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PubMed2006

Genetics and genomics of core short tandem repeat loci used in human identity testing.

Over the past decade, the human identity testing community has settled on a set of core short tandem repeat (STR) loci that are widely used for DNA typing applications. A variety of commercial kits enable robust amplification of these core STR loci. A brief history is presented regarding the selection of core autosomal and Y-chromosomal STR markers. The physical location of each STR locus in the human genome is delineated and allele ranges and variants observed in human populations are summarized as are mutation rates observed from parentage testing. Internet resources for additional information on core STR loci are reviewed. Additional topics are also discussed, including potential linkage of STR loci to genetic disease-causing genes, probabilistic predictions of sample ethnicity, and desirable characteristics for additional STR loci that may be added in the future to the current core loci. These core STR loci, which form the basis for DNA databases worldwide, will continue to play an important role in forensic science for many years to come.

Alleles↗
PubMed2003

Immunogenicity of Twinrix in older adults: a critical analysis.

Twinrix (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) is the first combined vaccine to provide protection against both hepatitis A and B. This review presents a critical analysis of antibody responses stratified by age following vaccination with Twinrix in 264 adults aged above 40 years. A month after completion of a 0-, 1-, 6-month vaccination schedule with Twinrix, a good response was observed for both anti-HAV and anti-HBs serum antibodies, suggesting that is an effective vaccine in older adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Mapping the literature of dental assisting.

The purpose of this study was to identify core journals and the databases that provide access to these journals for the field of dental assisting. This study was completed as a part of the Medical Library Association (MLA) Nursing and Allied Health Resources Section's project to map the literature of allied health. There were three original journals selected for analysis using the prescribed methodology, Dental Assistant, the journal of the American Dental Assistants Association; Journal of the CDAA, the journal of the Canadian Dental Assistants' Association; and Dental Teamwork, published by the American Dental Association. Dental Teamwork ceased publication in December 1996; however, it was considered a necessary part of the analysis due to its extensive coverage of dental assisting as well as its numerous scientific articles with references. In Dental Assistant, there were 16 source articles, containing 206 citations. In Dental Teamwork, there were 31 source articles with 308 citations. In Journal of the CDAA, there were only 3 source articles with 14 citations. Bradford's Law of Scattering was applied to the journal citations. Four databases, MEDLINE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, and HEALTH were analyzed for their coverage of these cited journals. This study may encourage the dental assisting profession to take a close look at its existing journals and to consider enhancing the content of these journals or the publication of additional journals in the field. Dental assistants of today need substantive literature that deals with all aspects of their chosen profession in order to meet the challenges of providing dental health care in the future.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2005

Biomedical term mapping databases.

Longer words and phrases are frequently mapped onto a shorter form such as abbreviations or acronyms for efficiency of communication. These abbreviations are pervasive in all aspects of biology and medicine and as the amount of biomedical literature grows, so does the number of abbreviations and the average number of definitions per abbreviation. Even more confusing, different authors will often abbreviate the same word/phrase differently. This ambiguity impedes our ability to retrieve information, integrate databases and mine textual databases for content. Efforts to standardize nomenclature, especially those doing so retrospectively, need to be aware of different abbreviatory mappings and spelling variations. To address this problem, there have been several efforts to develop computer algorithms to identify the mapping of terms between short and long form within a large body of literature. To date, four such algorithms have been applied to create online databases that comprehensively map biomedical terms and abbreviations within MEDLINE: ARGH (http://lethargy.swmed.edu/ARGH/argh.asp), the Stanford Biomedical Abbreviation Server (http://bionlp.stanford.edu/abbreviation/), AcroMed (http://medstract.med.tufts.edu/acro1.1/index.htm) and SaRAD (http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/idl/projects/abbrev.html). In addition to serving as useful computational tools, these databases serve as valuable references that help biologists keep up with an ever-expanding vocabulary of terms.

Abbreviations as Topic↗
PubMed2000

The use of Ovid local holdings messages: one library's experience.

