Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CONSCIOUSNESS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

[Decreased consciousness of hypoglycaemia and the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia in children and adolescents with diabetes type 1].

UNLABELLED: Maintaining good metabolic control is connected with an increasing risk of hypoglycaemia, which is the most frequent and most dangerous side effect of intensive insulin therapy. The results of the DCCT trial revealed that the intensification in insulin therapy increases three-fold the risk of severe hypoglycaemia. Severe hypoglycaemia was defined by loose of consciousness, coma and/or convulsions. Feeling the state of hypoglycaemia is the basic defensive mechanism in patients with diabetes type 1, making possible to start the self treatment. The decreased consciousness of hypoglycaemia makes limitations to the intensive insulin- therapy, the main aim of which is to stop later complications. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of severe hypoglycaemia during a 5 yrs period, the attempt to find the reason and correlations between severe hypoglycaemia and decreased consciousness of feeling this state in children and adolescents with diabetes type 1. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out on 280 patients aged x=13.1 yrs (2.2-18.6), suffering from diabetes, mean duration 7 yrs (2.0-13.9). The study was retrospective, taking into consideration the period from 1.01.1995 to 31.12.2000. RESULTS: During the analysed period we noticed 48 cases of severe hypoglycaemia in 31 patients (21 boys and 10 girls), mean age 13.8 yrs, with diabetes duration about 7 yrs. Every tenth patient had severe hypoglycaemia. Mean level of HbA1c was little lower in children with episode of severe hypoglycaemia (7.2%) than in patients without it (7.9%). The frequency of episodes of severe hypoglycaemia increased with the duration of the disease. The dose of insulin per day did not differ between groups. In patients with severe hypoglicaemias only 5 were treated with use of Humalog. In 38 (81%), severe hypoglycaemias occurred between 1-3 o'clock a.m., 4 (1.9%) in the early morning and 6 (2.88%) in late evening hours. Only in 9 cases the reason for severe hypoglycaemia was found. 11 patients had at least twice incidents of severe hypoglycaemia and 7 of them (63%) did not feel the signs of the decreasing glycaemia level. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of consciousness of hypoglycaemia is connected with the increased frequency of severe hypoglycaemia in children and adolescents with diabetes type 1.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2004

Two useful methods for evaluating antihypertensive drugs in conscious freely moving rats.

AIM: Computerized analysis of blood pressure in conscious freely moving rats is a sound technique for physiological and pharmacological studies. The present work, based on this technique, was designed to introduce two useful methods for the evaluation of antihypertensive drugs in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). They were the directly intragastric administration of drugs and modified probability sum test for evaluating the synergism of the combination of two drugs. METHODS AND RESULTS: (1) Directly intragastric administration was used in conscious rats. A catheter was inserted into stomach immediately after arterial catheter insertion. Three days after operation, blood pressure was recorded and drug might be given intragastrically via the gastric catheter. (2) Modified probability sum test was used to evaluate the synergism of two drugs. The formula was: q=P(A+B)/(PA+PB-PAxB). With this method, it was obtained: q=1.32 for the effects of the combination of atenolol and nitrendipine (20 mg/kg+10 mg/kg) on systolic blood pressure; q=1.41 for the effects of the combination of atenolol and amlodipine (10 mg/kg+1 mg/kg) on systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSION: The two methods introduced by the present work will be important and useful for antihypertensive drug evaluation in conscious freely moving rats.

Amlodipine↗
PubMed1992

Pathophysiological and pharmacological mechanisms of acute cocaine toxicity in conscious rats.

