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PubMed1995

Distance cues for vertical vergence adaptation.

Vertical vergence can be trained to respond to vertical and/or horizontal conjugate eye position, horizontal vergence, and vertical head tilt. This cross-coupling is manifest as a vertical phoria aftereffect (monocular vertical vergence response) that varies with direction and distance of gaze. The function of the spatially dependent adaptation is to maintain the calibration between vertical eye alignment and intended placement of the two retinal images. Oculomotor adaptation stabilizes our sense of spatial localization and calibrates a body-referenced coordinate representation of visual space that is necessary for visually guided motor responses. We have tested the possible association of vertical phoria adaptation with perceptual cues to distance in the absence of any other associated motor activity. During adaptive training, vertical disparity vergence was associated with variations of perceptual distance cues (including loom, overlap, relative size, and relative motion), oculomotor distance cues (horizontal vergence), or a combination of both classes of cues. We observed that in a 2-h period the open-loop (monocular) vertical vergence response could not be trained to occur as an aftereffect in association with the perceptual cues to distance, whereas it could be trained in association with oculomotor cues. We conclude that the spatial specificity of vertical vergence aftereffects caused by short-term adaptation results from an associated cross-coupling with supranuclear sources of oculomotor activity.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed2001

Activation of prefrontal cortex and anterior thalamus in alcoholic subjects on exposure to alcohol-specific cues.

BACKGROUND: Functional imaging studies have recently demonstrated that specific brain regions become active in cocaine addicts when they are exposed to cocaine stimuli. To test whether there are regional brain activity differences during alcohol cue exposure between alcoholic subjects and social drinkers, we designed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) protocol involving alcohol-specific cues. METHODS: Ten non-treatment-seeking adult alcoholic subjects (2 women) (mean [SD] age, 29.9 [9.9] years) as well as 10 healthy social drinking controls of similar age (2 women) (mean [SD] age, 29.4 [8.9] years) were recruited, screened, and scanned. In the 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging scanner, subjects were serially rated for alcohol craving before and after a sip of alcohol, and after a 9-minute randomized presentation of pictures of alcoholic beverages, control nonalcoholic beverages, and 2 different visual control tasks. During picture presentation, changes in regional brain activity were measured with the blood oxygen level-dependent technique. RESULTS: Alcoholic subjects, compared with the social drinking subjects, reported higher overall craving ratings for alcohol. After a sip of alcohol, while viewing alcohol cues compared with viewing other beverage cues, only the alcoholic subjects had increased activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior thalamus. The social drinkers exhibited specific activation only while viewing the control beverage pictures. CONCLUSIONS: When exposed to alcohol cues, alcoholic subjects have increased brain activity in the prefrontal cortex and anterior thalamus-brain regions associated with emotion regulation, attention, and appetitive behavior.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1991

Attention and disordered eating behavior: I. Disattention to satiety cues as a risk factor in the development of bulimia.

It was proposed that bulimic behavior could be explained in part in terms of cognitive deficit, in which poor self-control and a lack of sensitivity to eating satiety cues contribute to binging behavior. College women (N = 80) who showed characteristics associated with bulimics (BP) had been found less capable of self-control than control women (C) in a previous study. The present study revealed a tendency for BP college women to be less cognizant of eating satiety cues and less responsive to these cues as far as termination of eating is concerned. However, this was true only when they also reported a diminished ability to focus attention upon a narrow range of stimulation. When BP women described themselves as more capable of focused attention, they showed greater awareness of and responsiveness to cues signaling satiation while eating. Attention to focal stimulation did not mediate differences in sensitivity to satiety cues within the C group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The use of tactile and olfactory cues in neonatal orientation and localization of the nipple.

A good deal of effort has been directed toward determining the sensory cues employed by neonatal animals in orienting to, and localizing, the nipple. The results of previous studies are contradictory. Some investigators have claimed that olfactory cues are critical, while others suggest that tactile cues are of primary importance in these behaviors. The present studies indicate that, in kittens, there are two essential components of the suckling process: orientation to the mother and localization of the nipple. In these experiments, the ability and time involved in localizing and attaching to the nipple of the anesthetized mother were measured in several conditions. With tactile input impaired, kittens had no difficulty locating the mother, but could not locate the nipple. In contrast, olfactory disruption never impaired nipple localization and attachment when the kitten was in contact with the mother, but interfered with the kitten's ability to locate the mother when removed from her. These data suggest that olfactory cues are employed in locating the mother, and tactile cues from the perioral region are employed in locating the nipple.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Interaction of levodopa and cues on voluntary reaching in Parkinson's disease.