The Ovid local holdings feature can be very beneficial to library patrons. This article describes the use of the feature for one academic health sciences library. Topics covered include how the function works, how it was implemented, how it is updated, the impact of electronic journals, and benefits and drawbacks of use. Also included are suggested enhancements to the system.

Alabama↗
PubMed1998

Coverage and quality of oral cancer information in the popular press: 1987-98.

OBJECTIVES: National data show a lack of knowledge and misinformation about oral cancer and its early detection among the general public. A major source of health information is the popular press. For that reason this study reviewed coverage and quality of news items on the topic of oral cancer in the popular press. In addition, the number and types of tobacco advertisements in women and men's magazines were recorded for a one-year period. METHODS: Articles from magazines and newspapers were retrieved from the Magazine Index (1987 to April 1998), Newspaper Abstract (1989 to April 1998) and the Health & Wellness (1987 to April 1998) databases. The articles were analyzed both for adequacy of content and information. RESULTS: A total of 50 articles and news items including oral cancer were identified and analyzed, 18 from newspapers and 32 from magazines. Ninety-four percent of the articles mentioned at least one risk factor for oral cancer. More than half of the articles (56%) identified spit tobacco (chewing tobacco or snuff) as the major risk factor for oral cancer, while far fewer mentioned either cigarettes (32%) or cigars (12%). Over 50 percent of the articles did not mention warning signs for oral cancers. Fourteen percent suggested clinical oral cancer examinations by a health professional; only 8 percent advised the use of self-examination. A total of 417 tobacco advertisements (482 pages) were found among 22 magazines for the one-year period. They included 410 cigarette ads, seven cigar ads, and no spit tobacco ads. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the lack of coverage about oral cancer in the popular press in the past decade and provides a partial explanation of the public's lack of knowledge and misinformation about oral cancers.

Advertising↗
PubMed2005

Food safety: a guide to Internet resources.

This report provides a brief overview of several reliable Internet resources concerning food toxicology. Some helpful Internet resources have been identified on the basis of quality criteria, of their relevance and the languages availability. The report includes four topic areas, the first provides a brief description of international resources, the second focuses on European resources, the third provides a description of some national resources and the last is a short overview of some databanks available on web.

Databases as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Food safety: short guide to Internet resources].

This report provides a brief overview of several reliable Internet resources concerning food toxicology. Some helpful resources have been identified on the basis of quality criteria and relevance. Only international and European sources, presenting an English or an Italian version, have been considered. The report includes four topic areas: the first provides a brief description of international resources, the second focuses on European ones, the third provides a description of Italian websites and the last one is a short overview of some specialized databanks available on Web.

Databases as Topic↗
PubMed1998

High throughput purification of combinatorial libraries.

This article summarizes recent advances at MDS Panlabs which provide for the high-throughput preparative HPLC purification of our Optiverse screening library. Topics covered include unique methods for the preparation, purification, characterization, and plating of purified screening compounds. Also discussed are procedures for data tracking as samples proceed through the purification process.

Chemistry, Organic↗
PubMed2005

Pattern-constrained multiple polypeptide sequence alignment.

Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is one of the fundamental research topics in computational biology. The alignments help us to find functional assignment, evolutionary history and conserved region. Previous methods use a substitution matrix and do not incorporate knowledge of the sequences being aligned. Therefore, they do not assure the alignment of similar structures and common patterns in the sequences. We have been investigating into the solution to the problem in multiple and making use of knowledge of the sequences being aligned, including patterns in the Prosite databank, Blocks+, eBlocks databases, as well as motif and structural information. A pattern-constrained algorithm has been developed. Experiments with protein sequences have shown more accurate alignments with incorporation of the domain knowledge available in the sequences.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

The efficacy of 308nm laser treatment of psoriasis compared to historical controls.

