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PubMed1990

Study of chlorhexidine-tenside interactions by means of charge-transfer chromatography.

The interactions of chlorhexidine with 42 nonionic tensides were studied by means of charge-transfer reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography. The alkyl chain of chlorhexidine interacted with the alkyl chains in the hydrophobic part of the tensides, while the ethylene oxide groups of the tensides interacted with the polar guanidine groups of chlorhexidine. These two types of interaction (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) are probably not independent of each other.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Efficacy of chlorhexidine as a gel and as a mouthwash].

In a short-term longitudinal study the authors intended to compare the effectiveness in controlling plaque formation and gingival inflammation of a 1% chlorhexidine gel to the one of a 0.2% chlorhexidine solution. The gel, used once a day, resulted as good as the chlorhexidine solution, but showed a localized activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[0.1% chlorhexidine mouthwash for gingival inflammation in diabetic adults: double blind study].

The effects of a program of 0.1% chlorhexidine mouthrinse was studied on diabetic adult patients with periodontal disease. The experimental group consisted of 19 diabetic patients on the chlorhexidine regime, while the control group of 21 patients used a placebo mouthrinse. The effects were measured utilizing the plaque index, gingival index and pocket depths. The results showed a significant improvement in gingival inflammation and pockets depths in the experimental (chlorhexidine) group.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The oral clearance of chlorhexidine solutions and gels.

The oral clearance of 4 chlorhexidine (CH) preparations was investigated. Two 0.2% CH-solutions, Plak-Out liquid, a 10% alcoholic CH-solution and an aqueous ICI-Hibitane solution were compared with two chlorhexidine gels, Corsodyl gel (0.1%) and a test CH-gel (1.0%) prepared in this laboratory. Thirty subjects, 17 to 57 years of age and exhibiting a variety of oral hygiene conditions, participated in supervised rinsing with CH-solutions and toothbrushing with gels carried out at weekly intervals to eliminate carry-over effects. Mixed saliva samples were taken 7.5, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes following each administration and were analysed spectrophotometrically. The relative oral CH-retention values were for Plak-Out liquid 91%, aqueous Hibitane solution 69%, Corsodyl gel 46% and with the laboratory chlorhexidine gel 37%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Ultrastructural study of the action of concentrated solutions of chlorhexidine digluconate on cocci in salivary flora in vitro].

Chlorhexidine digluconate is a potent antibacterial compound widely used in stomatology. In this work the authors studied the ultrastructural alterations of cocci in salivary flora, treated "in vitro" with high concentrations of chlorhexidine digluconate (0.5%, 1% and 2%). The effect of chlorhexidine 0.5% on the cocci revealed rarefaction of the cytoplasm, ruptures of the cellular wall and alterations of the protoplasm in the form of "plasmoptysis" and "plasmolysis". Treatment of the cocci with higher concentrations (1% and 2%) of the drug caused a change in the appearance of the protoplasm, showing a general coagulation, damage of the cytoplasmic membrane and the cellular wall, malformation of the cell and disorganization of the nuclear chromatin. The ultrastructural alterations observed are in agreement with the results of preliminary biochemical studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Transfer of group B streptococci from mothers to neonates: effect of whole body washing of mothers with chlorhexidine.

Seven babies born to 28 mothers who were vaginal carriers of group B streptococci and who bathed or showered with chlorhexidine during the last 2 weeks of pregnancy were colonized with an organism of the same phage type as their mothers. In contrast, nine babies of 14 carrier mothers who were given no instructions regarding washing were colonized with the same phage type as their mothers. Ten of the 84 sites sampled for group B streptococci on the babies born to mothers using chlorhexidine were positive, whereas 17 of 42 were positive in the babies born to control mothers. This trial suggests that whole body washing with chlorhexidine may reduce the transfer of group B streptococci from mothers to infants, but did not exclude the possibility that body washing by itself may have a similar effect.

Baths↗
PubMed1987

Influence of chlorhexidine on seminal patterns in stallions.

Ejaculates were collected at 3-day intervals before, during and after a washing procedure with chlorhexidine (2%). Semen motility and pathology were determined before and after deep-freezing. Blood samples were taken before and within 1 h after washing procedures and then extracted in ether. This was followed by HPL chromatography. Chlorhexidine concentrations in blood and seminal plasma were distinctly higher in the treated stallions than in control groups. Concentrations in the control groups were below the detection limit of the column. Significant correlations between decreasing semen quality (% immotile cells, % morphological aberrations) and chlorhexidine treatment were found. A change of the present requirements for imports into North America should be considered to improve the semen quality of deep-frozen ejaculates.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Efficacy of chlorhexidine cleansing in reducing contamination of bagged urine specimens.

