = 379) completed the survey. MEASURES: The self-report questionnaire assessed social influences, social norms, social support, friendship networks, stage of smoking and quitting behavior, employment patterns, and demographic factors. RESULTS: Thirty-five percent of respondents were never smokers, 21% experimental, 5% occasional, 18% regular, and 23% former smokers. Using analysis of variance (ANOVA), results indicate that regular smokers were 30% more likely than experimental or occasional smokers to report coworker encouragement to quit (p = .0002). Compared with regular smokers, never smokers were 15% more likely to report greater nonacceptability of smoking (p = .01). chi 2 tests of association revealed no differences in friendship networks by stage of smoking. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide evidence for the need to further explore social factors inside and outside the work environment that influence smoking and quitting behavior among working teens. Interpretations of the data are limited because of cross-sectional and self-report data collection methods used in one segment of the retail sector.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Relationships between patterns of dyad relations and its change and mutual understanding of psychological traits].

The link between dyad friendship pattern and properties of mutual understanding was explored using the seventh graders as subjects. In Study 1, 42 mutual (MP) and 47 unilateral (UP) friendship pairs were selected. Each partner in each pair was asked to choose five dispositional traits which deemed to describe properly (1) self, (2) partner, and (3) self perceived by partner respectively from 30 traits. Five kinds of criteria to delineate mutual understanding were devised. MP, as opposed to UP, showed greater mutual understanding and recognized not only partners' attractive traits but receiving desirable estimation from partners. MP were also aware of sharing weak points. In Study 2, conducted four-months after Study 1, stable pairs (20 maintained mutual, MM) and vacillating ones (six growing mutual, GM; 11 decayed mutual, DM) were selected. For each of these pairs, the degree of fluctuations in mutual understanding was analyzed. Results showed DM became to see partner as having negative traits, besides to assume receiving negative evaluation from the partner, while MM sustained high degree of mutual understanding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The terrible adventure of rehabilitation.

Friendship with patients, caregivers are taught during their professional training, is to be avoided. Yet the capacity for friendship--to be "a person who emerges in her personhood and not simply as a professional"--may be crucial to effective therapy.

Empathy↗
PubMed1999

Association between self-concept and body weight, gender, and pubertal development among male and female adolescents.

This study examined the effects and interactions of gender, pubertal status, and body weight on the self-concept of 462 young adolescent Australian students from two different schools. All students enrolled in Years 7 and 8 completed the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents, which includes several self-concept subscales and ratings of the importance of each subscale. The self-concept subscales ranked as most important by male and female students were Close Friendship, Scholastic Competence, and Job Competence. Females rated their ability to form close friendships significantly higher and of greater importance than did males. Standard body weight was related to students' Physical Appearance subscale scores, with higher weight students having lower self-concept, and postmenarcheal females having the poorest opinion of their physical appearance. Higher body weight males had lower scores on Athletic Competence, Job Competence, and Behavioral Conduct than did other males. Overweight females and normal weight males considered athletic competence to be more important than did other students. Pubertal status was related to students' scores on Athletic Competence, with postpubertal males who were not overweight scoring highest, and on Physical Appearance, with postmenarcheal females having the lowest opinion of their appearance. The mean self-concept score was significantly related to students' standard body weight, and there was an interaction between gender and puberty, with postpubertal males having the highest and postmenarcheal females the lowest self-concept score. The discrepancy score suggested that females felt they had failed to meet their ideal self-concept significantly more than did males. The results suggest that school programs should be implemented to provide exercise and job skill training suitable for all students, especially those who are overweight. These programs, while taking into account students' pubertal status, should aim to improve self-image without resulting in feelings of failure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Connectedness and autonomy support in parent-child relationships: links to children's socioemotional orientation and peer relationships.