UVB treatment with a 308nm excimer laser has shown promise in the treatment of localized psoriasis. There is no placebo or comparison treatment controlled trial studying efficacy of the laser, however. The purpose of this report is to compare the results of a study of 308nm laser treatment of psoriasis to published results of other psoriasis treatments. Data on the efficacy of 308nm laser treatment of psoriasis were obtained from a previously published case series, supplemented by reanalysis of the data to estimate the median time to success using Kaplan-Meier methods. These results were compared to those from other studies identified by a Medline search. Treatment success was measured by estimating the percentage of patients who achieve 75% improvement in the severity of psoriasis. Patients treated in the 308nm laser study had similar disease severity as those in topical treatment studies and less severe disease than those treated in studies using standard phototherapy or systemic therapy. A greater percentage of patients achieved 75% improvement with the UVB laser treatments than was reported for other forms of phototherapy or systemic therapy with acitretin or low dose cyclosporine, and did so more rapidly. The UVB laser study patients achieved the 75% improvement endpoint in an average of 46% fewer treatments than was observed in other phototherapy studies. Laser treatment and topical calcipotriene had similar efficacies, and both were more effective than topical tazarotene or topical fluocinonide. As compared to topical therapies, the time to achieve 75% improvement favored the UVB laser. 308nm laser treatments for psoriasis are clearly more effective than placebo and are comparable to or more effective than many other standard treatments for psoriasis.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2005

[Lack of consensus on drug interactions: a descriptive analysis of information on interactions in the Laegemiddelkatalog, Medicinfortegnelse and product descriptions].

INTRODUCTION: Practitioners' experience with inconsistencies between two Danish handbooks and the SPCs have lead to this comparative analysis of information on drug interactions in these publications. On the same background, a Danish database with drug interactions based on evidence and transparency is established. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The material comprises information on 62 randomly selected drugs marketed in Denmark and described in the Laegemiddelkatalog, Medicinfortegnelse and 62 SPCs. A total of 586 drug interactions was analysed. This is a comparative analysis of the discrepancies of the information, the exactness of the name of the interacting drug, and applicability for health care personnel. RESULTS: The comparison of the three sources shows inconsistency for 78% of the interactions. Fifty-nine percent of the interactions are mentioned in one source only. The distribution among the categories in the exactness of the name of the interacting drug (p=0.02), and applicability for health care personnel (p=0.0001) is not uniform for the three sources. The SPCs are less exact in mentioning the interacting drug and more often recommend actions to be taken to ameliorate drug interactions. DISCUSSION: The consistency among the sources is relatively low. The inconsistency may contribute to patients' exposure to potentially severe drug interactions, first and foremost because of the omission of potentially severe drug interactions in the sources. It may also contribute to confusion on the part of health care personnel and drug users, which once again may lead to inadequate drug utilisation. There is a need for information on drug interactions and a consensus nationally in Denmark and probably internationally as well.

Catalogs, Drug as Topic↗
PubMed2005

A systematic approach to medical decision-making of uncommon clinical pictures: a case of ulcerative skin lesions by palm tree thorn injury and a one-year follow-up.

In clinical practice, the clinician is challenged with symptoms and/or signs at times apparently insoluble by diagnostic and/or therapeutic means. We propose that in these cases, we have to use an EBM approach in which evidence may be looked up in every available clinical report and bibliographic databases are used for searching that evidence. We report on a case of ulcerative skin lesions apparently insoluble by expert dermatologists following a conventional diagnostic and therapeutic process. We use this case report for illustrating a systematic approach to resolve diagnostic and therapeutic questions using a bibliographic database search (like MEDLINE and EMBASE). Both a systematic approach to bibliographic databases and a critically appraised topic on case reports (or case series) are needed to 'rehabilitate' low-level evidences (that is a case report or case series) to a higher level when we approach decision-making of uncommon clinical pictures. We demonstrate the possibility of using bibliographic databases to search and retrieve useful information for decision-making of uncommon clinical pictures. The method we have proposed can be applied in every area of the world, especially in rural areas. Finally, an Internet-shared database of uncommon clinical pictures with critically appraised topics could be useful in saving more time.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

A situational approach to the design of a patient-oriented disease-specific knowledge base.