In conscious rats, continuous i.v. infusion of cocaine (2 mg/kg/min) produced a marked increase in blood pressure, an initial moderate increase followed by a decrease in heart rate, tonic-clonic convulsions and, finally, a lethal episode of status epilepticus. No change in rectal temperature was observed. Infusion of cocaine methiodide (2 mg/kg/min), a quaternary derivative of cocaine, also produced a lethal episode of status epilepticus, but it was 6 times less potent than cocaine on a molar basis. In pentobarbital-anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats, cocaine produced death by respiratory failure. Artificial ventilation of pentobarbital-anesthetized rats elevated the lethal dose of cocaine by 15-fold and these animals died of marked hypotension. In conscious rats, pretreatment with dl-, d- or l-propranolol or the alpha 2-selective adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine enhanced the convulsive and lethal effects of cocaine. In contrast, the alpha 2-selective adrenoceptor agonist clonidine or the alpha 1-selective adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin attenuated these effects. Yohimbine antagonized the protective effect of clonidine. The nonselective alpha adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine, the autonomic ganglionic blocker chlorisondamine and various calcium channel blockers had no effect on the convulsive or lethal doses of cocaine. The pressor response to cocaine was attenuated by calcium channel blockers, clonidine, phentolamine and dl- or l-propranolol, but not by d-propranolol. The pressor response to cocaine was abolished by chlorisondamine, reversed to a depressor response by prazosin and enhanced by yohimbine. The initial tachycardiac response to cocaine was reversed to bradycardia by dl- and l-propranolol, prazosin, yohimbine or high doses of the calcium channel blockers, but was unaffected by phentolamine, d-propranolol, clonidine or chlorisondamine. These results indicate that in spontaneously breathing animals, acute i.v. infusions of lethal doses of cocaine produce death primarily by central effects, namely by status epilepticus in conscious rats and by respiratory arrest in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. In artificially ventilated, pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, however, cocaine produces death by effects on the cardiovascular system. In conscious rats, endogenous alpha 1 adrenoceptors exert a deleterious influence on cocaine-induced convulsive and lethal effects, whereas alpha 2 adrenoceptors provide protective influence. Propranolol appears to enhance cocaine-induced acute lethality through a mechanism independent of beta adrenoceptors. Calcium channel blockers appear ineffective in antagonizing cocaine's lethality.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Dietary behavior among African Americans: assessing cultural identity and health consciousness.

The present study utilized the African self-consciousness (ASC) construct as an index of African-American cultural identity, and explored its association .with health consciousness and dietary behavior. One hundred ninety-seven African-American adults residing in a Southeastern community participated in the study. Results demonstrated few, but significant, correlations between cultural identity and health consciousness. A similar relationship was observed between cultural identity and dietary behavior. Further, after statistically controlling for health consciousness, cultural identity contributed unique variance to dietary behavior. These findings represent preliminary evidence suggesting the general viability of cultural models in explaining African-American health behavior. More importantly, the study offers avenues for additional research on the complex roles played by culture and cultural identity in African-American dietary behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Terms in use for transient loss of consciousness in the emergency ward; an inventory].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the terminology for transient loss of consciousness in use in a Dutch emergency ward and to compare it with European definitions. DESIGN: Descriptive. METHOD: The records of all consecutive patients seen during an eight-week period in the Emergency Clinic of Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands, were reviewed. Patients were enrolled in one of the following Dutch terms was encountered, expressing either a specific form or a general description of non-traumatic transient loss of consciousness (TLOC): 'collaps' (collapse), 'syncope' (syncope), 'flauwvallen' (fainting), 'wegraking' (TLOC) and 'insult' (seizure). The use of these terms was compared with the definitions of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). RESULTS: The prevalence of a non-traumatic TLOC diagnosis in the Emergency Clinic was 2.9% (123/4300). 'Collaps' was the most frequently used term (53%), followed by 'insult' (31%), 'wegraking' (11%), 'flauwvallen' (3%) and 'syncope' (2%). The term 'collaps' was found to have been used in the context of the ESC category 'syncope' (n=47), TLOC (n=5), 'no TLOC' (n=9) or for situations that could not be classified (n=4). The term 'insult' was used exclusively in the context of epilepsy and the term 'syncope' exclusively in the context of the ESC category 'syncope'. The term 'wegraking' proved to have been used in the context of the ESC category 'TLOC' (n=11), 'epilepsy' (n=1) or for situations that could not be classified (n=1). 'Flauwvallen' was used in the context of the ESC category 'syncope' (n=3) or the category 'no TLOC' (n=1). CONCLUSION: It would be advisable to give the terms mentioned above a specific meaning: reserve 'collaps' for a fall without an obvious external cause, 'wegraking' for transient loss of consciousness without a clear cause, and 'syncope' for loss of consciousness due to temporary low cerebral blood flow.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1989

Emotional disturbance and the development of self-consciousness in adolescence.