Connectedness and autonomy support in the parent-child relationship are constructs that emerge from object relations and attachment theories but that overlap with other commonly studied qualities of parent-child relationships to provide a unifying focus for research in this domain. In this study, these constructs were examined in relation to children's relational competence, including socioemotional orientation, friendship, and peer acceptance. Semistructured conversations between mothers and their 5-year-olds (N = 192) were videotaped at home and rated for (a) connectedness between the members of the dyad and (b) the parent' s support for the child's autonomy. Results showed that connectedness was correlated with children's socioemotional orientations, number of mutual friendships, and peer acceptance and that the relation between parent-child connectedness and children's peer relationships was mediated by children's prosocial-empathic orientation. Implications of these findings for theories that link parent-child relationships to the development of relational competence in children are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Breaking up is hard to do: unwanted pursuit behaviors following the dissolution of a romantic relationship.

This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of unwanted pursuit behaviors among college students. Participants (n = 282) had experienced the termination of a meaningful romantic relationship. Two questionnaires were administered. One assessed unwanted pursuit behaviors that were perpetrated by individuals who had not initiated the relationship breakup (breakup sufferers; n = 120); the other assessed individuals who had initiated the relationship breakup (relationship dissolvers; n = 162). Results indicated that most breakup sufferers had engaged in at least one act of unwanted pursuit (i.e., unwanted phone calls, unwanted in-person conversations) after the breakup. Breakup sufferers were more likely than relationship dissolvers to perceive a positive impact from their unwanted pursuit behavior. Partner-specific attachment experiences and love styles emerged as significant predictors of unwanted pursuit behavior perpetration, according to both victims and perpetrators of unwanted pursuit. However, only victims of unwanted pursuit revealed an association between levels of relationship violence and unwanted pursuit behavior perpetration. Victims also reported that their unwanted pursuit was related to a lack of friendship between themselves and their expartners. In contrast, there was a positive association between feelings of friendship and unwanted pursuit for perpetrators. The implications of these findings and their application to the stalking literature are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

["Dear Kitty, you asked me...": imaginary companions and real friends in adolescence].

Based on semistructured interviews and the analyses of diary entries, frequency and function of imaginary companions, compared to real friendships, were investigated in an adolescent sample. Results suggest that while imaginary companions fulfill a number of different functions for the identity development, which supplement experiences with close friends, they do not compensate for the lack of close friendships. Real and fantasized comparisons with a highly similar significant other are most important. Interestingly, as an adult, writers hardly remember these positive functions for their own developmental progression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Annotation: Recent research examining the role of peer relationships in the development of psychopathology.

This Annotation highlights recent research on the role of peer group and friendship factors in the development of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. Several processes are considered. including peer rejection (e.g., exclusion and victimization), social withdrawal and avoidance of peer interaction, and the socialization of deviant behavior and internalizing problems. The mediating influences of several proximal components are examined, including cognitive-perceptual factors and emotion regulation. In addition, the moderating influences of close friendship, age, gender, ethnicity, and group norms are considered. Several promising avenues for future directions in research are highlighted, including the examination of heterogeneity in developmental processes, further investigation of gender-based norms, and the application of multi-level modeling techniques and gene-environment process models.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Field study on the choice of friends in two multi-racial pre-schools (South Africa/London).

The present research examined the influence of the two independent variables sex and race on the choice of friends in pre-school children. Data for this investigation were collected in two pre-schools, one situated in Stellenbosch, South Africa, the other in London, U.K. Both schools have in common that they accommodate children of different racial backgrounds (black, white, and coloured children), but the children's experience with desegregated classrooms differ. Friendship was operational defined with thirteen categories, summarized to the basic category pro-social behaviour. Fifty hours of free-play time were taped with one video camera in South Africa, and hundred hours were taped with two video cameras in London. The results showed that sex and race interact in their effect on the choice of friends. In South Africa race is supposed to be a strong indicator for friendship choices, especially for black children, whereas the black children in London choose friends more or less on the basis of sex.

Black People↗
PubMed2005

Confessions of a trusted counselor.

