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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

A new radioimmunoassay for follicle-stimulating hormone in macaques: ovulatory menstrual cycles.

A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay system for macaque follicle-stimulating hormone (mFSH) was developed utilizing an antiserum (H-31) prepared in a rabbit against purified ovine FSH as the immunogen. Sera from castrated female, adult male, and juvenile rhesus monkeys, as well as urinary extracts from castrated rhesus and bonnet monkeys, were used to demonstrate parallelism with a standard of partially purified monkey pituitary gonadotropins (LER-M-907-D). An extract of baboon pituitary tissue also showed parallelism with the reference standard. A highly purified pituitary extract (WP-X-105-28), containing approximately 75% macaque luteinizing hormone (mLH) and 1% mFSH, was used to demonstrate the specificity of this mFSH assay system. Sera and urinary extracts obtained from hypophysectomized monkeys did not show cross-reactivity in the assay. Macaque chorionic gonadotropin (mCG) did not produce an inhibition curve in the assay, as determined from serum samples and urinary extracts collected from pregnant monkeys at the time of peak mCG secretion. Serum concentrations of mFSH were suppressed in ovariectomized monkeys by the administration of ethinyl estradiol for 3 days, but returned to near pretreatment values by 96 h after the last estradiol administration. The determination of serum mFSH concentrations in daily blood samples obtained from 20 rhesus monkeys throughout ovulatory menstrual cycles revealed a pattern similar to that previously reported for the rhesus monkey and the woman. The peak value of serum mFSH during the menstrual cycle coincided with the midcycle surge of mLH in each case. The gonadotropin peaks were preceded by increasing serum concentrations of estradiol and followed by rises in the serum concentrations of progesterone. The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle was characterized by continuously decreasing serum concentrations of mFSH, reaching a preovulatory nadir 48 h prior to the midcycle mFSH and mLH surges. Serum mFSH concentrations following the midcycle gonadotropin surges decreased progressively as serum progesterone concentrations increased and reached a plateau, and then increased during the last week of the menstrual cycle as corpus luteum function was waning. We have prepared a large pool of antiserum for distribution under the aegis of the Contraceptive Development Branch of the Center for Population Research, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Human liver tumors in relation to steroidal usage.

Since 1973 a number of investigators have reported an association between liver neoplasia and steroid usage. Through referral material we have examined the histology of over 250 cases of hepatic neoplasia, most in patients receiving steroid medications. The majority have been benign, predominantly focal nodular hyperplasia (55%) and hepatocellular adenoma (39%). The average age was 31.4 years; 83% had significant steroid exposure with an average duration of 71 months for focal nodular hyperplasia and 79.6 months for hepatocellular adenoma. The type of estrogenic agent was predominantly mestranol; however, during the period mestranol was the most frequently used synthetic steroid. A distinct clinical entity of life threatening hemorrhage from the lesion occurred in 31% of patients with hepatocellular adenoma and 9% of patients with focal nodular hyperplasia. Recurrence of benign tumors has occurred in some patients who continued using steroids and regression has been observed in patients who had incomplete tumor removal but discontinued steroid medication. Medial and intimal vascular changes have been present in a large number of the benign tumors. The relationship of these vascular changes to oncogenesis is unclear, but similar lesions have been described in the peripheral vasculature associated with steroid administration. A number of hepatocellular carcinomas have also been seen. Of significance is the young age of these patients and lack of abnormal histology in adjacent nonneoplastic liver. A striking number of the malignant hepatocellular tumors have been of the uncommon type described as "eosinophilic hepatocellular carcinoma with lamellar fibrosis." The epidemiology of liver lesions within this series is difficult to assess, since the material has been referred from very diverse locations.

Adenoma↗
PubMed2005

Emergency contraceptive pills: dispensing practices, knowledge and attitudes of South Dakota pharmacists.

