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PubMed1986

Use of the population potential model for predicting the growth of cities in a region (with reference to Moscow Oblast).

"A modification of the population potential model is used to analyze the structure of the potential of population for cities of the Moscow region, to develop a relationship between population potential and city size, and to use this procedure to forecast future population change in Moscow Oblast cities." Cities in the region with a population of 50,000 or more at the censuses of 1959, 1970, and 1979 are included.

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[From rings to segregation. Mexico City, 1950-1987].

The author discusses different methods of urban analysis, using the example of Mexico City, Mexico. "In this work two outlines are used: a concentric one that reflects the city's expansion and a segregated one that sees the 'different cities' within. We analyze the commercial occupation of central areas and the growth due to the expansion of the periphery from 1950 to 1986. In both processes, the massive expulsion of the inhabitants appears, firstly as an effect and secondly as a cause. This fact serves as an argument to explore certain proposals in a prospective dimension. In the technical [spatial] analysis we generally avoid the design of the city itself. Here we approach some design ideas without forgetting their social dimension." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Migration to Mexico City: a multifaceted process].

"In this paper, the author analyzes the evolution of migration to Mexico City based on information generated by the National Survey on Migration to Urban Areas.... The findings support the hypothesis that there has been a decrease in the intensity of in-migration towards capital. The rural origin of the migrants prevails; the majority of these are young people coming from the states closest to the city, with low levels of schooling. An increase is observed in out-migration from Mexico City to other major cities in the country...." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Population turnaround in the Canadian inner city: contextual factors and social consequences.

"The paper begins with a brief review of the theoretical arguments and empirical evidence that might be used to explain the emergence, sources and spatial variations of inner-city repopulation. The discussion then examines the various forms of property development that underlie the process of repopulation and the possible origins and potential impacts of each form. Examples are introduced to illustrate the trends and relationships involved, drawing on selective references from North American and European cities, but with special emphasis on Canadian cities and the recent Toronto experience. The paper concludes with a brief assessment of the significance of these processes for understanding the changing residential functions and social environments of the inner city."

Americas↗
PubMed1982

The census undercount: effects on federal aid to cities.

The impact of adjusting 1980 U.S. population census figures for the undercount on federal grant allocations to cities is examined. In contrast to claims by local officials that their cities have lost up to 200 dollars per uncounted person in federal grants, the authors suggest that an undercount adjustment "could be expected to add little more than [20 dollars] per uncounted person in a few large cities--with most large cities experiencing much smaller gains or even federal aid losses after an adjustment." Several reasons for this finding are discussed. "They relate to the significant limitations of available techniques for estimating the census undercount; the fact that population data are not used in all formula allocation systems; the varied ways in which population data can affect formula allocation systems when they are used; and [the] assumption that federal aid funds would not increase in proportion to the population added as part of an undercount adjustment procedure for federal grants."

Americas↗
PubMed1999

Asthma in inner cities.

While the management of asthma has improved over the past two decades, the incidence of asthma in the inner city has not. The inner city, comprising a disproportionate number of people who live close to or below the poverty line, shows increased rates of morbidity and mortality from asthma. African Americans and Hispanic Americans are two to six times more likely to die from asthma than their white counterparts. When federally funded programs have targeted reducing morbidity and mortality in children from these populations, they have succeeded, but in a national study only 18 states had initiatives targeting asthma in low-income populations. This is tantamount to a public health crisis. Patients are not always properly diagnosed and are often without a regular source of health care, and symptoms are seen only in an acute context. Living conditions for the inner-city child have significant allergen triggers associated with house dust, cockroaches, cigarette smoke, chemical pollutants, and particulate matter. Viral infections, such as those caused by respiratory syncytial virus, are worse in crowded living conditions. The desirability of an increased public awareness of the seriousness of the disease and the need for chronic health care are issues that should be raised, through culturally relevant public means and in the knowledge that visual information is most effective. Physicians must understand the proper use of rescue and controller drugs, and asthma education must expand beyond doctors and nurses in their offices. The National Medical Association is committed to doing this aggressively, and community organizations, alliances, and coalitions must also aggressively follow. Public agencies must be lobbied to set high standards for proper asthma care and resources. With organizations acting in concert, the mortality and morbidity from asthma can be substantially prevented in the inner city.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Detection of SEN virus in sera of patients with chronic hepatitis B and general population in 5 cities of China].