The development of self-consciousness and its relationship to emotional disturbance was examined in early and late adolescence. The Imaginary Audience Scale was administered to emotionally disturbed and nondisturbed adolescents. As predicted, results indicated that self-consciousness decreased with age in nondisturbed adolescents. For the emotionally disturbed adolescents, the development of self-consciousness in temporary situations did not follow consistent patterns, as indicated by interaction effects. A significant negative relationship was found between intelligence test scores and self-consciousness in the disturbed group. The findings support the premise that social-cognitive shifts found in early to late adolescence are disrupted in disturbed populations. The mediating role of social experience as a factor in cognitive and emotional development is discussed.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Central beta-adrenergic receptors mediate renal nerve activity during stress in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats.

The effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists (d,l-propranolol or timolol, 30 micrograms in 2 microL of isotonic saline) on the increased renal sympathetic nerve activity and decreased urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) responses to stressful environmental stimulation (air jet to head) in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were examined. Before i.c.v. d,l-propranolol or timolol, air stress increased renal activity (68% from 10.6 +/- 2.1 and 63% from 8.2 +/- 0.9 integrator resets/min respectively). In contrast, after i.c.v. d,l-propranolol or timolol in the same conscious SHR, air stress had no effect on renal sympathetic nerve activity (+7% from 8.1 +/- 1.7 and +7% from 5.5 +/- 1.0 integrator resets/min respectively). Air stress decreased UNaV in conscious SHR given i.c.v. saline vehicle (25% from 2.8 +/- 0.5 microEq/min/100 g body weight), but had no effect on effective renal plasma flow or glomerular filtration rate. In contrast, after i.c.v. d,l-propranolol or timolol, air stress had no effect on UNaV (0% from 2.8 +/- 0.5 and +9% from 3.3 +/- 0.3 microEq/min/100 g body weight respectively). Mean arterial pressure increased similarly during air stress with i.c.v. saline-vehicle or beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists. Intravenous administration of the same doses of d,l-propranolol or timolol did not prevent the increased renal sympathetic nerve activity or decreased UNaV responses resulting from air stress. These results suggest that central nervous system beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the increased renal sympathetic nerve activity and decreased UNaV responses resulting from stressful environmental stimulation in conscious SHR.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1986

Mechanism of the pressor action of LY171555, a specific dopamine D2 receptor agonist, in the conscious rat.

Administration of LY171555, a specific dopamine D2 receptor agonist, (10-1000 micrograms/kg i.v.) produced dose-related increases in mean arterial pressure in conscious Sprague-Dawley rats. Pretreatment with metoclopramide (5 mg/kg i.v.) abolished the pressor action of LY171555, whereas pretreatment with domperidone (2.5 mg/kg i.v.) and propranolol (10 mg/kg i.p.) did not affect the pressor action of LY171555. The vasopressor antagonist of arginine vasopressin (AVP), d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP (10 micrograms/kg i.v.) and phenoxybenzamine (1 mg/kg i.v.) partly blocked and hexamethonium (25 mg/kg i.v.) enhanced the pressor action of LY171555. After combined treatment with both d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP and phenoxybenzamine, LY171555 induced a depressor response which was completely blocked by pretreatment with domperidone. LY171555 administration induced a rapid, short-acting depressor response followed by a pressor response in conscious adrenomedullectomized Sprague-Dawley rats which was smaller in magnitude than that seen in intact Sprague-Dawley rats. LY171555 administration increased plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine and AVP in conscious Sprague-Dawley rats. These results suggest that the pressor action of LY171555 in conscious rats is dependent on activation of sympathetic outflow and AVP release through the central D2 dopaminergic system and that the central pressor effects of LY171555 could mask a depressor effect of LY171555 at the peripheral D2 dopamine receptor.

Adrenal Medulla↗
PubMed1986

Hemodynamic effects of labetalol in the dog. Comparative study in the anesthetized open-chest dog and in the conscious dog.