The bradykinesia associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) can be improved by both levodopa and the use of external cues. We examined the combined effect of levodopa and external cueing on the voluntary reaching movements of individuals with PD. Nine subjects with PD and nine matched controls were studied reaching to a ball target. Subjects with PD were studied after being off levodopa overnight and again on their morning dose. Kinematic data were collected as all subjects made both accurate and fast reaches under two different cue conditions: noncued (self-initiated) and cued (triggered by a light). Subjects with PD reached more slowly than controls under all conditions. PD subjects increased their reach velocity and decreased movement time after taking levodopa and also when moving to a cue. However, the effects of levodopa and cueing were not additive. Instead, levodopa improved reach velocity to a greater extent in the noncued vs. cued condition. We also found that levodopa improved accurate (self-paced) reaches more than fast reaches. These data suggest that levodopa may preferentially improve voluntary reaches that are more internally generated.

Antiparkinson Agents↗
PubMed2002

Bimanual coordination deficits with Parkinson's disease: the influence of movement speed and external cueing.

Continuous coordinated movement of the upper limbs performed at different movement frequencies, and with different external timing conditions, was examined in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy, age- and gender-matched controls. Participants performed symmetric in-phase movements toward and away from the midline of the body, and isodirectional anti-phase movements at one of three metronome speeds (0.75, 1.25, and 1.75 Hz), and in two different auditory cueing conditions (cue present, cue absent). Measures of relative phase accuracy (absolute mean error) and stability (standard deviation) revealed that individuals with PD performed in-phase movements as well as the controls, while anti-phase movements were performed with greater mean error and variability. The adverse effects of PD on the anti-phase task were also reflected by freezing (8.1% of anti-phase trials) and hypometric deficits (5.1% of anti-phase trials) during movement. None of these PD-related impairments occurred during in-phase trials. The overall accuracy or stability of movement coordination was not improved with the presence of external pacing cues, suggesting that although execution impairments of individuals with PD may be dramatically influenced by attention, external cueing does not necessarily improve movement performance.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2004

Audiovisual cues can enhance sit-to-stand in patients with Parkinson's disease.

We investigated whether preparatory signals, in the form of audiovisual cues, could enhance the performance of sit-to-stand (STS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Fifteen patients and fifteen control subjects similar in age, gender, weight, and height were examined. All subjects were instructed to carry out STS under self-initiated and cue-initiated conditions. A PEAK Motion Analysis System and two force plates were synchronized to record kinematic and kinetic data. In patients with PD, the addition of audiovisual cues was found to increase hip flexion and knee extension torques and decrease the time-to-peak joint torques, as well as increase peak horizontal and vertical velocities of the body center of mass and decrease the time taken to complete STS. Consequently, the performance of STS in these patients approached that of control subjects. In fact, during cue-initiated STS, no difference was found between the patient and control groups for the time-to-peak of all joint torques, the peak horizontal and vertical velocities, and the time taken to complete STS. Our findings thus demonstrated that audiovisual cues were effective in enhancing STS in patients with PD. These feed-forward signals could have enhanced the defective motor preparatory phase, thus leading to improved performance of the STS task. These findings provide a scientific basis for the use of audiovisual signals to enhance STS performance in patients with PD.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1994

Different mechanisms underly shifting set on external and internal cues in Parkinson's disease.

A set shifting task consisting of the comparison of two digits according to their numerical value or their form guided by an explicit (external cue) or implicit (internal cue) rule was performed by 8 untreated and 19 treated patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD) and 15 control subjects. The subjects could not predict the number of trials for a given target. The treated PD patient group exhibited increased post-shift error rates under the internal cue condition. In the external cue condition, only the untreated patients produced more errors when shifting to a new response criterion. Reaction times were prolonged in treated PD patients, irrespective of type of cue. Large interindividual variability within the patient groups is considered as meaningful and indicates individual differences in the neuropsychological impairment and/or the neurotransmission deficit. Pathophysiological and neuropsychological impairments underlying these findings are discussed on the basis of the models of Penney and Young (1983/1986) and Norman and Shallice (1980/1986).

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Vocal cues to deception: a comparative channel approach.

