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Male menstruation: a ritual alternative to the oedipal transition.
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Culture, community medicine and venereal disease.
This paper reports a remarkable case of venereal disease. It discusses the serious implications and enormous difficulties of control in an Aboriginal community in which striking cultural practices play a unique and major role in disease transmission. Despite known aetiology and the ready availability of inexpensive treatment, patients continue to suffer whilst health education remains extremely difficult.
[Academic degrees and changing ceremonies].
The traditions and ceremonies regarding doctoral dissertations in Europe date back to early medieval times, to the school of health at Salerno. The University of Oslo, founded in 1811, inherited the traditions from Denmark. Up to 1845, the dissertations were held in Latin, which was a burden on the candidates. The first four candidates who presented a thesis for a doctorate were all from the Faculty of Medicine. After 1845, the Norwegian language was permitted, but up to the end of the century there were still only few dissertations, and a doctorate degree was not highly valued. The number has since increased, and this degree is more highly esteemed. The ceremonies around the dissertations have also changed. The first promotions included solemn procedures in Latin, but later on the promotion ceremonies disappeared for 91 years. Promotion ceremonies reappeared in 1933, but changes have been observed more recently, probably related to changing cultural opinions and trends. The policy today seems to indicate a trend towards more ceremony, accompanied by festivity.
[Family therapy in the management of schizophrenic patients].
Family Therapies, as particular modalities of schizophrenic patients' treatment, may have a great significance in the requalification of the competences and responsibilities of people who are affected by the problem, i.e. members of the family and professional actors (psychiatrists, psychotherapists, etc.). Through three cases, the present paper proposes some practical and theoretical principles which allow to set this form of therapy in this kind of disorders.
[The Zagreb Etruscan ceremonial fragment and an ancient Egyptian medical papyrus].
The Archeological museum in Zagreb treasures the linen strips of an Egyptian mummy with inscriptions in Etruscan, and an Egyptian medical papyrus. The Etruscan text has been deciphered, but only a small part has been translated. This religious-magical ceremonial might be in relation with theurgical measures for health protection, promotion and restitution. The medical text on the papyrus is a hieratic script dating back to Pharaonic New Kingdom, probably a fragment of a medicine book similar to the Ebers papyrus. This article provides its transcription and translation. Three recipes for a powder and ointments which were used in the local treatment of inflammed moist skin lesions are presented.
Challenging nursing myths and traditions.
This paper was presented to the World Conference of Operating Room Nurses XI held in Hamburg. Steeped in tradition as nursing is, some observably comical traditions, myths and behaviours have been dragged into a century where they clearly don't belong. Rather like the Flintstones, an exploration of some of these aberrations provides nurses with an opportunity to laugh at themselves and benefit from it. To carry the Flintstones analogy a little further, Fred and Wilma, Barney and Betty, seem to have all the modern luxuries of life - TV, microwave and hi-fi; however these are made of stone and have very implausible operating mechanisms. What have we got in nursing and what implausible mechanisms are we perpetuating in carrying out day-to-day activities?
Obsessional slowness in the setting of fears of contamination resulting in paradoxical uncleanliness.
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Culture--an inextricable component of care.
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Historic ceremonial and medicinal use of tobacco among American Indians.
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Fire walking in Singapore: a profile of the burn patient.
Fire walking is a religious ritual practised mainly by Indians, but also by some Chinese, living in Singapore. Seventeen new cases of burns sustained after a fire walking ceremony are reported. All the patients were males. One patient was Catholic, the others being Hindus. All the patients were Indians. The mean age of the patients was 25.47 years (range 19-56 years). All the patients had burns on the feet only. Of the 17 patients, 15 had burns on the non-weight-bearing area of the foot, one had burns on the weight-bearing area of the foot and one had burns on both the weight-bearing and the non-weight-bearing areas of the foot. The mean percentage of total body surface area affected was 0.81% (range 0.25-1.25%). The burn injuries were either erythema or partial thickness burns. The mean duration of disability was 21.4 days (range 14-35 days). Of those burnt, three were novices, six had walked twice and the remaining eight had walked three to 16 times. The profile of a fire walker is generally a young Indian with partial thickness injuries on one or both feet involving the non-weight-bearing area.
Towards a defence of nursing routine and ritual.
Healing routines and rituals have been an essential part of life since time in memorial. Rather than dismiss modern healing rituals because, in many instances, they appear to have no empirically proven manifest function, an argument is proposed in defence of routine and ritual, suggesting that there is an urgent need to explore their meaning or latent function.
Assessment of a Xhosa psychiatric patient using the transcultural approach.
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Sacred cows and sound practice.
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[Twins in cultural and psychic life. African examples].
In Africa, twin births were and are still considered to be events of extraordinary importance. Traditional beliefs give to twins a special position as sacred monsters and devote to them a variety of ritual celebrations. The different versions of the dogon myth of the creation of the world tell the symbolic events that led to separation of Heaven and Earth, of gods and first men on earth, of female and men of religious leaders and other inhabitants. The dual faces of androgynous twins provide a paradigm for a long process of differentiation culminating in definitive separation when turned into animals occupying opposing territories. Ibeji statuettes are a central element in a twin-related cult practiced by the Yoruba people. The birth or death of twins is considered as a potential threat for future children. For this reason, the Yorubas treat these statuettes as if they were alive. The anxiety neurosis of Josephine, a modern African woman, expressed itself through a recurrent dream. Psychotherapy allowed her to understand the meaning of these dream images.
[The determination of the ritual (cult) nature of bodily injuries on a corpse].
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