Hemodynamic effects of labetalol, an alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking drug, were investigated in the conscious dog and in the anesthetized open-chest dog. In the conscious dog, intravenous injection of labetalol, in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, decreased the total peripheral resistance by approximately 20% (P less than 0.01) in association with falls in blood pressure and heart rate. The total peripheral resistance of the anesthetized open-chest dog was not affected by labetalol in the presence of the same extent of blood pressure fall as results of the conscious dog. In contrast, agents which have beta-adrenoceptor blocking effect alone provided substantial elevation of the total peripheral resistance in the anesthetized dog. These results indicate that the different responses of the resistance to labetalol probably result from the vascular alpha-adrenoceptor blocking action, and also show that in the conscious state alpha-adrenoceptor blocking action of labetalol is enhanced in comparison with the effect in the anesthetized open-chest dog.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1987

[Disorders of self-consciousness in schizophrenic patients with depressive and depressive-paranoid syndromes].

Self-consciousness disorders were studied in 48 schizophrenics (60 attacks) with depressive and depressive-paranoid syndromes. Depressive states were accompanied by impairment of the sensory-perceptive component of the patients' self-consciousness expressed in an altered perception of the "ego" and in disruption of the integrity and activity of the "ego image". Depressive paranoid states are characterized by stage-by-stage recovery of self-consciousness which undergoes complete destruction at the height of an attack. Self-consciousness disorders are analyzed at different stages of disease regression.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Effects of brief periods of myocardial ischemia on regional myocardial function and creatine kinase release in conscious dogs and baboons.

The effects of 15 min periods of coronary occlusion on global and regional myocardial function, plasma creatine kinase (CK) and isoenzyme MB CK activity and subsequent myocardial necrosis were studied in 15 conscious dogs and 9 conscious baboons. Overall left ventricular (LV) function was assessed with measurements of LV systolic and diastolic pressures, rate of change of LV pressure, LV dP/dt. Regional LV function was assessed with measurements of regional segment length and velocity of shortening and/or regional LV wall thickening. An implanted hydraulic occluder on either the left anterior descending or circumflex coronary artery was inflated for 15 min. This induced complete loss of segment length shortening and systolic wall thickening (ultrasonic transit time technique). With release of the occlusion and reperfusion, recovery of regional mechanical function was delayed, but did occur after 6 hrs. Serial plasma enzyme activity revealed a significant increase in total CK as well as MB CK. At autopsy, neither gross pathological evidence (TTC-technique) nor histological evidence of myocyte necrosis was observed. Thus, in the conscious dog as well as in the conscious baboon, short episodes of intense myocardial ischemia do not result in a permanent deficit of myocardial function or necrosis. However, during the early phase of reperfusion, significant depression of regional mechanical function is observed associated with significant appearance of total CK and MB CK in the blood.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Effects of calcitonin-induced hypocalcemia on the neuromuscular and cardiovascular depressive actions of kanamycin in anesthetized and conscious rats.

It was examined whether calcitonin (CT)-induced hypocalcemia could modify the pharmacological actions of kanamycin sulfate (KM). CT produced a dose dependent and long-lasting hypocalcemia in urethane anesthetized and conscious rats. In anesthetized rats, KM infusion depressed the indirectly elicited contractions of the tibialis anterior muscle (MC), mean arterial pressure (AP), heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate. CT did not influence the stability of the above parameters and slightly modified the neuromuscular depression of KM. In conscious rats, KM infusion produced spontaneous and complete head drop, loss of corneal reflex, respiratory arrest and also depressed AP and HR. Much higher doses of KM were required to induce the same pharmacological actions in conscious than in anesthetized rats. CT dose-dependently potentiated the pharmacological actions of KM. A highly significant linear correlation between the serum total calcium levels and the KM dose inducing spontaneous head drop was observed. These data indicate that, in conscious rats, the actions of KM are dependent on the serum calcium levels. In the same experimental conditions, neither CT-induced hypocalcemia nor anesthesia did modify significantly the pharmacological actions of d-tubocurarine.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1981

[Transient loss of consciousness in ischaemic cerebral events. A study of 557 ischaemic strokes and transient ischaemic attacks (author's transl)].

