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PubMed1975

[Resistance in cerebrospinal fluid flow in normal pressure hydrocephalus].

C.S.F. resistance to flow (Rf) was measured in 24 patients by the mean of a constant infusion manometric test, and the results were compared with those of pneumo-encephalography and isotope cisternography. It is concluded that Rf is constantly elevated in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus, is at least as reliable as the two other tests and therefore provides a really valuable aid to the identification of the patients to be shunted.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1975

[Painful, alternating and recurrent ophthalmoplegia. Contribution to the study of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome].

A case of the syndrome of Tolosa-Hunt is presented in which the points of interest were the high number of attacks (four in two years and half) and the varying side of the symptoms with an involvement of the left sixth cranial nerve during the first, third and fourth attacks, and of the right third cranial nerve during the second attack. The trigeminal pain was always on the same side as the ophthalmoplegia. Bilateral carotid and vertebral angiography, orbital phlebography and air encephalography did not reveal anomalies. The sedimentation rate was moderately high during each attack. Corticotherapy begun during the last attack was very effective against the pain, but less so against the paralysis. The authors review the literature concerning this rare syndrome, the cause of which is thought to be an inflammatory process involving the cavernous sinuses.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Results of nuclear medical, electroencephalographic, and angiographic examinations after brain tumor operations].

The methods of nuclear medicine and electro-encephalography allow, in combination, in almost every case the answer to the question of the cerebral tumour relapse. Our evaluation confirms the discovery of the greater sensitivity of the isotopic methods with relapses of glioblastomas, while relapses of meningiomas, astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas and spongioblastomas can be recognized more frequently only by electro-encephalographic methods. The value of angiography is limited in cases of cerebral tumour relapses without pathological vascularisation, since the swelling can spread in the resection cavity without retroaction on the surrounding areas. For this reason vascular displacement (an only be observed very late on. Clinical judgement is furthermore complicated by the fact that after the removal of the primary tumour, often no reposition of the arteries ensues. After our exainations, a negative angiographic condition can be rule out a diagnosis of a relapse which has been established by electro-encephaolographic and isotopic methods.

Astrocytoma↗
PubMed1975

[Clinical and pathol-anatomic findings in corpus callosum deficiency, enlarged cavum septi pellucidi, and septal defect].

A comparison is made of the pathological changes of the median line structures such as corpus deficiency, enlarged cavum septi pellucidi (Csp.) and septal defects in 10,457 pneumo-encephalography (PEG) examinations of neurological and psychiatric patients, and in 11,016 general autopsy cases. Clinical peculiarities in corpus deficiency and other development anomalies of the median line structures are discussed along with case reports. A predominance of the male sex in cases of enlarged Csp. together with frequent combinations with neurological and psychiatric illness were noticeable, particularly oligophrenia, behavioral disorders, epilepsy and cerebral tumours. Thus, certain inferiority of the dysrhaphic mutation of the central organ can be assumed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Juvenile Pick's disease: clinical study].

The Authors discuss the case of a 23-year-old man who manifested the characteristic symptomatology of a progressive mental deterioration and disorders in behaviour displaying themselves as apathy, speechlessness, progressive detachment from environment and considerable slovenliness. It has been also emphasized a situation which suggest Kleist's melokinetic apraxia. In addition to usual routine laboratory studies, the patient underwent a EEG, an encephalography and psychodiagnostic investigations executed by a means of series of tests in order to ascertain his intellectual efficiency and outline his psychological profile. On the basis of the investigations made and after a discussion concerning possible differential diagnoses, the Authors have reached the conclusion that it is an uncommon case of juvenile Pick's disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pneumographic signs of poorly compensated hydrocephalus].

A definition of "Hydrocephalus not completely arrested" is not easy to be given. Cerebral pneumography represents the most detailed neuroradiological examination. In spite of this, neither its analysis nor its measurements bring definite criteria for the favorable moment of locating a shunting system in that case. These criteria are reviewed systemetically. It is pointed out that only a careful synthesis of all signs can give a univoque answer, may be doubtful but never wrong. It is suggested from the personal experience that radioisotope cisternography is better suited for judging the state of compensation of an hydrocephalus. Radioisotopes do that without undue risks. It may be but one good reason for explaining the annual decrease in the number of pneumo-encephalographies (PEG) registered almost everywhere in the world. Other factors may be involved. No doubt that PEG has lost its first place in the study of patients who may have some kind of non tumoral hydrocephalus.