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of SEN virus (SENV) infection in CHB patients in five cities of China. METHODS: A nest-polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) was used for detection of SENV-D and SENV-H in sera of 595 CHB patients from 5 cities of China and 96 normal individuals from Beijing. A total of 7 SENV strains were analyzed by direct sequencing. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of SENV in CHB patients and normal individuals were 61.3% and 62.5%, respectively (chi(2) = 0.047, P = 0.829). The prevalence rates of CHB patients between 5 cities were different. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the homology between 4 SENV-D strains was 91% - 98% and 95% - 98% between 3 SENV-H strains isolated from 5 cities in China. CONCLUSION: SENV-D/H were prevalent in CHB patients of China and their prevalence rates were similar to that in normal individuals.

China↗
PubMed1976

Analysis of results of toxicological examinations performed by coroners' or medical examiners' laboratories in 2000 drug-involved deaths in nine major U. S. cities.

Data were collected on 2000 deaths in which psychoactive drugs were involved. The data were submitted by medical examiners or coroners in nine U. S. cities from their case files. The 2000 cases comprise a representative sample from each of these cities of deaths from psychoactive drugs between 1972 through 1974. This report details inter-city differences in methods and practices of the toxicological examination as well as the type and numbers of drugs reported. Even when the same analytical method was used in various cities, there were differences in extraction solvent and extraction pH. Of the 3909 drugs detected, 2945 were quantitated; the number of drugs quantitatively measured per case studied ranged from a low of 0.82 for New York to a high of 2.20 for Washington, D.C. The number of different drugs quantitatively measured varied from 16 for New York to 30 for San Francisco; however, New York qualitatively assayed for the presence of a total of 25 drugs. The number and type of drugs found per case varied. Methadone, for example, was found in 60% of the cases reported by New York and in 49% of the cases from Washington, D.C., but in only about 10% of cases reported by Philadelphia, Dallas, Miami, and San Francisco, and in less than 1% of Los Angeles and Cleveland cases; it was not reported by Chicago. Phenmetrazine-caused deaths were reported only by Dallas (one case) and Washington, D.C. (29 cases). From the data as a whole, information is presented for 33 drugs as to the concentration in physiological tissues and fluids. Analysis of single psychoactive drug cases and single-drug-plus-ethanol cases shows that, in the presence of ethanol, the toxic blood concentration of imipramine, amytriptyline, meprobamate, thioridazine, morphine, propoxyphene, methaqualone, and all barbiturates was decreased by an average of 50%.

Forensic Medicine↗
PubMed2003

Sustainable urban development in Brisbane City--the Holy Grail?

Impacts from urban stormwater runoff on receiving environments have been well documented, particularly through specific regional scientific studies. Using various local government planning and management elements, urban developments in Brisbane City are now able to address stormwater management in an increasingly holistic context. One key initiative includes facilitating Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) components within an Integrated Water Management Strategy that looks at policy formation, planning strategies, design option, community marketing and acceptance, maintenance programs and finally evaluation of various WSUD approaches. These can include the use of Natural Channel Designs, grassed swales, bio-filtration systems, porous pavements and roofwater tanks in several economic combinations. By linking with the Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology, Brisbane City Council has influenced the design of WSUD planning tools and benefited the city with academic inputs into extensive evaluation programs. As well, it has also contributed to the Cooperative Research Centre's research outcomes. These evaluation programs are increasingly providing better understanding of various stormwater quality best management practices throughout Australia. As part of the overall implementation process, active involvement by a range of stakeholders has been crucial. These stakeholders have included internal planning, development assessment and design staff, external consultants, developers, and other local and state government agencies. The latter two groups are assisting in the important task of "regionalisation" of Brisbane City Council's policies and guidelines. Implementation of WSUD initiatives and stormwater re-use strategies under Council's new "Integrated Water Management" agenda are showing some excellent results, suggesting that sustainable urban development is no longer like the search for the Holy Grail.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1992

City studies on nutrition: Bangalore, India.

