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PubMedDate not supplied

[Automated micromethod in the assessment of lysozyme activity].

An automated micromethod for assessment of the lysozyme activity in the blood serum and saliva using a special program is presented. The test is carried out in 96-well polystyrene plates, this helping to save the reagents and spare the test samples without making the assessment less sensitive. The method intensifies the process of measurement, which is particularly evident in prophylactic screening for the detection of groups at risk of body reactivity reduction, local immunity disorders in children and adults, this latter fact being especially valuable.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Effects of thematically relevant and general stressors on specificity of responding in asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects.

Twenty-nine mild asthmatics and 12 nonasthmatics were exposed to three films of varying emotional content to assess differential patterns of physiological response in the cardiac, ventilatory, and bronchial systems. Results indicated that only cardiac interbeat interval (IBI) and total respiratory resistance (RT) were reliable indices of reactivity. In a film of thematic relevance to asthmatics which depicted asthmatic children in a hospital setting, asthmatics evidenced sustained elevation of RT throughout the entire film with no reactivity in IBI. Nonasthmatics did not evidence any significant reactivity to the film. In a film of a generally stressful nature which depicted industrial accidents, asthmatics evidenced elevated RT in response to the accident scenes. Both asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects responded to the post-accident periods with increases in IBI. In a film depicting a mother giving up her child for adoption, asthmatics responded to the relinquishing of the child with elevated RT. These results are discussed in terms of the necessity of evolving a comprehensive theory of specificity patterns in psychosomatic disorders which goes beyond models of symptom specificity and stimulus-response specificity, neither of which can adequately account for these results. The results are further seen as supporting the utility of selecting stressors of thematic relevance to asthmatics and measuring symptom-relevant indices of physiological reactivity to isolate these specificity patterns in response to stress.

Airway Resistance↗
PubMed1978

[Value of the discover mental defects for the pathogenesis of psychosocial disorders by normal pupils--a study about patients of a neuropsychiatric station for children (author's transl)].

200 normal pupils were tested, to discover mental defects by HAWIK IQ less than or equal to 84. All tested pupils were treated stationary for psychosocial disorders. 37 mental defects were demonstrable. The mental defect gets the third rank in the quantity of pathological causes for psychosocial disorders. The atmosphere reactive disorders head the list followed by partial psychological disorders of performance. The early recognition of these defects is of necessity in medical, psychological and pedagogic view.

Child↗
PubMed1980

A current study of parasuicide in Durban.

Between 1 January and 31 December 1978, there were 723 episodes of overdosage, poisoning, self-inflicted injury and other possible manifestations of parasuicide reported by the casualty and trauma units of Addington Hospital, Durban. The Department of Psychiatry at this hospital attended to 310 of the patients involved. The study represents an analysis of their characteristics, which might indicate those at greatest risk of parasuicide. Some of the more relevant findings include the following: women predominated, those most at risk were in the age group 20--29 years, and single people were more at risk. The most common method of parasuicide was the ingestion of benzodiazepines and analgesics. A seasonal fluctuation was noted with a referral peak during the summer months, viz. December--February. Transient situational disturbances, reactive depression and conduct disorders in adolescents were the most prevalent psychiatric diagnoses.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1984

Hematogenous histoplasmosis in the immunocompromised child.

Hematogenous (disseminated) histoplasmosis occurred in 31 of 4158 children with cancer or immune deficiency disorders. Approximately half of the 31 patients had pulmonary lesions, reacted to the histoplasmin skin test, and generated complement-fixing antibodies to Histoplasma capsulatum. In a comparative study delayed hypersensitivity to histoplasmin was demonstrated in 36 (5.7%) of 634 children at the time of diagnosis of cancer. Patients with cancer who were reactive to histoplasmin before treatment were at no greater, and possibly less, risk for hematogenous histoplasmosis than were nonreactors. All of the 27 patients who received treatment for greater than 1 day recovered; three had recurrences that responded to treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Heart rate and skin conductance in behaviorally inhibited Mauritian children.