Dilatation, Pathologic↗
PubMed1975

[Neuroradiologic diagnosis of trigeminal neurinoma originating from the gasserian ganglion (author's transl)].

Three cases of trigeminal neurinoma originating from the Gasserian ganglion were reported. The findings observed on plain roentgenograms, cerebral angiograms and pneumoencephalograms were described in detail. Neuroradiologic examinations used routinely our department for the diagnosis of the skull base tumors were as follows; (1) plain skull examinations, including lateral, straight posterior-anterior, anterior-posterior half axial (Towne), axial, Stenvers, optic canal as well as tomograms in frontal, sagittal and axial projections; (2) angiographies by transfemoral catheter technique including selective internal carotid, external carotid and vertebral angiograms, and orbital-cavernous sinus venography via frontal and femoral veins; (3) pneumoencephalography with tomography. Bone destruction of the middle fossa including foramen ovale, foraman spinosum and lateral aspect of the sella was seen in all cases. Superior orbital fissure, optic canal and anterior surface of the petrous bone were also eroded depending upon the extent of tumors. Sharply circumscribed erosion of the petrous apex was seen in one of 3 cases, indicating the tumor extention into the posterior fossa. A soft tissue mass in the sphenoid sinus and ethmoidal air cells was recognized in all cases. Selective internal and external carotid angiograms demonstrated tumor vessels in 2 of 3 cases. Orbital-cavernous sinus venography was helpful for the interpretation of the lesion extending to the cavernous sinus and its neighboring structures. Conventional gas encephalography showed elevation of the temporal horn, and the concave arch formed by the supracornual cleft and lateral cleft was directed basally and medially in all of the cases. Tomography was also useful in the more detailed analysis of temporal horn. It should be stressed that the plain skull features are most important for deciding which contrast examination should be performed further.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Visual analysis of EEG in children with a cavum of the septum pellucidum].

HYPOTHESIS: It is possible that bioelectric activity of the both brain hemispheres is changed in children with a cavum of the spectrum pellucidum (CSP), a marker of brain dysgenesis. It could be connected probably with neuropsychological impairment in children with CSP. MATERIAL: Visual analysis of EEG was done in 41 children with CSP aged 2 months to 17 years and in 32 children without CSP aged 3 months to 17 years. It induced 8 EEG curve pairs from each child, that means 328 pairs in CSP and 256 pairs without CSP children. METHODS: EEG pattern was analysed by two physicians with an electro-encephalography license and data are a mean value of both analysis. Analysed were 40 minute EEG patterns, registered by 16 channels MedtronicDantec EEG PL-270 Video Option Aparat. RESULTS: Brain bioelectric activity was significantly more often immature and basic activity irregular in children with CSP than in the group without CSP. Asymmetry of frequency and amplitude and slow activity were also significantly more often observed in children with CSP. Abnormal graphoelements were also significantly more often disclosed in children with CSP. CONCLUSIONS: Visual analysis disclosed significant differences of EEG pattern in children with and without CSP. For identification of EEG from patient with CSP the quantitative method of analysis is necessary.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Central nervous system disorders in myotonic dystrophy--with special reference to neuron-specific enolase, S-100b protein and creatine kinase BB isoenzyme levels in CSF].

In order to evaluate central nervous system disorders in myotonic dystrophy (MyD), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S-100b protein and creatine kinase BB (CK-BB) isoenzyme were measured using enzyme immunoassay in MyD. Intelligence quotient (IQ) test (WAIS, 17 cases), electro-encephalography (17 cases) and brain computed tomography (18 cases) were examined. In patients with MyD, NSE level was significantly elevated in comparison with 25 age-sex matched control subjects. In some cases of MyD levels of S-100b protein and CK-BB in CSF were elevated. IQ test disclosed intellectual impairment in 70.6% of the patients examined and EEG study demonstrated slowing of basic rhythm in the majority of the cases. On brain CT both enlarged ventricles and dilated sulci were commonly found. The results of the present study suggest that in MyD the CNS is involved not only functionally but structurally as well. Since NSE, S-100b and CK-BB are localized in neuronal and glia cells, their elevated levels in CSF indicate existence of organic lesions in the central nervous tissue in patients with MyD.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Neuroophthalmological complications through liquor leakage after surgical operation on the spinal canal for diagnostic i.e. therapeutic purposes (author's transl)].