Advising CEOs sounds like a dream job, but doing so can be perplexing and perilous. At times, the questions you must ask yourself-about your own motivations and loyalty-can be thornier than the organizational problems that clients face. David Nadler knows, because he has been asking himself such questions for a quarter century while advising the chiefs of more than two dozen corporations. If you're an adviser to CEOs, recognizing the pitfalls of your role may help you sidestep them. And understanding a problem's nuances and implications may help you uncover a solution. The challenges facing consultants include the following: The loyalty dilemma: Is my ultimate responsibility to the CEO, who pays for my services, or to the institution, which pays for his? Today's shorter CEO tenures and greater board oversight have diminished the top leader's power and autonomy; it's now routine for a CEO adviser to have conversations with directors about the CEO's performance. To defuse loyalty issues, the adviser should raise them with the executive at the outset of the relationship. The overidentification dilemma: How do I immerse myself in the CEO's worldview without making it my own? CEOs can be enormously persuasive, but if you don't push back, you're not doing your job. The trick is to ask probing questions without shaking the CEO's confidence that you fully comprehend the forces that shape her views. The friendship dilemma: If the CEO and I like each other, can we-should we-become friends? A successful, long-term advisory relationship with a CEO requires a strong personal connection; in some cases, that becomes a friendship. But the best relationships are characterized by the participants' clear-eyed recognition of each other's frailties-tempered, of course, by genuine affection and easy rapport.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Macrophage and dengue virus: friend or foe?

The cells of monocyte-macrophage (Mphi) lineage play important roles both in innate and adaptive immune responses. They are the first line of defence in body and their job is to phagocytose a foreign invader, the pathogen, digest it and remove it. Mphi help body in mounting the antigenspecific immune response by presenting the digested pathogen antigen in conjunction with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules to recruit B and T lymphocytes response. Usually Mphi succeed in their job of eliminating most pathogens from the body but sometimes the pathogen strikes a "friendship" with them and starts using them for its benefit. A number of pathogens, including dengue virus (DV), subvert Mphi and use them for their replication, increasing the severity of damage to the body. This duality may be related to the fact that Mphi serve as efficient host cell for DV replication, in addition to being responsible for innate immunity and for initiating adaptive immune responses. This review gives a brief overview of the various roles of Mphi (enmity and friendship) during dengue virus infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Interaction dynamics of cooperative learning groups in Trinidad's secondary schools.

This study investigated adolescent students' changes in choice of workmates before and after cooperative learning in order to identify relationships between these changes and existing friendship and clique patterns, socioeconomic status, race, and achievement perceptions. Also investigated were students' perceptions of specific preferred or nonpreferred others. From these, four cases were identified and are described. The pattern that emerged was that while actual choices changed, the principle upon which these choices were made remained the same. Therefore males continued to select others using achievement as their criterion, while females used socioeconomic status. Choices based on same race decreased, and the number of friendship groups increased. Additionally, in spite of a general lessening of negative attitudes toward others, specific students remained very popular or very unpopular for reasons that seemed context based. In all cases, however, the unpopular students did not perceive themselves as of equal status to others in the group, a situation that may well affect the interaction dynamics of the group.

Achievement↗
PubMed1991

Ascribed role relations between children with mental retardation and their younger siblings.

Ascribed, parent-mediated childcare roles of younger same-sex siblings of children with mental retardation were compared to roles assumed by a matched group of comparison siblings. Role reversals were evident for younger siblings of children with mental retardation. These reversals were consistent with roles assumed by the siblings during observed interactions. Increased younger sibling childcare roles were related to less conflicted sibling relationships but were not predictive of friendship or socialization experiences of younger siblings. Younger siblings of children with mental retardation had fewer household chores than did comparison agemates. Children with mental retardation had fewer friendship contacts and out-of-home activities than did their peers without mental retardation. Important within-group differences were evident.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Readmission to International Pediatric Association: a review and perspective].