This study tested predictions that inhibited versus uninhibited children exhibit higher heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) arousal. Mauritian children (N = 1,795) were tested at age 3 and classified as inhibited, middle, or uninhibited on the basis of social behavior. HR level and several SC measures were obtained immediately before or during a tone task. Inhibited children displayed significantly higher HR and SC levels and longer SC latency relative to uninhibited children. Results remained regardless of ethnicity, gender, height, weight, respiratory complaints, or crying behavior. Findings suggest that HR and SC levels may be early indicators of inhibited or uninhibited behavior at age 3 and support the notion of heightened sympathetic reactivity due to limbic arousal in inhibited children.

Arousal↗
PubMed1988

IgG antibodies to human herpesvirus-6 in children and adults and in primary Epstein-Barr virus infections and cytomegalovirus infections [corrected].

Antibody titers against human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) were determined in 80 healthy adults and 100 children and teenagers from Sweden to gain information on the role of the virus and its epidemiology. Based on a positive immunofluorescence titer of 1:10 and above, about 85% of the adults and children were seropositive with 60% seropositivity of children below age one year. Titers were generally higher in patients with simultaneous EBV or CMV infection, yet crossreactivity appeared essentially no problem. HHV-6 thus is ubiquitous like other herpesviruses. Primary infection seems to occur early in life, and reactivation or delayed primary infection may be associated with a variety of disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Reactive attachment disorder in maltreated toddlers.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) can be reliably identified in maltreated toddlers in foster care, if the two types of RAD are independent, and to estimate the prevalence of RAD in these maltreated toddlers. METHODS: Clinicians treating 94 maltreated toddlers in foster care were interviewed regarding signs of attachment disorder at intake in an intervention program. RESULTS: Using categorical and continuous measures, both types of RAD can be reliably identified in maltreated toddlers. Both continuous scores and categorical diagnoses indicated that a substantial minority of maltreated young children do exhibit signs of attachment disorders sufficient to meet criteria in DSM-IV and ICD-10. The two types were moderately convergent and at times co-occurred in the same child. Prevalence of RAD in this high-risk sample was 38-40%. Indiscriminate/disinhibited RAD was identified in children with and without an attachment figure. Within this maltreated group, toddlers whose mothers had a history of psychiatric disturbance were more likely to be diagnosed with attachment disorders. CONCLUSIONS: RAD may be reliably identified in maltreated toddlers. Emotionally withdrawn/inhibited and indiscriminate/disinhibited types of RAD are not entirely independent.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Acral pseudolymphomatous angiokeratoma of children: immunohistochemical and clonal analyses of the infiltrating cells.

BACKGROUND: Acral pseudolymphomatous angiokeratoma of children (APACHE) is a disorder characterized clinically by red nodules and histopathologically by a massive subepidermal lymphohistiocytic infiltrate. Although it was initially thought to be a vascular nevus, it has never been regarded as a pseudolymphoma. CASE REPORT: We report a 7-year-old-girl with small red nodules on the dorsum of the right foot and a 73-year-old man with asymptomatic brown-red nodules on the lower extremities. RESULTS: Histopathologic examination revealed a massive lymphohistiocytic infiltrate with plasma cells, some eosinophils, or a multinucleated giant cell immediately beneath the epidermis. Thick-walled vessels were observed in the infiltrate. These characteristics are identical to those of acral pseudolymphomatous angiokeratoma of children. The infiltrate was composed mainly of equal numbers of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells and equal numbers of B cells stained for kappa or lambda light chains. PCR amplification of rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain genes or T-cell receptor gamma genes showed no evidence of clonality, suggesting that these infiltrates were polyclonal both for B and T cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the idea that this disorder represents a reactive process. The modified term 'papular angiolymphoid hyperplasia' would define this disorder more appropriately.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Immunological studies in two children with recurrent parotitis.