The size of urban population in developing Asian countries grows at a faster rate than in the developed West. Urban cities in India are being crushed by the onslaught of population growth, migration of rural poor and industrialization, the urbanization in turn inducing social and economic changes. During the decade 1972-81, India's population grew by 25%, urban population by over 40% and that of Bangalore city by 76%. The 1991 Census records the population of Bangalore city at 4.1 million, though the decennial growth rate seems to have begun to decline. The current sex ratio is 900 females to 1000 males with nearly 50% of the population literate and the density of population at 2200 per km2. With the rapidly expanding "conurbation" (continuous urbanization), the number of slum settlements have increased with Bangalore having recorded the highest annual growth rate of 27.4% in its slum population accounting for more than 10% of the share of its population in the slums within the corporation limits. 29% of the population in urban areas in the State is under the poverty line and the percentage under the poverty line may be higher in the city. In this situation the nutrition of the mother and child is most vulnerable. The incidence of low birth weight recorded in a Government Hospital in Bangalore was between 30-40% and the IMR at 47/1000 births. Incidence of child mortality was 5% for children under 1 year and 3% for preschool children. The percent distribution of PEM in preschool children was 41, 31 and 1 for Gomez Grades I, II and III respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Addicted women. Profiles from the inner city.

This article has focused on addicted women and the contexts in which they present to the community nurse. An effort has been made to broaden the clinical applications to include the societal problems underlying addiction and the policy issues that must be addressed to solve them. Addicted women can be described from a societal dimension, in which the health care system reflects disarray and fiscal chaos, and from a community dimension. The two dimensions link the public and the private spheres. To evaluate addicted women and the options for their recovery more effectively, it is helpful to integrate the societal and personal milieu--public issues and the private lives that illustrate them. This is how policy is best formulated. The numbers of addicted women in the health care system reflect only the tip of the iceberg. Health care providers must strive to reach women who are outside of the health care system who have not been connected to a hospital, shelter, or home care agency. Researchers need to differentiate sample patient populations, and the patient selection bias needs to be addressed early on. A model of a community support for recovery located within a housing project was a viable option for reaching addicted women. The role of nurses is becoming increasingly unique. Nurses are skilled as caregivers and clinicians. They can open doors of opportunity for inner-city women and children by developing health-promotive programs in hospital settings for substance abusing women and by continuing to work with their colleagues in the community context. On both dimensions, nurses have front-line accessibility to women and children who are vulnerable. Often, commonality of gender strengthens the nurse/patient relationship and facilitates trust as well as empathy between female addicts and their nurse advocate counterparts. Never has the call to inner-city nurses been more compelling. The problems related to drug abuse and parenting are multidimensional. They resist easy definition and solution. Nurses have the education and the clinical expertise to provide front-line interventions for inner-city women who are addicted to drugs. Nurses are educated holistically as caregivers and teachers. Ideally, nurses can exert their strongest impact on health promotion in the neighborhoods of communities. In reality, this has not worked, and nurses remain part of a health care system that has failed inner-city poor women and their children. Nurses in hospitals and in community setting spend most of their time applying "bandages" to the psychologic and physical wounds that emerge from the addiction to drugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Seroepidemiologic study of Lyme's borreliosis in Mexico City and the northeast of the Mexican Republic].

OBJECTIVE: To detect serological evidence of B burgdorferi infection in individuals from Mexico City and from the Northeast Region of the country. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A representative sample size of serum from Mexico City and the states of the Northeast of Mexico were taken from serum samples corresponding to the 1987-1988 national survey were obtained from the National Serum Bank. Antibodies against B burgdorferi were detected by ELISA and confirmed with Western blot (WB) assays. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A total of 2,346 serum samples were tested; 297 (12.6%) were positive for ELISA, and 122 of 297 were confirmed by WB. Seroprevalence was 3.43% in Mexico City and 6.2% in the Northeast region of the country. Tamaulipas was the state with the highest seroprevalence. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of seropositive cases shows that borrelial infection is present in the northeast of Mexico and Mexico City. Identification of clinical cases and infected tick vectors is necessary to confirm the presence of Lyme disease in Mexico.

Borrelia burgdorferi↗
PubMed2004

Experience of King Abdul-Aziz City for science and technology in funding medical research in Saudi Arabia.

