Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. A report of the WHO Study Group on Diet, Nutrition and Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases.
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Alkaline phosphatase (APase) was present in the bovine rumen in both cell-free and cell-associated states and levels of the enzyme varied with dietary regime. Reaction product deposition showed that the enzyme was associated with the mixed bacterial population. No enzyme was observed to be associated with protozoa. Trace activity of APase was also detected in the saliva. The presence of large amounts of APase in cell-free rumen fluid of cattle fed fine concentrate feed is believed to be due, in part, to the breakage of bacterial cells that occurs in the rumen.
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Coronary heart disease is a major disease leading to early morbidity and mortality in the UK. The causes are multifactorial, a combination of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Although recent statistics show a reduction in the coronary heart disease mortality rate, the disease continues to be a major focus in health care, with strategies being developed to improve prevention and treatment. Dietary modification has a role to play in both primary and secondary prevention.
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The effects of rose bengal, erythrosin B and fluorescein on ruminant digestion were evaluated by an in vitro rumen technique. Rose bengal reduced in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) values starting at .5 mM in the nutrient media and erythrosin B reduced IVDMD values starting at .05 mM in the nutrient media. Maximum reduction in IVDMD values was observed at 3.0 mM of rose bengal and erythrosin B. Fluorescein depressed digestion but not as severely as rose bengal or erythrosin B. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) values for steers given erythrosin B at a daily dosage of 6.5 mg/kg body weight were higher (P less than .05) than DMD values for control steers. DMD values were higher for steers given 16.3 or 26.1 mg erythrosin B/kg body weight daily than for the control steers, but the differences were not significant. There were no significant differences among animals given the different dosages in digestible energy. Recovery of erythrosin B from feces of treated steers varied with time, indicating that steers fed erythrosin B at a dosage of 6.5 mg/kg body weight might excrete feces during some periods of the day which would not control face fly development; however, administration of erythrosin B at a dosage of 16.3 mg/kg body weight would provide enough erythrosin B in feces to control face fly development throughout a 24-h period.
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