To determine the effectiveness of precleansing with chlorhexidine gluconate-cetrimide in reducing the contamination rate of bagged urine specimens, 62 infants admitted to a children's hospital were randomly assigned to either receive (32 infants) or not receive (30) cleansing before bag application. Perimeatal swabs were taken before bag application and, in the treated group, after cleansing. Of the specimens from the treated group 69% were found to be contaminated, compared with 73% of those from the no-cleansing group. Chlorhexidine was ineffective in eliminating the perimeatal flora in 75% of the infants. The same organisms were present on the perimeatal swab and in the urine specimen in 95% of the infants in the treated group and 96% of those in the no-cleansing group. To estimate the contamination rate of urine specimens routinely cultured in the laboratory, 200 consecutive specimens (142 midstream and 58 bagged) were cultured. The contamination rate of the midstream urine specimens was 15%, compared with 66% for the bagged specimens. The cost of laboratory processing of contaminated bagged urine specimens at the hospital in 1983 may have been as high as $13 365. Chlorhexidine cleansing does not appear to be cost-effective. Further randomized controlled studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of other cleansing agents in reducing the contamination rate of bagged urine specimens.

Chlorhexidine↗
PubMed1985

[Influence of chlorhexidine on the flora of burns].

The effect of chlorhexidine baths on surface and in-depth colonization of burns was studied in 12 severely burned patients. 202 swabs and 202 biopsy specimens were cultured. Each patient was sampled before and after a daily chlorhexidine bath on several days. Subsequent to bathing, 41% of swabs became sterile and a 1.41 log10 reduction in the number of germs in biopsy specimens was observed. However, deep flora was unchanged in almost half of cases (43.3%) and was reduced by only 1 to 2 log10 in one-third of cases (35.3%). Chlorhexidine added to baths inhibited surface bacterial growth but had an inconsistent and limited effect on in-depth colonization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Electron microscope study of the effect of benzalkonium, chlorhexidine and polymyxin on Pseudomonas cepacia.

Electron micrographs of Pseudomonas cepacia cell grown in nutrient broth show an external membrane which is distinctly wavy, when compared with similar preparations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and which is not affected by growing in the presence of broth containing benzalkonium (10 microgram/ml), chlorhexidine (10 microgram/ml) or polymyxin (25 units/ml). Both benzalkonium (10 microgram/ml) and chlorhexidine (10 microgram/ml) damage the cytoplasmic membrane of P. cepacia cell grown in the presence of the chemicals. Contrasts are shown between the effect of polymyxin (chlorhexidine and benzalkonium) on the outer membrane of P. cepacia and P. aeruginosa.

Benzalkonium Compounds↗
PubMed1994

Effects of chlorhexidine on dentin surfaces and shear bond strengths.

This in vitro study examined the effects of chlorhexidine on dentin surfaces and on the bond strengths of composite to dentin. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the chlorhexidine solution deposited debris on the surface and within the tubules of etched dentin but chlorhexidine had no significant effect on the shear bond strengths of composite to dentin using the All-Bond 2 adhesive system.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1994

Shear bond strengths of composite to chlorhexidine-treated enamel.

This study determined the shear bond strength (SBS) of composite bonded to chlorhexidine-treated enamel and untreated enamel. Fifty human molars were mounted in cold- cure acrylic and the superficial enamel of the buccal or lingual surface was exposed using 600-grit silicon carbide paper. During the experimental protocol, the control group (n = 25) and the experimental group (n = 25) were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C. The experimental group was immersed in 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate for 1 minute, 4 times daily, for 7 days. Prisma APH composite was then bonded to all samples following acid etching for 30 seconds, and the SBS was determined. Shear bond strengths for the control (13.23 +/- 3.22 MPa) and the experimental (13.67 +/- 4.59 MPa) groups were not significantly different using a t-test. The result may be attributed to either a lack of effect of chlorhexidine or to the acid etch which dissolves the affected superficial enamel leaving an unaffected substrate for bonding.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1994

The effectiveness of three different strengths of chlorhexidine mouthrinse.

Dental caries in dentate elderly patients may be controlled with chlorhexidine. The purpose of this study is to establish the effectiveness of two low-concentration chlorhexidine mouthrinses in reducing the microbial counts of cariogenic bacteria in a sample of institutionalized elders. Stimulated saliva samples from all subjects before treatment produced counts greater than or equal to 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL of lactobacilli and/or mutans streptococci. Treatment consisted of daily rinsing with 4.0 mL of mouthrinse before bed for 14 days. Bacterial counts were re-assessed two weeks after commencing treatment. The mean reduction in mutans streptococci counts in subjects receiving the regular-strength chlorhexidine mouthrinse (Group B) was significantly greater than for subjects using either of the low-concentration rinses (Groups A and C). These findings failed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the lower-concentration mouthrinses (Groups A & C).

Aged↗
PubMed1993

ATP content in 3-day-old bacterial plaques with or without a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth rinse.