Funding scientific research is important for accelerating the progress of science and technology, to fulfill the development objectives of the country. King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) was established in 1977 to support and promote applied scientific research and coordinate the activities of the scientific research institutions and centers in line with requirements of development plans of the Kingdom. King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology also cooperates with other concerned institutions in formulating strategies and national policies for the development of science and technology. King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology has started several research grants programs, which include; Annual General Grants Program, National Grants Program, Limited Grants Program, Humanities Grants Program, Graduate Students Grants Program and Production Sectors Grants Program for the promotion of science and technology in the Kingdom. The process of funding follows a systematic scientific mechanism based on predetermined research priorities. Selection of the research proposals is accomplished on the basis of strict scientific criteria. The funding of medical research projects is considered most important among all scientific fields, as these are related to human health. The medical field is classified into specific sub fields constituting the major branches of medicine. Since 1979, KACST has funded 430 medical research projects at an estimated cost of 185.9 million Saudi Riyals representing approximately 31.2% of the grants total funding. King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology puts much emphasis on publishing results obtained from the research projects through different channels. Seven hundred and thirty-eight scientific papers have been published in all fields whereas 243 research papers out of them are in the medical field. This paper highlights the establishment, aims and tasks associated with KACST. Also, the paper reviews research funding by KACST grants programs with a focus on funded medical research projects and publications of research papers originating from different funded projects.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2004

[Tuberculosis control in Kawasaki City--promoting the DOT program].

Kawasaki City initiated the DOT (Directly Observed Therapy) program in 2000 to improve tuberculosis (TB) control in the homeless persons and individuals living in temporary subsidized housing. The program was implemented as an additional program to the city's control policy of mass TB screenings for these groups. The DOT program was implemented through participation of numerous agencies sharing common goals. Through coordination and cooperation, a strategy suitable for the regional level was developed. Sectors involved were not only the TB control staff within the public health centers but also the entire public health centers, the welfare administrative division, the city's TB task force and homeless task force, and regional medical institutions. With the implementation of the DOT program, proper medical treatment, improved patient care, and various other measures were performed, and this led to the strengthening of TB control not only in designated DOT-implemented areas but also in the entire city. As a result, the treatment outcomes improved, and incidence rate of TB began to decrease.

Directly Observed Therapy↗
PubMed2004

[Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotype in 5 cities of Fujian province and the clinical implications of HBV genotype].

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype in 5 cities of Fujian province and the clinical implications of distinct genotypes in HBV-related liver diseases. METHODS: HBV genotype was determined by the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis in patients with chronic HBV infection in 5 cities of Fujian province. The relationship between HBV genotype and its clinical implications was studied by multinomal logistic regression and correspondence analysis. RESULTS: Of the 431 HBV DNA positive patients detected by PCR, 275 (63.8%) belonged to HBV genotype B, 100 (23.2%) to genotype C, 51 (11.8%) to genotype D and D-mixed genotype. Genotype A, E and F were not found. Multinomal logistic regression showed that genotype B was more prevalent in Quanzhou and Sanming cities than in Fuzhou (P = 0.002, P = 0.006), and genotype B appeared significantly more common in asymptomatic carriers (ASC), chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and severe hepatitis (SH). Genotype C was most prevalent in patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) (47.0%) than in those with ASC (14.5%) and SH (14.7%) (P = 0.009, P < 0.001). The positive rate of hepatitis B e antigen was higher in patients with genotype C than in those with genotype B and genotype D (56.0% vs. 52.4%, P = 0.008, and 56.0% vs. 30.8%, P = 0.051, respectively). By correspondence analysis, genotype D and D-mixed genotype seemed to be correlated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). CONCLUSIONS: (1) The major popular genotypes of HBV were B, C and D in Fujian. (2) Data of our study suggested that the geographic distribution of genotype B and C might be different in some cities of Fujian. (3) Genotype B might have a tendency to lead to SH in younger patients with chronic hepatitis B and the development of LC might be associated with genotype C among the elder patients. (4) Genotype D appeared to associate with development of HCC, which called for further study to confirm.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The study of mosquito fauna (Diptera, Culicidae) in Volgograd city in light of the outbreak of West Nile fever in Volgograd region, 1999].