The Pediatric Association of the Republic of China, which was founded in 1960 for the promotion of child health care, research and teaching as well as of friendship among pediatricians, entered the International Pediatric Association (IPA) in May, 1961. This Association actively participated in the 10th to 13th International Congresses of Pediatrics (ICP) held in Lisbon 1962, Tokyo 1965, Mexico City 1968 and Vienna 1971, respectively. It also sent a group of delegates to the Ist Asian Congress of Pediatrics, organized by the Association of Pediatric Societies in South East Asian Region (APSSEAR), held in Manila in 1974. Regretably, this Association was forced out of IPA in October 1973, and APSSEAR in 1974, simply because that the pediatric society of Mainland China had been admitted to the IPA. The members of the Association continued working hard and strived for the excellence in clinical pediatrics. Our members were encouraged to attend the international meetings regardless of membership problems. Some international meetings were organized and held in Taiwan attracting many experts and investigators from abroad. In July 1989, this Association was readmitted to the IPA under the name of "Chinese Taipei", likewise in Olympics, during the 19th ICP, held in Paris. Also granted was the right of voting. Re-admission to the APSSEAR was also approved. With gratitude and rejoice, we commemorate the return to International arena. It is hoped that more expert advices and friendship will come from IPA, WHO, UNICEF, and some member countries. They may help us update clinical practices, and engage in more important surveys and research programmes, such as the international surveys on pediatric education, expanded programmes for immunization, and global accident prevention programmes. They may also help us achieve our unfulfilled tasks, such as pediatric subspecialization, renovation of the births registration system, founding of children's medical centers and health insurance coverage among children. We are now in a better position to advocate the child health care in Taiwan, hoping that health for all including children will be achieved by the year 2000.

Forecasting↗
PubMed1989

Social relationships of adolescents with moderate mental retardation.

The social relationships of 64 adolescents with moderate mental retardation from seven classes in a special day school were examined via two sociometric measures. Results indicated that the classes contained social structures similar to those found in regular classrooms for students without retardation. Students were selective in choosing friends and playmates, there was reciprocity in their friendship choices, and classes had popular and rejected students. Further, students frequently chose as friends members of the opposite sex, peers from other classes, and adults in the school and community. Implications for future research concerning the nature and development of friendships among students with mental retardation were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

The letters of William Stewart Halsted and William Williams Keen.

William Halsted and William Keen were two of the most distinguished surgeons in U.S. medicine. Although their personalities were completely opposite, they enjoyed a long and devoted friendship. An extensive correspondence was maintained throughout their relationship. This article examines their friendship by analyzing these letters, which are being published for the first time.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1980

[The search for "od." Karl Ludwig Freiheer von Reichenbach (1788-1869) and Karl Wilhelm Mayrhofer (1806-1853), two joined against Justus von Liebig].

The author describes the controversy between Justus von Liebig on one side and Reichenbach and Mayrhofer on the other side. It is a controversy about problems of science and medicine which are characteristic for the late 18th and the first half of the 19th century, when Mesmerism and similar ideas of occultic and comparative phenomenona were discussed and often refused as being "not scientific". Justus von Liebig and Karl Ludwig Freiherr von Reichenbach were both chemists, both interested in scientific progress and working in this field. They were friends in the years 1830 to 1848. But later on this friendship ended when Reichenbach--who in the mean time moved to Vienna--became more and more interested in phenomenons seen by sensitive persons concerning effects of light. Although Reichenbach himself was not able to recognize the phenomenons he was sure that other persons had this ability. He had the impression that there is a special force floating through the universe, and this force he called "od". Liebig, who was not able to follow this theory and rejected it has speculation, turned against Reichenbach in 1852-3. So the controversy began and their old friendship came to an end. Reichenbach's theory of the "od", characteristic for the time of the romanticism and leading back to Mesmerism was accepted and supported by the Austrian physician Dr. Karl Wilhelm Mayrhofer who had aroused his interest by describing similar phenomenos some of this patients had. The letters of both men, the chemist and the doctor, which are well preserved (Technical Museum of Vienna) and discussed here, give a good impression of Reichenbach's ideas concerning his theory of the "od" and his philosophical ideas. As Reichenbach tried to find a philosophy corresponding to his theory and as he meant to have found this in the philosophy of Friedrich Eduard Beneke his remarks in those letters give a good information about Beneke's discussion of Reichenbach's theory. Mayrhofer, on the other hand, following Reichenbach's theory of the "od", rejected Beneke's philosophy because he himself joined another philisophy on the basis of the christian religion. However, when Reichenbach's latest book on these problems appeared in 1854, Beneke and Mayrhofer had died shortly before and no further discussion was possible. But Reichenbach's theory, based on the ideas of Mesmerism, and the controversial discussion about new explanations of the phenomenona seen by sensitive persons are characteristic for this time and also for our time as such perceptions are not entirely denied but thought over in a new way.

Austria↗