A study was done of 31 episodes of transient loss of consciousness occurring at the onset of 557 cerebral ischaemic events selected on the basis of a well known mode of onset, excluding prolonged comas. The following conclusions can be drawn: Transient loss of consciousness is uncommon in ischaemic strokes (6.5 p. cent), occurring twice as often in cardiac emboli (13.2 p. cent) as in a atherothrombotic brain infarction (6.2 p. cent), and more often in carotid (8.4 p. cent) than in vertebro-basilar (5.7 p. cent) territory. The incidence is however similar in both territories (4.6 p. cent and 4.8 p. cent) when epilepsy is excluded. Epilepsy accounts for nearly half (3.8 p. 100) of all losses of consciousness in hemispheric strokes, but was encountered neither in lacunar strokes nor in transient ischaemic attacks (T.I.A.). Transient loss of consciousness is uncommon in basilar TIAs, and extremely rare in lacunar strokes (1.5 p. 100) and in carotid TIAs (0 p. 100). Presumed mechanisms and practical implications are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hypnosis as adjunct therapy in conscious sedation for plastic surgery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sedation is often requested during local and regional anesthesia. However, some surgical procedures, such as plastic surgery, require conscious sedation, which may be difficult to achieve. Hypnosis, used routinely to provide conscious sedation in the authors' Department of Plastic Surgery, results in high patient and surgeon satisfaction. The authors conducted a retrospective study to investigate the benefits of hypnosis in supplementing local anesthesia. METHODS: The study included 337 patients undergoing minor and major plastic surgical procedures under local anesthesia and conscious intravenous sedation. Patients were divided into three groups depending on the sedation technique: intravenous sedation (n = 137) using only midazolam and alfentanil; hypnosis (n = 172), during which patients achieved a hypnotic trance level with age regression; and relaxation (n = 28), comprising patients in whom hypnosis was induced without attaining a trance level. In all three groups, midazolam and alfentanil were titrated to achieve patient immobility, in response to patient complaints, and to maintain hemodynamic stability. Midazolam and alfentanil requirements; intra- and postoperative pain scores; as well as pre-, intra-, and postoperative anxiety score, reported on a 10-cm visual analog scale, were recorded and compared in the three groups. RESULTS: Intraoperative anxiety reported by patients in the hypnosis group (0.7 +/- 0.11) and in the relaxation group (2.08 +/- 0.4) was significantly (P < .001) less than in the intravenous sedation group (5.6 +/- 1.6). Pain scores during surgery were significantly greater in the intravenous sedation group (4.9 +/- 0.6) than in the hypnosis group (1.36 +/- 0.12; P < .001) and the relaxation group (1.82 +/- 0.6; P < .01). Furthermore, midazolam requirements were significantly lower in the hypnosis group (P < .001) and in the relaxation group (P < .01) as compared with the intravenous sedation group: respectively, 0.04 +/- 0.002, 0.07 +/- 0.005, and 0.11 +/- 0.01 mg/kg/h. Alfentanil requirements were significantly decreased in the hypnosis group, as compared with the intravenous sedation group: 10.2 +/- 0.6 microgram/kg/h versus 15.5 +/- 2.07 micrograms/kg/h; P < .002. In the relaxation group, alfentanil requirements were 14.3 +/- 1.5 micrograms/kg/h (ns). Postoperative nausea and vomiting were reported by 1.2% of patients in the hypnosis group, 12.8% in the relaxation group and 26.7% in the intravenous sedation group. Greater patient satisfaction with the anesthetic procedure and greater surgical comfort were also reported in the hypnosis group. CONCLUSIONS: Successful hypnosis as an adjunct sedation procedure to conscious intravenous sedation provided better pain and anxiety relief than conventional intravenous sedation and allowed for a significant reduction in midazolam and alfentanil requirements. Patient satisfaction was significantly improved.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Lateral dominance in 182 children. 2. The conscious motor act].

The mechanisms and topology of the consciousness phenomenon are briefly presented. The present results and data from literature are used to point out that to localize in one certain part of the cerebrum the conscious process seems untenable. These results derive from the neurological examination on 182 normal children from 6 to 14 years old. The children's motor behaviour during the tests on 'praxia without object' shows the conscious process and attention to be attached to the motor action in the whole extension of its development. Therefore, the consciousness is considered such a process that is present at each moment and locus of the motor action. As pointed out by the present results, it seems that presence or absence of consciouness is regulated by intrapsychic mechanisms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Differences in beta 3-adrenergic receptor cardiovascular regulation in conscious primates, rats and dogs.