The rare liquor leakage syndrome with cranial nerve lesion, which preferably affects the eye-muscle nerves, can be caused either by further leakage of liquor cerebrospinalis through the dura hole made by the lumbar puncture - or after a surgical operation on the spinal canal leaving a dura closure, which is not tight. This does not occur after a suboccipital puncture. A report is given on three cases with different eye-muscle paresis after a simple diagnostic lumbar puncture, after a lumbosacral myelography and after a resection of the sacral nerve roots including the filum terminale and caudal dural sac. The prognosis of the eye-muscle paresis is good. Restitutio ad integrum resulted. A fourth case with temporary loss of sight of one eye is reported after a lumbar air encephalography, but the eye nerves were damaged before as a result of previous tuberculous basal meningitis. Only partial recovery of the visual power occurred.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy.

This was a prospective analytical study done from October'99 through December 2000 to observe the clinical profile of epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy. Sixty epileptic children with cerebral palsy were studied and their results were compared with the results of epilepsy in 30 developmentally normal children. Ages of all children studied were 1-15 years. Majority were below five years of age and male out numbered female. Spastic quadriplegia (60%) was the commonest type of cerebral palsy. Generalized tonic-clonic seizure (66%) was the commonest seizure type in both groups. Second most common type of seizure was partial (13%) and myoclonic (29%) in developmentally normal and cerebral palsy children respectively. Mental retardation (63%) and speech delay (58%) were the two common associated problems in cerebral palsy patients. Ventriculomegaly (55%) was the commonest computed tomographic findings in cerebral palsy patients. In electro encephalography generalized epileptiform activity was the commonest finding in both groups. Clinical pattern is different in many ways when epilepsy is associated with cerebral palsy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Late occurrence of first epileptic seizures: a 42-case series].

Late occurrence of epilepsy is common in tropical areas. This report describes a series of 42 cases of late epilepsy collected over a three-year period. Findings were consistent with the literature: highest incidence in young age groups, predominance of partial symptomatic epilepsy, and wide spectrum of etiologies. The most frequent etiology was tumoral disease followed by vascular and infectious disease. Brain CT scan and electro-encephalography were highly useful for identification of clinical and etiological entities.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Study of a new anesthetic agent: Etomidate (R 26490). Unusual electroencephalic aspects].

Etomidate or R 26490 is a new hypnotic agent produced by JANSSEN and al. in 1971. The first human experimentation was performed in 1972. The authors used Etomidate for 300 anaesthetics given for neuroradiological investigations. Two protocols were used for study: 25 anaesthetics were given with Etomidate as sole anaesthetic to outline its specific properties; 275 angiographies were performed with a combination of Etomidate and fentany1. In protocol no 1, the mean consumption was for 1,85 mg/kg/h, in protocol no2, the mean consumption was of 0,9 mg/kg/h. Pharmacological study of this drug defines it as a short acting hypnotic agent of low toxicity. Clinical observation shows cardiovascular and respiratory stability. However, frequent myoclonias were noted, when Etomidate was given as a sole anaesthetic. EEG recording and evoked response encephalography helped to outline some effects of Etomidate on central nervous system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Investigating Quisling's brain].

The trial against Vidkun Quisling (1887-1945) started on 20 August 1945. The question of whether he might suffer from a brain disease came up in court, and on Saturday 25 August he was examined by pneumoencephalography and cerebral angiography on the right side. Nothing pathological was found. Later on it has been claimed that these examinations were "experiments which today would be regarded as life-threatening". This is not correct; they were standard procedures at the time. What is criticizable is that Quisling was brought back to court in a relatively short time after the examinations. This paper gives a brief historic account of the development of the two methods, emphasising the contributions of Norwegian physicians such as Arne Engeset (1906-73) and Leif Emblem (1907-91). It has been claimed that the pneumoencephalography of Quisling has been used as an example of a normal finding from encephalography in the internationally renowned textbook "Clinical examination of the nervous system".

Brain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A study of the evolution of ventricular dilatations using transfontanellar ultrasonography].

