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PubMed2003

Analysis of sex, age and disease factors contributing to prolonged life expectancy at birth, in cases of malignant neoplasms in Japan.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to examine the contribution made by the change in mortality from malignant neoplasms to the life expectancy at birth, observed during the years 1965-1995 in Japan. METHODS: We used data on the population and number of deaths by cause, age and sex in 1965, 1975, 1985 and 1995. The contribution of different ages and causes of death to the change in life expectancy were examined with the method developed by Pollard. RESULTS: We found that, among all causes, the decrease of mortality from stomach cancer led to the greatest improvement in life expectancy for both sexes. On the other hand, negative contributions were seen with cancers of many sites, such as cancer of the intestine, liver and lung for males, and cancer of the intestine, gallbladder, lung and breast for females. Recently, the contributing years of all cancers have been negative because of the increase in mortality from malignant neoplasms. In addition, increase of death from malignant neoplasms in middle-aged and elderly people negatively influenced the life expectancy at birth. CONCLUSIONS: Female cancer influenced the improvement in life expectancy at birth. Cancer for males, however, contributed little to improvement of life expectancy at birth except for a little prolongation of life expectancy at birth during the years 1965-1975. To develop a public health policy, the contributing years to life expectancy at birth can be a useful indication in evaluating the impact of death from various diseases. It is necessary to analyze the contribution made by various causes of death to the changes of life expectancy at birth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Current issues in the surgical treatment of rectal cancer].

INTRODUCTION: Three topics associated with surgical treatment of rectal cancer are discussed. The need for standard preoperative irradiation, based on interdisciplinary approach is considered. In the authors' opinion the most urgent task is to increase the number of sphincter saving resections carried out by total mesorectal excision. The principles of surgical therapy for hepatic metastases are discussed. METHODS: The authors' experience is based on 328 radical resections performed between 1992-2003. RESULTS: Three periods are compared: we managed to raise the ratio of surgical interventions preserving the rectal sphincter over 60%, and during the last period the results have further improved. Total mesorectal excision is the standard in the department. The morbidity rate--28.8%, 18.6% and 5.3% for suture leak is reduced. During the last eight years in the presence of hepatic metastasis in 20 liver resections were performed. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to preoperative irradiation considered we recommend treatment consisting of 5x5 Gy for early cancer, and of 60 Gy/6 weeks for a progressed stage. In our opinion, application of atraumatic surgical techniques and up to date circular stapling guns can increase the ratio of sphincter preserving interventions. We hope, the use of total mesorectal excision carried out adequately may reduce morbidity (suture leak, nerve damage--impaired innervation and sexual dysfunction) and the rate of local recurrence and it may improve survival. The only curative treatment of hepatic metastases in colorectal cancers is resection, therefore the authors suggest the possibility of widening the range of surgical indications--more than three metastases in one lobe, even in bilateral involvement.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed2005

Aberrant expression of the gastric mucin MUC6 in human pulmonary adenocarcinoma xenografts.

Certain pulmonary adenocarcinomas show gastrointestinal differentiation with the expression of various mucins. The CDX homeobox gene, an intestine-specific transcription factor, is related to gastric carcinogenesis with MUC2 and MUC6 expression. The intestinal mucin MUC2 is expressed in the normal lung, while the gastric mucin MUC6 is not. Previously, we have reported that the expressions of MUC2 and MUC6 were related to a poor prognosis in small adenocarcinomas of the lung. We estimated the expressions of the mucin (MUC2 and MUC6) and CDX (CDX1 and CDX2) to examine how CDX relates to the gastrointestinal mucin production in the pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Thirty-nine human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) xenografts were examined (13 adenocarcinoma, 18 squamous cell carcinoma and 8 large cell carcinoma). Significant expression of the MUC6 gene was observed in 7 out of 39 (17.9%) NSCLC xenografts. The expressions of the MUC6 genes were noted in 6 out of 13 (46.2%) adenocarcinoma xenografts, but only in 1 of 18 (0.06%) squamous cell carcinoma xenografts. The adenocarcinoma xenografts significantly showed higher expression of the MUC6 gene than squamous cell carcinoma xenografts (t-test, p=0.0343). Four adenocarcinoma-xenografts co-expressed both the MUC2 and MUC6 genes, and the residual 2 adenocarcinoma-xenografts expressed only the MUC6 gene. One MUC6 overexpressing squamous cell carcinoma focally contained an adenocarcinoma component. The expression patterns of the gastrointestinal mucins were analogous to gastric cancer. The cellular morphology of these carcinoma xenografts was of the gastric cancer type. The proteins of the MUC2 and MUC6 were immunohistochemically confirmed in the xenografts. The expression of the MUC6 gene was significantly correlated with the expressions of the CDX1 and CDX2 genes in the xenografts (Fisher's test, p<0.0001 and p=0.0005, respectively), while there was no significant association between the expression of the MUC2 and CDX genes. These results suggest that the expression of CDX molecules in the pulmonary carcinogenesis pathway relates to gastric cancerous features of aberrant MUC6 expression.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A gastrointestinal-specific monoclonal antibody that may be of clinical value in cytologic material.

