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Population dynamics of Gyrodactylus salaris on 5 year classes of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in the river Batnfjordselva in Norway was studied from April 1991 to June 1994. Prevalence was 100% on all year classes throughout the study period, except for a marked decline in winter and spring of 1992. Median abundance generally increased during summer and peaked in September/October at levels between 400 and 1,300 parasites. The lowest number of parasites was observed during winter and spring. The seasonal dynamics in the first year of the study differed markedly from the remainder of the study, abundance peaked already in June/July on 1+ and 2+ fish the first year, but decreased throughout summer and peaked again in autumn. A collapse in the G. salaris population was observed in the winter of 1991/1992, with prevalence being 0-40% on all year classes. Parr aged 2 yr harbored significantly fewer parasites than younger parr during the winter months. Parasite intensity on precocious males was significantly higher than on sexually immature males and females. Gyrodactylus salaris was found on the fins (76%), gill filaments (15%), and head/body (9%). During the last 2 yr of the study the gills were increasingly infected, with 40% of the parasites found on gills in some samples.
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Anoplocephala perfoliata has a prevalence as high as 60% in some geographical areas and has been associated with increased risk for serious conditions in the horse including bowel irritation, ileal impaction, and spasmodic colic. Identification of infected animals based upon detection of eggs in feces is labor intensive and unreliable. This study involved the development of a test for A.perfoliata coproantigen using an antigen capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and correctly distinguished between infected and uninfected animals in a trial with a small sample size.
The egg output and humoral antibody response to scolex antigens of the equine tapeworm Anoplocephala perfoliata were monitored in naturally infected foals by an egg flotation/centrifugation method and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The study was performed on a stud farm in south-western Sweden between May 1994 and April 1995. Sequential blood and faecal samples were taken from 21 foals during their first summer on pasture and until tapeworm eggs were detected. Results were expressed separately for 10 and 11 foals born before and after the end of April 1994, respectively. Increased levels of antibodies were noticed from October and onwards in both groups whereas tapeworm eggs were detected in the faeces of all foals about 4 months later. The antibody response was similar in both groups but it was more pronounced in foals born before April 1994. All foals were treated in March 1995 with an oral paste formulation of pyrantel pamoate at a dose rate of 38 mg/kg bodyweight. Most animals responded to the anthelmintic treatment and one month later, tapeworm eggs were only detected in one out of the 18 foals examined one month after treatment. Thus, the treatment reduced the number of A. perfoliata egg positive horses by 94%. A concomitant decline in antibody levels was also observed. Western immunoblot analysis of sequential individual serum samples showed that at least 10 different scolex antigens in the molecular weight range 10-200 kDa were recognised. Banding intensities, especially of the 10 kDa, 45 kDa and 66 kDa proteins were different in the sequential sera taken during the course of infection.
CBA/Ca mice infected with the tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti were exposed to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae either simultaneously, or at varying intervals after the initial M. corti infection. Cohorts were infected with either parasite alone. The dual infected mice and the mice harbouring M. corti alone were significantly heavier than either naive controls or mice carrying the S. mansoni infection only. The livers and spleens from dual infection mice were also found to be significantly heavier than those from other groups. Free M. corti tetrathyridia were reduced in number in the peritoneal cavity of dual infected mice, as compared with mice harbouring a single infection. Furthermore, the intensity of the initial M. corti infection, as measured by the number of capsules surrounding parasites in the liver, was reduced when the mice experienced an S. mansoni infection 21 days later. The mice which were exposed to M. corti only exhibited more mast cells and eosinophils around encapsulated tetrathyridia in the liver than did dual infection mice, while cells surrounding S. mansoni egg granulomas in the liver were significantly increased in dual infection mice. An increase in serum alkaline phosphatase levels was detected in both the mice receiving the dual infection and the mice with the S. mansoni only infection, but not in mice harbouring M. corti alone.
OBJECTIVE: To study specific diagnosis of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei. METHODS: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was studied using highly pure gene engineering antigen expressed by the recombination of the cloned cysteine proteinase gene of Spirametra erinaceieuropaei with expression vector pMAL-c2. Six sera from patient infected with Spirometra erinaceieuropaei were detected using this method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results showed that the gene engineering antigen reacted strongly with the sera from Spirometra erinaceieuropaei-infected patients, but did not with the sera from Cysticercus cellulosae-infected patients.
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4-Isothiocyanato-4'-nitrodiphenylamine possessed anthelmintic activity against Nippostrongylus dubius and Hymenolepis nana in mice and H. diminuta in rats as determined by both egg counts and recovery of parasites at autopsy. No activity was detected against the cestode. Spirometra mansonoides, in cats.