In two children with recurrent parotitis, labial salivary gland biopsies showed chronic sialoadenitis. Immunofluorescence studies disclosed deposits of immunoglobulins and complement in juxta-acinar small vessels. Case 1 had gluten enteropathy, IgA deficiency and high titres of antinuclear antibodies (ANA), and in vivo fixation of ANA to nuclei of different cells in lip, skin and jejunum was present. Case 2 showed deposition of IgM in the dermo-epidermal junction of the skin. These findings suggest that autoimmune reactivity and immune complexes may play a role in the pathogenesis of this disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Anaemia, thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy due to occult diffuse infantile haemangiomatosis of spleen and pancreas.

UNLABELLED: Diffuse infantile haemangiomatosis of the spleen is a very rare lesion. Large haemangiomas may cause trapping of platelets and coagulation disorders known as Kasabach-Merrit syndrome. We here report the case of an infant with splenic and pancreatic haemangiomatosis presenting with life-threatening thrombocytopenia, anaemia and intravascular coagulation. Diagnosis was hampered by reactive erythroblastosis and non-conclusive radiological findings. While treatment with corticosteroids was ineffective, administration of antithrombin III improved coagulation parameters. After splenectomy the child recovered promptly and has remained free of disease for 3 years to date. CONCLUSION: Occult visceral haemangiomatosis without visible cutaneous haemangiomas should be included in the differential diagnosis of thrombocytopenia, anaemia and consumption coagulopathy. Antithrombin III treatment may be considered to overcome bleeding problems in patients with Kasabach-Merrit syndrome.

Anemia↗
PubMed1999

Pituitary-adrenal reactivity in a child psychiatric population: salivary cortisol response to stressors.

The aim of this explorative study was to investigate whether physical and psychological challenges are effective in inducing a cortisol response in psychiatric and control children, and if so whether the cortisol response can discriminate between diagnostic groups and is related to psychiatric symptoms. Fifty-two patients, including children with dysthymia, oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder, pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified (PDDNOS) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, were compared to 15 healthy control children. Symptomatology was scored using the Child Behaviour Checklist. The response to both psychological and physical challenges was assessed by measuring salivary cortisol and heart rate. Physical challenge, but not psychological challenge, resulted in an overall increase in heart rate and saliva cortisol. Dysthymic and PDDNOS patients showed a diminished cortisol response, in spite of a significant increase in heart rate. These groups scored highest on the symptom factor withdrawal. Withdrawal was negatively correlated with the cortisol response. Thus, physical exercise is effective in inducing a salivary cortisol response in children. Dysthymic and PDDNOS patients have a disturbed pituitary-adrenal function in relation to physical stress, that may be associated with withdrawal.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Neuro-ontogenic factors in the pathogenesis of febrile seizures in children during the first year of life].

Sensomotor development, periods of febrile attacks (FA), spectral EEG characteristics in narrow range of frequency were examined in 12 healthy children and 34 children with FA. There was a correlation between FA debute, relapse and physiologic formation and change of sensomotor rhythm on months 4-5, 7-8, 11-12 of life. The correlation was also established between a decrease of sensomotor reactivity of child, neocortical activation with repeated FA as well as transformation of the attacks' structure. It is suggested that clinical spectrographic regularities observed indicate both activity of pace-maker neurons of pre- and postcentral cortical areas and the disorders of some intercentral relations.

Brain↗
PubMed2000

Cyclic vomiting syndrome: evolution in our understanding of a brain-gut disorder.

Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) remains a mysterious disorder despite our increasing knowledge since its classic description by Gee in 1882. Its hallmark feature of recurrent, explosive bouts of vomiting punctuating periods of normal health causes substantial medical morbidity (50% of patients require intravenous therapy), as well as significant time lost from school (20 school absences per year) and work. Limited epidemiologic data indicate that CVS may occur more commonly than previously thought, affecting as many as 1.9% of school-aged children. Besides the relentless vomiting, the child usually has pallor (87%), lethargy (91%), anorexia (74%), nausea (72%), and abdominal pain (80%). There is evidence of clinical and physiologic overlap among CVS, abdominal migraine, and migraine headaches. We propose revised criteria for abdominal migraine that include pain as the predominant and consistent symptom, lack of abnormal screening tests, and in retrospect, either subsequent development of migraines or positive response to antimigraine medication. Besides migraines, other etiologic possibilities include mitochondrial DNA mutations, ion channelopathies, excessive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation, and heightened autonomic reactivity. The differential diagnosis includes idiopathic CVS (88%); gastrointestinal disorders (7%), including serious surgical disorders (e.g., malrotation); and extraintestinal disorders (5%), including serious surgical (brain stem neoplasm) and metabolic disorders (e.g., fatty acid oxidation disorder). Within the idiopathic group, there may be migraine, Sato's neuroendocrine, mitochondrial, and other subgroups. Treatment includes avoidance of triggers, prophylactic medication, supportive care, abortive medication, and family support. In the future, investigation into mitochondrial DNA mutations, ion channel defects, corticotropin-releasing factor, and serotonin and tachykinin receptor physiology and pharmacology may help discover the etiology and pathogenesis of this disorder.

Antiemetics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Occupational asthma and reactive airway dysfunction syndrome].

Occupational asthma could be defined as a reversible lung disorder characterized by attacks of breathing difficulty, wheezing, and cough, which are caused by various agents found in the workplace. Incidence varies from 2 to 15% in adult work population; actually there is no data for the child population. Allergic occupational asthma is due to allergic sensitization to a specific substance or material present at the workplace; non-allergic occupational asthma occurs because of the high exposure to an irritant also at the workplace. Over the past few years, more people have been diagnosed as having asthma because of some workplace exposure. The identification of occupational asthma in workers is important because early detection may lead to the control of the worker's symptoms and control of the chemicals in the workplace. In Latin America there is no data about occupational asthma, maybe for the scarce information about it or for its difficult diagnosis.

Asthma↗
PubMed2006

Young burned children: the course of acute stress and physiological and behavioral responses.

OBJECTIVE: Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are a focus of much research with older children, but little research has been conducted with young children, who account for about 40% of all pediatric burn injuries. This is a longitudinal study of 72 acutely burned children (12-48 months old) that assessed the course of acute posttraumatic symptoms and physiological reactivity. METHOD: Parents were interviewed shortly after their child was admitted to the hospital and 1 month after discharge. PTSD symptoms were measured with the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA) module. Nurses recorded the child's physiological data throughout the hospital stay. The child's physical and behavioral responses were assessed in a laboratory at about 1 month after discharge. RESULTS: Reduced social smiling in the children was related to PTSD symptoms, as measured by the DICA, and heart rate at 24 hours and 7 days. Reduced vocalization was related to the child's rating of pain at 24 hours. Smiling and vocalizations were also related to some DICA cluster scores but not avoidance. CONCLUSIONS: Preschool children admitted to a burn unit demonstrated PTSD symptoms and physiological reactivity. There was a relation to the frequency of smiles and vocalizations.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Reactive and proactive aggression differentially predict later conduct problems.

This study tested whether proactive and reactive aggression were differently predictive of later externalizing problems such as delinquency and DSM-related disruptive behaviors (i.e. oppositional defiant and conduct disorders). It also tested whether these two subtypes of aggressive behaviors interacted in predicting externalizing problems. A community sample of low SES boys participated in the study. Proactive and reactive aggression were rated by teachers when boys were 12 years old. Delinquency, oppositional disorders, and conduct disorders were assessed during mid-adolescence. Proactive but not reactive aggression predicted delinquency and disruptive behaviors. Moreover, high levels of reactive aggression weakened the link between proactive aggression and delinquency. Reactive aggression, however, did not moderate the link between proactive aggression and disruptive behaviors. We conclude that reactive and proactive aggression are two types of aggressive behaviors with different predictive abilities. We also offer tentative explanations to account for the present findings.

Adolescent↗