The study investigated the leakage potential of different voice and speech cues using a cue isolation and masking design. Speech samples taken from an earlier experiment were used in which 15 female students of nursing dissimulated negative affect produced by an unpleasant movie or told the truth about positive affect following a pleasant movie. Several groups of judges rated these speech samples in five conditions: (1) forward or clear, (2) electronic filtering, (3) random splicing, (4) backwards, (5) pitch inversion, (6) tone-silence sequences. The results show that vocal cues do indeed carry leakage information and that, as reflected in the differences among the conditions masking different types of cues respectively, voice quality cues may be centrally implicated. In addition, gender differences in decoding ability are discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed1996

The relative salience of morphine and contextual cues as conditioned stimuli.

Two experiments were conducted to delineate further the properties of conditioning when morphine is used as a conditioned stimulus (CS) in the conditioned suppression of drinking paradigm. Experiment 1 used a test for overshadowing designed to compare the relative salience of contextual cues (metal box) and morphine induced cues (6 mg/kg, IP) as CSs when each was paired with a foot shock unconditioned stimulus (US) in water deprived rats. Six groups (six rats each) were exposed to conditioning procedures during which the conditioning context was present 19 h (groups 1 and 2), 90 min (groups 3 and 4), or 5 min (groups 5 and 6) before shock onset, and morphine (in groups 1, 3, and 5) or saline (in groups 2, 4, and 6) was injected 10 min before shock. Subsequently, the magnitude of suppression of drinking in response to morphine, to the metal box, and to morphine plus the metal box was measured. Only group 1 (19 h group) suppressed drinking in response to morphine, while groups 3-6 suppressed drinking whenever tested in the metal box. The results indicate that morphine cues acted as a CS that elicited suppression of drinking in group 1, and that contextual cues present up to 90 min before morphine cues overshadowed morphine. Experiment 2 showed that expression of the conditioned response to morphine was blocked by naloxone.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Reinstatement of cocaine seeking in 129X1/SvJ mice: effects of cocaine priming, cocaine cues and food deprivation.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The mechanisms underlying relapse to cocaine seeking induced by exposure to priming cocaine injections, cues associated with cocaine self-administration and environmental stressors have been studied in rats. Here we describe a reinstatement method for studying relapse to cocaine seeking in mice, a suitable species for studying the effect of genetic manipulations such as gene knockout or gene over-expression on compulsive drug use. METHODS: Male mice of the 129X1/SvJ strain were trained for 14-16 days to self-administer cocaine (0.75 mg/kg/infusion; 4 h/day; fixed-ratio-1 schedule of reinforcement; infusions were paired with a light-tone compound cue). Next, the lever-pressing behavior was extinguished by removing the cocaine syringes in the presence (Exps. 1 and 3) or absence (Exp. 2) of the cocaine cue. Subsequently, tests for reinstatement were conducted after exposure to priming injections of cocaine (0, 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg, IV; Exp. 1), response-contingent presentations of the cocaine-associated cue (Exp. 2), or food deprivation stress (1 and 22 h; Exp. 3). RESULTS: The effect of cocaine priming on reinstatement was modest and was only observed at the highest dose tested. On the other hand, reinstatement of cocaine seeking was observed following exposure to the cocaine-associated cue and food deprivation stress. CONCLUSIONS: The present data suggest that factors contributing to relapse to drugs can be studied in the reinstatement model using the common 129X1/SvJ mouse inbred strain.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effects of haloperidol on cue-induced autonomic and behavioral indices of heroin reward and motivation.

RATIONALE: Most theoretical conceptions of motivation presume an internal state of sympathetic nervous system activation that precedes and accompanies goal-seeking behavior. OBJECTIVES: The present study investigates the animals' physiological and behavioral response to presentation of environmental cues predictive of availability (S+) or non-availability (S-) of heroin in the goal box of a straight-arm alley. METHODS: Animals were trained to discriminate between two olfactory cues, one predictive of the delivery of i.v. heroin (0.1 mg/kg) upon the rat's entry into the goal box of the runway (the S+) and another cue (the S-) predictive of i.v. saline upon goal-box entry. Once discriminative performance had stabilized, animals were challenged with each of four haloperidol treatments in a counterbalanced manner (0.0, 0.075, 0.15, 0.3 mg/kg i.p.). Run times and heart rates (measured via radiotelemetry) served as the dependent variables on every trial. RESULTS: Both behavioral and physiological measures of motivation responded differentially to S+ and S- cues. Haloperidol had no effect during or immediately following S- trials, nor prior to reinforcer delivery on S+ trials. However, the behavioral and physiological consequences of heroin delivery during dopamine receptor antagonism were reliable - animals ran more slowly and showed less activation (lower heart rates) on the first S+ trial following a heroin + haloperidol experience. CONCLUSIONS: The current data demonstrate that physiological and behavioral indices of cue-induced motivation remained intact during haloperidol challenge, while the reinforcing consequences of heroin appear to have been attenuated by dopamine receptor antagonism.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Lack of startle modulation by smoking cues in smokers.