This study describes a method aimed at measuring the bacterial ATP content of dental plaques formed on a polyester support attached on tooth surfaces in the oral cavity. It reports on the variations in ATP content in 3 days old plaques of a well-defined surfaces with or without the use of 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth-wash twice daily. The results, expressed in bacterial equivalents, show a reduction of dental plaque metabolism after 3 days of chlorhexidine rinses to 19.5% of its value in the control tests without mouth-washes. Bacterial metabolism represented 6.05 bacterial equivalents per mm2 in the control group versus 1.18 equivalents in the chlorhexidine test group.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of subgingival irrigation with chlorhexidine on the periodontal status of patients with HA-coated integral dental implants.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of chlorhexidine irrigation on the periodontal status of patients with HA-coated dental implants as measured by clinical, microbiological, and immunological measures. Thirty non-adjacent implants were randomly assigned to receive a one-time irrigation with either 0.12% chlorhexidine or sterile saline, or no irrigation. All parameters were measured at baseline, 2, 5, and 8 weeks. Results showed no significant differences between any treatment modalities at any time interval. A statistically significant decrease in probing depth (P < .05) occurred within the chlorhexidine and no-treatment groups at all time intervals compared to baseline.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

[Chlorhexidine digluconate/chlorocresol combination. In vitro study of interactions observed against potential cutaneous strains].

The interaction type of chlorhexidine digluconate/chlorocresol association (foaming solution DC 102/1, Laboratoires Pierre Fabre Médicament) have been studied according to the chess-board method, on microplate, by determining MBC (Minimal Bactericidal Concentrations) (or MFC (Minimal Fungicidal Concentrations)) adjusted to T 72-150 AFNOR norm (dilution-neutralization, contact 5 mn) and computation of FBC (or FFC) Index. Trials were carried out against 18 hospital strains (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, Candida albicans) and against 4 strains of the AF-NOR norm. MBC of chlorhexidine, against Staphylococci were included between 6.25 and 25 micrograms/ml, and between 25 and 200 micrograms/ml against the others strains. MBC of chlorocresol were included between 800 and 3,200 micrograms/ml. Against the 22 tested strains, 18 synergistic interactions (FBC Index < or = 0.75) were observed, with 4 to 8 reducing factor for chlorhexidine, and > or = 2 for chlorocresol. No antagonism was noted (maximal FBC Index = 1).

Candida albicans↗
PubMed1996

An analysis of bacteremias during dental extractions. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of chlorhexidine.

BACKGROUND: The literature is unclear concerning the nature and incidence of bacteremias from oral surgical procedures, the relationship of these bacteremias to dental disease, and the preventive benefit of antibacterial mouth rinses. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and nature of bacteremias during single-tooth extractions in adults. METHODS: A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study of 70 patients in which the status of dental disease was compared with the incidence and nature of aerobic and anaerobic bacteremias following a single-tooth extraction and the antibacterial effect of rinses with chlorhexidine hydrochloride. Multiple indicators of dental disease were evaluated and recorded before the surgical procedure. Timing of the mouth rinses, the steps in the surgical procedure, and the two blood drawings were controlled for. RESULTS: Thirty-one (94%) of 34 control patients and 62 (89%) of 70 patients overall had blood cultures positive for organisms at either the 1-minute and or 3-minute mark following the initiation of surgery. The majority of cultures yielded gram-positive cocci. Cultures yielded polymicrobial organisms in 17 patients (24%). Although there was a wide range of severity of odontogenic disease, this did not correlate with results of blood cultures. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of blood cultures positive for organisms at both shorter (<3 minutes, P=.04) and longer (>6 minutes, P=.04) surgery times. There was not statistically significant difference in either the incidence of blood cultures positive for organisms or in the nature of organisms identified between the chlorhexidine and placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS: Single-tooth extraction should be expected to cause a bacteremia regardless of the status of the dentition or periodontium. Mouth rinses with chlorhexidine not significantly alter the number of positive blood cultures or the nature of the organisms at either of the two blood drawings.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Subgingival irrigation effects of chlorhexidine or sanguinarine on gingivitis in orthodontic patients.

This clinical investigation examined the effect of a single subgingival irrigation of chlorhexidine 0.2% or sanguinarine on gingivitis affecting orthodontically banded first molars in adolescent patients. Eighteen patients with gingivitis participated in the study. Probing depth, papilla bleeding index and plaque index were recorded at four sites for three molars at baseline, 2 weeks and 4 weeks by one investigator. A second investigator irrigated a single application of 3 ml of either chlorhexidine, sanguinarine or saline. The gingival bleeding as determined by papilla bleeding index was almost eliminated in the 4 week period. A reduction of the plaque index and probing depth was observed in all three groups. A significant difference related to probing depth between the effect of saline and chlorhexidine (p<0.01) was noted.

Adolescent↗