A new monoclonal antibody (MAb), 29-10, produced by immunization of mice with cells from the SW 1116 colorectal carcinoma cell line, detected an antigen present in cytologic touch imprints of surgically resected normal and neoplastic gastrointestinal (GI) tissue, including specimens from the stomach and the colon. These imprints were fixed in 95% ethanol and stained with the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase technique. In tested cases, 22 (100%) of 22 imprints from GI adenocarcinomas and from normal GI tissue, as well as 13 (56.6%) of 23 imprints from colonic polyps, stained positively while no staining was demonstrable in imprints from other tissues. In histologic sections, only 4 (23%) of 17 colonic adenocarcinomas and 3 (11.5%) of 26 polyps stained positively. The staining ability of MAb 29-10 was compared to that of MAb 19-9, another colorectal antibody, and was found to be markedly superior for binding of the antigen in cytologic preparations. This tissue-specific antibody may be useful in identifying malignant cells of metastatic carcinoma as to their GI tract origin.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1987

[Serological test of carbohydrate antigen CA50 in patients with cancer of the digestive tract].

In order to determine the clinical usefulness of carbohydrate antigen CA50 as a marker for cancers of the digestive tract, an attempt was carried out to measure the CA50 levels (normal level less than or equal to 18.1 U/ml) in sera of patients with various diseases of the digestive tract including pancreatic cancer. In patients with pancreatic cancer, the frequency of elevation of CA50 was 85.7% (6/35), which was the highest frequency of elevation, and a serum level of over 1,000 U/ml was observed in 6 (17.1%) of these 35 pancreatic cancer patients. Furthermore, patients with gall bladder carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and gallstones showed relatively high frequencies of elevation. On the other hand, the maximum level of CA50 in serum was 41 U/ml in patients with benign pancreatic disease. Therefore, it was thought that CA50 was able to differentiate pancreatic cancer from benign pancreatic disease in patients with pancreatic disease with extremely high levels of CA50. The serum level of CA50 showed significant correlation with that of CA19-9. This study suggested that CA50 might be a potentially useful marker.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1983

[Thomsen antigen in human normal and tumor tissues].

A method of specific adsorption of appropriate antibodies from human serum was used to examine tumors of 15 patients with cancer and of 6 subjects with benign neoplasms. Tissues of cancerous tumors were found to contain Thomsen's antigen. Normal tissues of the same organ taken from the same patient did not contain the antigen nor was it contained by benign tumors. The titer of specific antibodies to Thomsen's antigen in the sera of patients suffering from cancer was considerably reduced as compared to that detected in normal subjects or in patients with benign tumors.

Adenofibroma↗
PubMed1996

Stimulation of GALT and activation of mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes by a modified lysozyme in CBA mice with MCa mammary carcinoma.

Lysozyme (hen egg-white lysozyme) and its derivative mPEG-lyso (lysozyme coupled with polyoxyethyleneglycol) were tested in CBA mice bearing MCa mammary carcinoma for their effects on intestinal mucosal immunity (GALT) and mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes (MLNL), after oral administration. Following a cycle of administration of 100 mg/kg/day lysozyme or 350 mg/kg/day mPEG-lyso for 9 consecutive days, GALT was analyzed by using optical histology, and mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes were studied by cytofluorimetric analysis of CD3, CD4 and CD8 antigens, and of DNA and RNA content following in vitro culture with concanavalin A. Both lysozymes significantly increase the number of lymphatic nodules on gut epithelium as determined by histological analysis of sections of small bowel. mPEG-lyso, unlike native lysozyme, gives protection from the decline of the blastogenic activity of MLNL observed at early stages of tumor growth, as shown by the increased nucleic acid content of these cells. On the same cells, both lysozyme and mPEG-lyso also seem to prevent the decline of CD4+ cells observed during tumor growth in control animals. These data confirm the effects of lysozyme on GALT and show that the new lysozyme derivative mPEG-lyso has effects on host immunity greater than those of the native molecule.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Systemic alterations in ornithine decarboxylase activity caused by colon cancer in mice.

Tumors are known to cause profound changes in host biology, but the mechanisms responsible for these changes remain unclear. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of polyamines. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of MC-26 tumor burden on ODC activity in the gastrointestinal tract, kidney and liver of mice. Forty-four Balb/c mice were randomly divided into 2 groups and the test group was pair-fed (to control). Group 1 was the tumor-free control. Group 2 was inoculated subcutaneously with 5 x 10(5) MC-26 cells. The ODC activity in the kidney and liver of tumor-bearing mice was significantly lower compared to tumor-free controls at sacrifice. ODC activity in the colon increased almost 4-fold. These results suggest that the presence of MC-26 tumor causes systemic effects that alter ODC activity. The tumor may elaborate a substance that suppresses ODC activity in some normal tissues while stimulating ODC activity in the tissue from which the tumor was derived.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Clinical application of endoscopic ultrasonography.