Critical tests were completed on six horses to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of a paste formulation mixture of morantel citrate and trichlorfon, administered intraorally at the dose rate of 6 mg morantel base kg-1 and trichlorfon at 30 mg kg-1. Aggregate average removals were: 78% for two horses infected with 2nd instar Gasterophilus intestinalis; 100% for one infected with 2nd instar G. nasalis; 96% for six infected with 3rd instar G. intestinalis; 100% for four infected with 3rd instar G. nasalis; 100% for five infected with Parascaris equorum; 100% for one infected with mature Oxyuris equi; 100% for five infected with Strongylus vulgaris; 72% for five infected with S. edentatus; and partial removal (25%) of Anoplocephala perfoliata infection from one infected animal. Pre- and post-treatment EPG and LPG data indicated a reduction of 97% of the mature small strongyle infections. Evidence of toxicosis was not observed in any of the horses.
The genetic influences upon host variation in eosinophilia and resistance to helminth infection, and the relationship between these parameters, was investigated in 9 inbred and 3 hybrid strains of mice infected with Mesocestoides corti. Blood, bone marrow, spleen and peritoneal fluid eosinophilia were far higher in SJL mice than in any other inbred strain. SWR, NIH, C3H and BALB/c mice were high responders to M. corti whereas CBA and 3 congenic strains sharing the B10 background (C57BL/10, B10.S, B10.G) were low responders. Some of the genes for high eosinophil responsiveness appeared to be dominant, as F1 hybrids from high and low response parental strains were intermediate to high in response to infection. SJL and NIH strains were highly susceptible to infection with M. corti, larval burdens at 21 days after infection with 100 tetrathyridia being considerably higher (greater than 1000) than all other strains. BALB/c (congruent to 700 larvae) were designated susceptible, SWR (greater than 400 larvae) were resistant and the B10 congenics (less than 400 larvae) were highly resistant. Genes influencing resistance also appeared to be dominant, as F1 hybrids between resistant and susceptible parental strains were intermediate to resistant on infection. The overall response patterns indicate a direct correlation between susceptibility to infection and high eosinophil responsiveness, but this relationship is not consistent in all strains.
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Hymenolepis microstoma grown in mice, treated with 1.25 mg cortisone acetate every second day, are heavier and have a significantly higher glycogen content than those in control mice. The dry/wet weight ratio and protein content however are unaffected. It is suggested that the increase in glycogen reserve and weight in H. microstoma from cortisone-treated mice is due to an immunosuppressive effect and better nutritional environment rather than hormonal action. Inclusion of 0.1 mg of cortisone per 100 ml of culture medium produces no change in worm weight in vitro. Single worm infections result in 100% recovery, but 30 worm infections provoke a rejection process which can be suppressed partially by administration of cortisone acetate.
Until recently, the equine tapeworm Anoplocephala perfoliata was difficult to diagnose and considered to be of questionable pathogenicity. Here, Chris Proudman and Sandy Trees describe recent advances in the immunodiagnosis of this parasite that have facilitated epidemiological studies. These studies suggest that A. perfoliata may be an important cause of intestinal disease in the horse and demonstrate a dose-response relationship between infection intensity and risk of disease. If tapeworm infection is a risk factor for ileocaecal colic, the identification and treatment of infected individuals would be a rational approach to disease prevention.
Three-week Mesocestoides corti infections of C57BL/6 mice showed significantly raised parasite counts in animals with a targeted knockout of the IL-4 gene. By contrast, antibody neutralization of IL-5 and inhibition of eosinophilia had no effect on parasite numbers. In SV/129 mice, knockout of the interferon gamma receptor and inducible nitric oxide synthase genes had no significant effect on parasite counts. In IL-4(-/-)mice the dominant IgG1 antibody response was dramatically reduced, with a concomitant increase in IgG2a/b responses and a partial twofold reduction in IgM and IgE responses. We conclude that murine resistance to M. corti is dependent on IL-4, but occurs independently of IL-5 and eosinophils. This provides the first direct evidence for IL-4 mediated immunity of mice to infection with a tissue-dwelling platyhelminth.
The influence of nonspecific immunomodulation on the course of experimental infection was examined in larval cestodosis (Mesocestoides corti) and ascaridosis (Ascaris suum) in mice. Immunosuppressive treatment (with azathioprine or hydrocortisone) resulted in a decrease of resistance in both models. The subsequent administration of T-activin to immunosuppressed mice led to the restoration of resistance to a level equal to that of untreated control mice. The administration of different immunomodulators partially protected mice against M. corti (T-activin, thymomodulin) or A. suum (T-activin, thymomodulin, thymosin fr.5, bursa-activin) infection. The protective effect of different treatments did not correlate with the level of specific antibody in the sera of infected mice. These results, which confirmed the decisive role of T-cell immunity in the resistance to the helminth infections, raise the possibility of the use of immunomodulators (thymic preparations) in the immunoprophylaxis of helminthoses.