Mosquito sampling was carried out in Volgograd city and its vicinity in August 2001 and 2002. In total 16,000 individuals belonging to 6 genera and 12 species were collected. Nine species were anthropophilic. Culex modestus and Aedes vexans dominated in all outdoor samples collected in Volgograd city. In addition to these species, Coquillettidia richiardii and Ae. caspius were abundant in the vicinity of Volgograd. Autogenous Cx. popiens dominated among six species sampled indoors in Volgograd city. The possible role of different mosquito species in West Nile virus circulation in Volgograd city is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Nursing care needs of nursing home patients in large cities do not explain the greater work stress on the staff].

A comparative study has been carried out to determine the influence of the care needs of patients on work pressure of nursing staff in the nursing homes of Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague. Data of nursing home patients, resident at specific dates in nursing homes in the three largest cities have been compared with data from the rest of the Netherlands, altogether more than 40,000 patients at the time. The data came from the Dutch Nursing Home Information System (SIVIS). The differences have been determined in care needs and the changes in care needs in recent years. Nursing home patients in the three largest cities appear to have lower care needs than patients in the rest of the country. The care needs of the patients in the large cities hardly changed from 1986 to 1989. In the rest of the Netherlands a clear increase has occurred in the care needs of somatic and of psychogeriatric patients in the same period. The care needs of the patients in the three largest cities therefore cannot explain a higher work pressure of nursing staff as compared to the situation in nursing homes elsewhere in the Netherlands.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Oral health status among 12-year-old children in primary schools participating in an oral health preventive school program in Phnom Penh City, Cambodia, 2002.

A cross-sectional survey was undertaken to assess dental caries status, knowledge, attitude and practice in oral health among 12-year-old primary schoolchildren participating in the Oral Health Preventive School Program (OHPSP) conducted since 1998 in Phnom Penh City, Cambodia. Schools were stratified into 3 groups by levels of cooperation (good, partial, and poor) with the OHPS program and samples of schools randomly selected from each group. A total sample size of 239 schoolchildren was randomly selected from the sampled schools. There were 79, 82, and 79 children from schools with good, partial, and poor cooperation, respectively. Dental caries status DMFT (Decayed Missing Filled teeth) and knowledge, attitude and practices in oral health were assessed from 21 January to 5 February 2002. Opinions of school directors toward the OHPS Program were evaluated by interview. The results showed the overall mean DMFT per person in schoolchildren in Phnom Penh City, Cambodia of 2.33 (95%CI=2.05-2.61) while mean DT(Decayed teeth) was 2.31 (95%CI=1.97-2.52) and mean MT (Missing teeth) and mean FT (Filled teeth) were 0.01 per person, which were quite small. Children from schools with good cooperation with the OHPSP had the lowest significant mean DMFT 1.62 (95%CI=1.25-1.98) compared to children from schools with partial and poor cooperation (Mean DMFT=2.67:95%CI=2.10-3.23, and 2.69:95%CI=2.19-3.19, respectively). There were no significant differences in levels of knowledge, attitude and practices in oral health among the 3 groups of schools, but the proportion of good practices was highest in good cooperation schools compared to the schools with partial and poor cooperation to the OHPSP (41.3%, 27.3%, and 31.3%, respectively). Among 35 school directors, the majority of them (97.1%) believed that the OHPS program can reduce the dental caries prevalence among schoolchildren. Only 20.0% agreed that parents of schoolchildren should pay money to the school for tooth brushes and tooth paste of their children for brushing after lunch at school. The remaining answers were, they were uncertain (37.1%) and disagree (42.9%) that the school should have to manage that donated money. Among them, 82.9% reported that the OHPS Program activities did not disturb their time at school; 65% of them agreed there should be volunteers to help the schools in implementing the activities of the program. The majority of school directors (97.1%) thought that oral health examinations for schoolchildren were necessary. The results of the study suggested a need for continuous monitoring and strengthening of activities and cooperation of the Oral Health Preventive School Program among primary schools in Phnom Penh City to reduce the prevalence of dental caries among primary schoolchildren in Phnom Penh City, Cambodia.

Cambodia↗