RATIONALE: The startle reflex methodology has been used to study the effects of nicotine in humans and the motivational effects of smoking cues in smokers. However, no other studies investigate startle modulation by smoking cues in smokers compared to non-smokers. In the other studies, smoking deprivation was manipulated in smokers or smokers were not compared directly to non-smokers. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to examine the temporal course of information processing following the presentation of a smoking-related cue using the startle probe methodology in smokers compared to non-smokers. METHODS: Thirty-four smokers were selected on the basis of nicotinic dependence according to the DSM-IV, and compared to 34 non-smokers. During testing, subjects viewed neutral pictures and smoking related pictures displayed on a computer screen. Acoustic startle stimuli were delivered at various times after picture onset (60, 120 or 5000 ms) to examine inhibition by lead stimulus and the affective modulation of startle. RESULTS: The magnitude of startle reflex inhibition increased in smokers compared to non-smokers, at 60 and 120 ms. In all, there was no PicturexGroup interaction effect. CONCLUSION: We showed that smoking cues have no impact on the startle reflex of either group, even if, in line with previous results, prepulse inhibition was higher in smokers than non-smokers. These results suggest that smoking cues have no effect on the positive reinforcement of nicotine consumption, and that cognitive factors play a primary role in the development and maintenance of tobacco dependence.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

CP-154,526, a CRF type-1 receptor antagonist, attenuates the cue-and methamphetamine-induced reinstatement of extinguished methamphetamine-seeking behavior in rats.

RATIONALE: Previous studies from our laboratory and others have indicated a role for the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the extinction/reinstatement animal model of cocaine relapse OBJECTIVE: This present study was designed to investigate the potential role for the HPA axis in the cue- and methamphetamine-induced reinstatement of extinguished methamphetamine-seeking behavior by determining the effects of ketoconazole and the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRF) type 1 receptor antagonist, CP-154,526, on these behaviors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer methamphetamine (0.03 mg/kg/infusion). The delivery of methamphetamine was paired with the presentation of a tone and the illumination of a house light. Once stable responding was reached, the rats were placed into extinction. The effects of pretreatment with ketoconazole (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg, i.p.) or CP-154,526 (20 or 40 mg/kg, i.p.; 3 micro g, i.c.v) on cue-induced reinstatement were then evaluated. RESULTS: Cue-induced reinstatement was not significantly attenuated by pretreatment with peripherally administered CP-154,526 or by pretreatment with ketoconazole. However, centrally administered CP-154,526 (3 micro g, i.c.v.) significantly attenuated cue-induced reinstatement. In a separate group of rats, CP-154,526 (20 mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated methamphetamine-induced reinstatement (0.12 mg/kg priming infusion); whereas a higher dose (40 mg/kg) was necessary to attenuate reinstatement induced by a priming infusion of 0.24 mg/kg/infusion. Ketoconazole (50 mg/kg) did not affect reinstatement induced by a 0.12 mg/kg priming infusion and, therefore, was not tested at the higher methamphetamine priming dose. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest an important role for CRF in the cue- and methamphetamine-induced reinstatement of extinguished methamphetamine-seeking behavior.

Amphetamine-Related Disorders↗
PubMed1999

Male olfactory cues affect mothers' behavior in mice: effects of benzodiazepines.