INTRODUCTION: Ventricular dilatations, especially hydrocephalus in the newborn infants, are neurological complications and sequelae dreaded by the clinician because of their effects on the neurological integrity of the future individual. AIMS: Our aim was to describe the evolution of ventricular dilatations during the first years of life, as well as how to carry out a prospective estimate of the changes in the ventricular measurements for this disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The ventricular systems of infants born with ventricular dilatations of any intensity between September 1992 and December 2002 at the Hospital Materno Infantil 10 de Octubre were measured using transfontanellar ultrasonography, and we established a type of follow-up according to the dilatation and the clinical progression and psychomotor development. All measurements were processed and submitted to a descriptive statistical analysis and to mathematical analysis for the case of the behaviour of each cut. RESULTS: 85.49% of the ventricular dilatations progressed toward remission or did not change after diagnosis. It was not possible to estimate values for the classification of the ventriculomegalies because the normal values for these structures in neonatal brain morphometry are not standardised. Brain symmetry does not exist in this disease and none of the cuts of the procedure can behave as prescriptors by themselves. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonic encephalography plays a valuable role in the diagnosis and follow-up of ventriculomegalies, which progress towards remission in 60% of cases provided that diagnosis is early and suitable medical attention is provided.

Cerebral Ventricles↗
PubMed2004

[Systemic vasculitis as an interdisciplinary problem].

Systemic vasculitis (SV) is characterized by generalized vascular bed lesion involving vessels of different sizes into a pathological process. The paper presents the results of a follow-up of 500 patients with different forms of SV, by making studies of immunity and the hemostatic system, angioscanning, Doppler ultrasound study of vessels, electrophysiological studies (rheoencephalography, encephalography), computed and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, and visceral ultrasonography. A variety of clinical symptoms and involvement of different organs determine the interest of physicians of different specialties in the diagnosis and treatment of SV. The involvement of the nervous system in the process occurs in all forms of vasculitis, by afflicting the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems with the development of regulatory and functional disorders. Lesions of the visual organ are typical of nonspecific aortoarteritis (Takayasu's disease), Wegener's granulomatosis, giant-cell arteritis. Recurrent uveitis is characterized in Behcet's syndrome. Cutaneous manifestations are included into the classification criteria of nodal polyartheritis, hemorrhagic vasculitis, and Kawasaki's disease. ENT and oral involvement are observed in Wegener's granulomatosis.

Arterial Occlusive Diseases↗
PubMed2005

[Semax in prevention of disease progress and development of exacerbations in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency].

One hundred and eighty-seven patients with different stages of cerebrovascular insufficiency (CI) have been examined. A diagnosis of CI was based on the results of neurological and neuropsychological study, ultrasonic dopplerography, rheo- and encephalography, electrocardiography, brain MRI and eyegrounds examination. Neurological scales were used for neurological status assessment and further data processing. The study aimed at evaluation of tolerability and clinical efficacy of the medication and complications in CI course. Semax treatment resulted in significant clinical improvement, stabilization of the disease progress and reduced a risk of stroke and transitory ischemic attacks in the disease course. The drug is featured by minor percent of side-effects and is well tolerated by patients, including those of older age groups.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Paul Martin (1891-1968). Pioneer of the neurosurgery in Belgium].

As the first chief of an independent neurosurgical unit founded in Belgium in 1948, Paul Martin is to be regarded as the promoter of this speciality in Belgium. After graduation from the U.L.B. medical school, he was one of the first Belgian doctors to stay for two years (1920-22) in USA in the surgical departments of Halsted and Cushing. He returned to the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in 1929 for one year as chief of the laboratory of experimental surgery. Through his publications, we try to explain the problems of diagnosis and surgical techniques at that time in comparison with the present day situation. At the beginning, the only test available besides the neurological signs to detect intracranial lesion were plain Xrays of the skull, ophthalmologic examination and cerebrospinal fluid examination. Anaesthesiology was still unsafe and intracranial hypertension was not under control in any way. During his professional career, he witnessed the development of various techniques to localize an intracranial mass such as the ventriculography, encephalography, electroencephalography and later angiography, myelography and iodoventriculography. The introduction of the use of the electrocoagulation was one of the major advances in surgical technique during his lifetime.

History, 20th Century↗