The goal of our study was to compare the effects of two beta 3-adrenergic receptor agonists, i.e., BRL37344 (BRL) and CL316243 (CL), in conscious dogs, rats and nonhuman primates, instrumented with aortic and atrial catheters, ascending aortic flow probes and left ventricular (LV) pressure gauges. In conscious dogs, CL, 10 micrograms/kg, i.v., reduced, P < .05, mean arterial pressure by 8 +/- 4% and total peripheral resistance by 51 +/- 4% and increased, P < .05, LV dP/dt by 79 +/- 10% and heart rate by 88 +/- 8%. These responses were similar to those induced by BRL, 8.3 micrograms/kg, i.v. After autonomic blockade (beta 1/beta 2-adrenergic, cholinergic and ganglionic), CL still reduced total peripheral resistance by 49 +/- 4%, and increased LV dP/dt by 21 +/- 4%, without an effect on heart rate. In conscious rats, 10 times the dose of CL 100 micrograms/kg, i.v., reduced, P < .05, total peripheral resistance by 18 +/- 4%, without major effects on LV dP/dt and heart rate. BRL, 83 micrograms/kg i.v., reduced total peripheral resistance similarly by 31 +/- 3%, and increased heart rate (25 +/- 3%) and LV dP/dt (27 +/- 5%) more, P < .05. In conscious monkeys and baboons, CL, 100 micrograms/kg, i.v., did not induce significant effects, whereas BRL, 83 micrograms/kg, i.v., increased heart rate (36 +/- 6%), LV dP/dt (85 +/- 9%) and decreased total peripheral resistance (30 +/- 2%). After beta 1/beta 2-adrenergic receptor blockade in rats and primates, there were almost no differences between BRL and CL, i.e., in primates there were almost no significant cardiovascular effects with either compound. Both CL and BRL increased circulating free fatty acids in the dog, but not in the baboon. Thus, CL appears to be a more specific beta 3-adrenergic receptor agonist than BRL. More importantly, beta 3-adrenergic receptor stimulation was most profound in dogs, where even a direct effect on LV contractility was identified, was diminished but still significant in rats, and essentially absent in primates.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
PubMed1995

Flumazenil reversal of conscious sedation induced with intravenous fentanyl and diazepam.

The addition of a benzodiazepine antagonist to the dental anesthesiologist's armamentarium should provide added safety for conscious sedation using benzodiazepines. A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of flumazenil, the first available benzodiazepine antagonist, was performed to evaluate its safety and efficacy following conscious sedation induced by diazepam and fentanyl. Flumazenil was found to reverse rapidly much of the central nervous system depression induced by fentanyl and diazepam conscious sedation. Flumazenil appears to be a valuable adjunct for dentists who administer intravenous benzodiazepines for conscious sedation.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Cardiovascular effects of dopexamine HCl in conscious and halothane-anaesthetised horses.

The cardiovascular effects of serial increasing infusions of dopexamine HCl were investigated in six conscious (1, 2, 4, 6, 10 micrograms/kg bodyweight [bwt]/min) and eight (0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20 micrograms/kg bwt/min) halothane-anaesthetised horses. Dopexamine produced dose-dependent increases in heart rate, +dP/dtmax' -dP/dtmax and cardiac output, and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance in conscious and halothane-anaesthetised horses. Mean arterial blood pressure did not change in conscious horses but increased to a maximum value at 10 micrograms/kg bwt/min in halothane-anaesthetised horses. Thereafter, median artery blood flow decreased. Ventricular arrhythmias occurred in two conscious horses during the infusion of 10 micrograms/kg bwt/min dopexamine HCl. No cardiac arrhythmias other than sinus tachycardia were observed in halothane-anaesthetised horses. The administration of propanolol eliminated the haemodynamic response to the infusion of 5 and 10 micrograms/kg bwt/min dopexamine HCl in halothane-anaesthetised horses. The haemodynamic effects of dopexamine HCl offer specific advantages over dopamine and dobutamine for the treatment of low cardiac output states in horses.

Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