During the course of routine clinical practice in 48 patients, 50 endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) examinations were performed over a 1-yr period, with all patient data collected prospectively. Organs examined were the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, ampulla, pancreas, common bile duct, and gallbladder. There were 18 staging exams of known neoplasms, and 24 examinations to evaluate possible mass. Forty-three examinations were successful, four failed due to instrument malfunction, and three were technical failures. Among 35 exams for masses, follow-up pathology was available in 21 and confirmed EUS findings in 90%. EUS yielded additional information, not available by other imaging studies, in 60% of successful exams. No complications were seen. The recent literature is reviewed in approximately 2000 patients. We conclude that EUS is an accurate and safe method for evaluating upper gastrointestinal pathology, particularly for staging neoplasms.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1996

Serum trypsinogen-2 and trypsin-2-alpha(1)-antitrypsin complex in malignant and benign digestive-tract diseases. Preferential elevation in patients with cholangiocarcinomas.

Serum concentrations of trypsinogen-2 and trypsin-2-alpha(1)-antitrypsin (trypsin-2-AAT) were determined in 145 patients with malignant and 61 with benign digestive-tract diseases. The validity of these tests for detection of cancer was compared with that of CA 19-9 and CEA. Elevated levels of trypsinogen-2 (>90 micrograms/l) and trypsin-2-AAT (>25 micrograms/l) were found in 46% and 42%, respectively, of patients with malignant disease and the levels of trypsinogen-2 were significantly higher than in those with benign disease (p<0.005). High trypsinogen-2 and trypsin-2-AAT concentrations were found most often in patients with biliary and pancreatic cancer, but also in benign obstructive biliary disease. Our results suggest that trypsinogen-2 and trypsin-2-AAT are new potential markers for cholangiocarcinomas.

Amylases↗
PubMed1977

A comparative study of the localization of CEA and NCA2 in cancerous and normal gastrointestinal tissues.

The histological localization of CEA in gastrointestinal tissues was re-evaluated after absorption of anti-CEA antiserum with NCA2, another normal antigen cross-reacting with CEA. This absorbed antiserum showed clearly the presence of CEA in colonic tumors and some non-cancerous colonic mucosae, obtained even from non-cancerous patients. In contrast, some of the gastric adenocarcinomas we studied were strained very weakly by absorbed anti-CEA antiserum, although non-absorbed antiserum (or serum absorbed with NCA alone) labelled them strongly. The same difference in reactivity between both antisera was observed in intestinal metaplasia. The localization of NCA2 was studied with a specific antiserum, previously absorbed with CEA and NCA. NCA2 was found to be a noromal cytoplasmic and mucus-associated antigen of gastrointestinal tissues. It was present also in fetal stomach and colon. Sections of gastric and colonic tumors as well as intestinal metaplasia of gastric mucosae always reacted brilliantly with absorbed anti-NCA2 antiserum.

Antigens↗
PubMed1988

Ectopic expression of the Y (Ley) antigen defined by monoclonal antibody 12-4LE in distal colonic adenocarcinomas.

Monoclonal antibody (MAb) 12-4LE reacts specifically with the alpha Fuc(1-2) beta Gal(1-4) [alpha Fuc(1-3)]GlcNAc-R synthetic oligosaccharide and consequently characterizes the Y (Ley) antigen. In normal individuals, this MAb reacts more strongly on samples from blood group O persons, indicating that the Y structure is better recognized when terminal A or B sugars are not added to the Y structure. In fetal and normal adult gastrointestinal tract, this antibody reacts with the epithelium of stomach, small intestine and proximal colon, but not of distal colon. In the adult, cells from the surface epithelium of the gastric, small intestinal and cecal mucosae express the Y antigen according to the secretor phenotype of each individual, thus characterizing the so-called "upward differentiation" pattern. In contrast, mucus cells of the pylorus and duodenal Brünner glands, as well as Paneth cells, always express the Y antigen irrespective of secretor phenotype, thereby characterizing the so-called "downward differentiation" pattern. Proximal fetal colonic mucosa has the same genetic control as the downward differentiation pattern of the adult. Distal fetal colonic mucosa is negative with anti-Y, as in the adult. Y antigen was not expressed in hyperplastic (10 cases), juvenile (5 cases) or adenomatous (43 cases) polyps, except for some spreading villous adenomas in which rare Y-positive foci could be observed but which were not specifically associated with dysplastic glands. Polyps from familiar polyposis did not express this antigen. In adenocarcinomas, the Y antigen was expressed in 41/45 (91%) of distal tumors and 15/35 (43%) of cecal tumors, independently of ABO phenotype. The ectopic expression of this Y antigen on distal colon adenocarcinomas may be a useful tool in the detection of distal colonic carcinomas.

ABO Blood-Group System↗