RATIONALE: Threatening social stimuli were used in this study as aversive conditions to test anxiety in lactating female mice. The odors of potential infanticidal males or the "stress odor" left by restrained mice represented two aversive conditions that have been suggested to modulate the time spent by the mothers to reach their pups after 30 min of separation. OBJECTIVES: The effects of drugs acting at the benzodiazepine receptors were evaluated on the behavior of mothers exposed to different threatening social cues. METHODS: Lactating mice of the NMRI outbred strain with 8-day old pups were treated with (1) chlordiazepoxide (CDP) 2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg/kg i.p.; (2) flumazenil 10 mg/kg i.p. and (3) methyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta-CCM) 3.0 mg/kg i.p. RESULTS: The odors left by stressed females changed the mothers' exploratory behavior, but not the latency to reach pups. The latency was higher in the presence of cues from potentially infanticidal males. CDP (5.0 mg/kg) reduced the time spent to contact pups, whereas the other CDP doses did not modify the dam's behavior. Flumazenil, given in combination with CDP (5.0 mg/kg) antagonized the latter anxiolytic effect. In addition, in the presence of cues from potentially infanticidal males beta-CCM had anxiogenic activity, increasing latency to reach pups. The same CDP and beta-CCM doses were ineffective in the presence of cues from stressed females and in the absence of olfactory cues from conspecifics. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides behavioral and pharmacological validation of a new model of anxiety specifically designed for lactating females.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Old age impairs the use of arbitrary visual cues for predictive control of fingertip forces during grasp.

Old age impairs the ability to form new associations for declarative memory, but the ability to acquire and retain procedural memories remains relatively intact. Thus, it is unclear whether old age affects the ability to learn the visuomotor associations needed to set efficient fingertip forces for handling familiar objects. We studied the ability for human subjects to use visual cues (color) about the mechanical properties (texture or weight) of a grasped object to control fingertip forces during prehension. Old and young adults (mean age 77 years and 22 years, respectively) grasped and lifted an object that varied in texture at the gripped surfaces (experiment 1: sandpaper versus acetate surface materials) or weight (experiment 2: 200 g versus 400 g). The object was color-coded according to the mechanical property in the "visual cue" condition, and the mechanical property varied unpredictably across lifts in the "no visual cue" condition. In experiment 1 (texture), the young adults' grip force (force normal to the gripped surface) when the object lifted from the support surface was 24% smaller when the surfaces were color-coded. The old adults' grip force did not vary between the visual conditions despite their accurate reports of the grip surface colors prior to each lift. Comparable findings were obtained in experiment 2, when object weight was varied and peak grip force rate prior to object lift-off was measured. Furthermore old and young subjects alike used about 2 N of grip force when lifting the 200 g object in experiment 2. Therefore, the old adults' failure to adjust grip force when the color cue was present cannot be attributed to a general inability or unwillingness to use low grip force when handling objects. We conclude that old age affects the associative learning that links visual identification of an object with the fingertip forces for efficiently handling the object. In contrast, old and young subjects' grip force was influenced by the preceding lift, regardless of visual cues, which supports existing theories that multiple internal representations govern predictive control of fingertip forces during prehension.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Motor planning: effect of directional uncertainty with continuous spatial cues.

We have investigated the effect of directional uncertainty on the planning of reaching movements. For this purpose, we have used sections of annuli as spatial cues to indicate the directional range within which the target would be presented. The results showed that the reaction time of the reaching response increased with cue range and with the angle between the center of the cue and the target. In addition, the initial direction of movement was biased toward the center of the cue. These results conformed to the predictions of the capacity-sharing model. This model assumes that the processing resources used for motor planning are limited and distributed as a function of the range of directions indicated by the cue, and that when the target appears, these resources are reallocated to represent the response to be executed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Brain activity during visuomotor behavior triggered by arbitrary and spatially constrained cues: an fMRI study in humans.

Rule-based behavior associating nonspatial visual stimuli with learned responses is called arbitrary visuomotor mapping, an ability that enriches behavioral repertoire. To better understand the underlying neural correlates, the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study explored brain activity during visually informed movement involving two different types of cues and two different effectors. After being trained on the tasks, six healthy subjects performed right or left finger tapping tasks according to either arbitrary cues or spatially constrained cues. An event-related fMRI experiment was conducted on a 3-T MRI. The image data were analyzed with statistical parametric mapping. With the aid of the probabilistic architectonic map in the stereotaxic space, we identified three types of task-related brain activity: cue-selective, effector-selective, and nonselective. The left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the rostral part of the right dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) exhibited cue-selective activity, which was greater during the arbitrary condition than the spatially constrained condition. The left ventral prefrontal activity may reflect retrieval of visuomotor association from memory in arbitrary context. The rostral part of the left PMd showed nonselective activity while the caudal part of the PMd on each side showed conspicuous effector-selective activity to the contralateral movement. These findings suggest functional demarcation of the PMd between its rostral and dorsal parts during visuomotor mapping.

Adult↗