We have developed a situational approach to the organization of disease-specific information that seeks to provide patients with targeted access to content in a knowledge base. Our approach focuses on dividing a defined knowledge base into sections corresponding to discrete clinical events associated with the evaluation and treatment of a specific disorder. Common reasons for subspecialty referral are used to generate situational statements that serve as entry points into the knowledge base. Each section includes defining questions generated using keywords associated with specific topics. Defining questions are linked to patient-focused answers. Evaluation of a thyroid cancer web site designed using this approach has identified high ratings for usability, relevance, and comprehension of retrieved information. This approach may be particularly useful in the development of resources for newly diagnosed patients.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2006

What do medical schools teach about women's health and gender differences?

PURPOSE: To examine the curricula of U.S. medical schools to assess the inclusion of women's health and gender-specific information and identify institutional characteristics associated with this content. METHOD: Using data from the Association of American Medical Colleges' Curriculum Management and Information Tool (CurrMIT), in November 2003 to February 2004 the authors performed a curriculum search of schools that entered course/clerkships in CurrMIT to identify interdisciplinary women's health or gender-specific courses/clerkships. A subset of schools that entered comprehensive information in CurrMIT was searched for a specified list of women's health topics and or gender-specific content on any topic. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the relationship between frequency of topics and school characteristics. RESULTS: The authors identified 95 schools that entered related courses/clerkships. Ten courses/clerkships at nine schools met criteria for an interdisciplinary women's health course/clerkship. In the subset of 60 schools with comprehensive CurrMIT information, 18 specified women's health topics were identified, as well as 24 topics on gender-specific content, for a total of 42 topics. The number of topics taught ranged from zero to 26 (mean = 11). More than 50% of these schools taught 11 of the 18 specified topics, while fewer than 30% included gender-specific topics. There was no association in bivariate analysis between the mean number of topics taught and schools' characteristics; however, a women's health program (p= .01) and female dean (p= .06) were positively associated in a regression model. CONCLUSIONS: Few schools offer interdisciplinary women's health courses/clerkships or include gender-specific information in their curricula. A designated women's health program may increase this content in schools' curricula.

Clinical Clerkship↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A quantitative structure-toxicity relationships model for the dermal sensitization guinea pig maximization assay.

We have developed quantitative structure-toxicity relationship (QSTR) models for assessing dermal sensitization using guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) results. The models are derived from 315 carefully evaluated chemicals. There are two models, one for aromatics (excluding one-benzene-ring compounds), and the other for aliphatics and one-benzene-ring compounds. For sensitizers, the models can resolve whether they are weak/moderate or severe sensitizers. The statistical methodology, based on linear discriminant analysis, incorporates an optimum prediction space (OPS) algorithm. This algorithm ensures that the QSTR model will be used only to make predictions on query structures which fall within its domain. Calculation of the similarities between a query structure and the database compounds from which the applicable model was developed are used to validate each skin sensitization assessment. The cross-validated specificity of the equations ranges between 81 and 91%, and the sensitivity between 85 and 95%. For an independent test set, specificity is 79%, and sensitivity 82%.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2006

A web-based repository of surgical simulator projects.

The use of computer-based surgical simulators for training of prospective surgeons has been a topic of research for more than a decade. As a result, a large number of academic projects have been carried out, and a growing number of commercial products are available on the market. Keeping track of all these endeavors for established groups as well as for newly started projects can be quite arduous. Gathering information on existing methods, already traveled research paths, and problems encountered is a time consuming task. To alleviate this situation, we have established a modifiable online repository of existing projects. It contains detailed information about a large number of simulator projects gathered from web pages, papers and personal communication. The database is modifiable (with password protected sections) and also allows for a simple statistical analysis of the collected data. For further information, the surgical repository web page can be found at www.virtualsurgery.vision.ee.ethz.ch.

Computer Simulation↗