CONTEXT: Despite a decision by the Food and Drug Administration to deny over-the-counter status to emergency contraceptive pills, pharmacists play a crucial role in a woman's access to this medication, especially in areas with large rural populations. Pharmacists' knowledge about and attitudes toward emergency contraceptive pills may affect whether pharmacies carry the medication and whether individual pharmacists dispense it. METHODS: In October 2003, all registered pharmacists living and working in South Dakota were mailed a survey to assess their dispensing practices for, knowledge about, and attitudes toward emergency contraceptive pills. Data for 501 respondents were analyzed through chi-square testing and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Fifty-four percent of respondents worked in pharmacies that carried emergency contraceptive pills. Of these, 67% had dispensed the medication in 2003, and 24% were not comfortable providing customer counseling about the method. Thirty-seven percent of all pharmacists did not understand its mechanism of action; 43% and 21%, respectively, incorrectly answered questions about the medication's link to birth defects and health risks. Only 5% correctly answered all three questions. Eighty-four percent of surveyed pharmacists believed that the medication should not be made available over the counter. Multivariate analysis showed that knowledge of emergency contraception and support for over-the-counter status were relatively low among pharmacists working in small communities. CONCLUSIONS: The education of pharmacists about emergency contraceptive pills must be strengthened to ensure that women receive accurate medical information and access to all contraceptive services.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1975

Interaction of contraceptive progestins and related compounds with the oestrogen receptor. Part I: Effect on (3H)oestradiol distribution pattern in the ovariectomized rat.

The distribution pattern of oestradiol in ovariectomized rats as a function of time has been studied following intravenous adminstration of the tritiated hormone. Oestrogen specific binding with limited capacity was observed in the uterus, vagina, anterior pituitary, adrenals, preoptic area, hypothalamus, amygdala, septum and tractus diagonalis. Maximal uptake of oestradiol in the pituitary occurred within 5 min, in the uterus 60 min after injection, and remained almost unchanged at this level for more than two hours. The binding capacity per mg tissue decreased in the order pituitary, uterus, vagina, preoptic area, adrenals, hypothalamus, amygdala, spetum and tractus diagonalis. The hormone concentration in these tissues one hour after (3H)oestradiol injection was lowered by previous administration of ethinodiol, norethinodrel, lynestrenol and norethindrone, whereas medroxyprogesterone, chlormadinone, megestrol and methyllynestrenol had no effect. The same results were obtained, when instead of the steroid alcohols the corresponding acetate esters were administered. For norgestrel, oestrenol and nortestosterone the effect in the dose range studied was limited to the pituitary and preoptic area. For lynestrenol the inhibition of oestradiol binding in the target tissues was almost the same when the progestin was given 60 and 5 min before oestradiol, whereas in the case of administration 30 min after oestradiol no inhibition was observed. The reduction of oestrogen binding appeared to be dose-dependent, but the dose required to obtain a certain effect for the uterus was four times as high as for the pituitary. Discrepancies between previous studies and the implications of the present findings for the mechanism of action of ovulation inhibition by these progestins are discussed.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1994

Country watch. Zambia.

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1973

Arkansas: State supports availability of contraceptives to all persons.

With Governor Dale Bumpers' approval on March 7, Arkansas formally adopted as a state policy the availability of "all medically acceptable contraceptive procedures, supplies and information ... through legally recognized channels to each and every person desirous of the same regardless of sex, race, age, income, number of children, marital status, citizenship or motive (Act 235, Laws 1973)." The new law further declares that the dissemination of contraceptive information in state and county health and welfare departments, in medical facilities, and at institutions of higher learning is consistent with the state's public policy. The newly enacted bill, sponsored by Representative Boyce Alford, specifically gives any persone 18 and older the authority to consent to voluntary sterilization. Persons under 18 may also consent to the operation if they are married. It gives any institution, doctor, or pharmacist the right to refuse to furnish contraceptive information or supplies and it does not require them to refer the patient elsewhere for services. The bill passed the legislature by votes of 62-0 in the House on February 7 and 26-1 in the Senate on February 20.

Americas↗