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PubMed1993

Tumorigenic potential of high-Z, high-LET charged-particle radiations.

The potential for radiogenic neoplasia from charged-particle irradiation has been estimated using the Harderian gland of the mouse as a test system. Particles ranging in Z from Z = 1 (proton) to Z = 41 (niobium), in energy from 228 to 670A MeV, and in LET from 0.4 to 464 keV/microns were produced at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory BEVALAC. Expression of the tumorigenic potential of the initiated cells was enhanced by hormones from isogeneic grafts of pituitaries. The goal of the studies was to estimate the initial slope of the relationship between increased tumor prevalence at 16 months after irradiation and the dose received. Initial slopes were measured with good precision for 60Co gamma rays and the Bragg plateau beams of 228A MeV 4He ions, 600A MeV 56Fe ions, and 350A MeV 56Fe ions. The ratio of the initial slope for these ions to that of 60Co gamma rays give an estimate of the maximum RBE for radiogenic neoplasia. These values were 2.3 for the 4He ions, 40 for 600A MeV 56Fe, and 20 for 350A MeV 56Fe. In the studies reported here the prevalence of tumors as the result of pituitary isografts was not enhanced after irradiation with 56Fe ions. It remains to be seen how effective pituitary isografts are for enhancement of radiogenic neoplasia from other ions at different LET values. A risk analysis was undertaken using particle fluence rather than dose as the independent variable. This analysis provides a value for a "cross section" expressed in microns 2. This parameter expresses as the increase in proportion of mice with one or more Harderian gland tumors per unit increase in particle fluence. The plot of the cross section (risk coefficient) as a function of LET is monotonic, with no clear evidence of a maximum value of the risk coefficient for even the highest LET particle used.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

ASPO Distinguished Achievement Award Lecture. Studies on the epidemiology and natural history of benign breast disease and breast cancer using nipple aspirate fluid.

Nicholas L. Petrakis, M.D., was presented the American Society of Preventive Oncology's Distinguished Achievement Award at the Society's annual meeting on March 15, 1992, in Bethesda, Maryland. The basis for choosing Dr. Petrakis was his distinguished achievements for over 20 years in research and education concerning the etiology and prevention of cancer, with substantial emphasis on breast cancer. Dr. Petrakis obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from Augustana College, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and his Doctor of Medicine degree from Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. He has held numerous principal positions at the University of California, beginning with a position with the U.S. Public Health Service, National Cancer Institute Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, and then the Cancer Research Institute, both at the University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Petrakis has held continuing appointments in the Department of Preventive Medicine and Department of Epidemiology and International Health, beginning as an Assistant Professor. He was subsequently promoted to Associate Professor and Professor of Preventive Medicine. During the years from 1978 to 1989, Dr. Petrakis was chair of the Department of Epidemiology and International Health. Since 1981 he has been Professor of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health. In 1989 he became Professor Emeritus of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Immediate health effects of an urban wildfire.

To document the immediate health effects of the urban wildfire that swept through parts of Alameda County, California, on October 20 and 21, 1991, we conducted a retrospective review of emergency department and coroner's records. Nine hospitals (6 local and 3 outlying) were surveyed for the week beginning October 20, 1991. Coroner's reports were reviewed for 25 identified fire-related deaths. A total of 241 fire-related emergency encounters, including 44 inpatient admissions, were recorded for 227 persons. Nearly a fourth of emergency department patients were seen for work-related injuries, more than half of which occurred among professional firefighters. Smoke-related disorders constituted more than half of all emergency department cases; of these, 61% had documented bronchospasm. Major trauma and burns contributed 1% and 4% of principal diagnoses, respectively; these were exceeded in number by corneal abrasions (13%), other medical problems (8%), and minor trauma (7%), among other diagnoses. All coroner's cases involved extensive burns, many with documented smoke inhalation injury. While the Oakland-Berkeley fire storm resulted in a high case-fatality ratio among major burn cases (25/31), those who survived the initial fire storm did well clinically. Among emergency department patients, medical (particularly smoke-related) disorders outnumbered traumatic presentations by a ratio of more than 2 to 1.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Phenotyping. On reaching base camp (1950-1975).

The search for plasma lipoproteins began at the turn of the century. It was not until 1949 that a meeting of the Faraday Society celebrated the separation of the alpha and beta lipoproteins. At that moment, ultracentrifugists in Berkeley were already busily converting "alpha" to high density lipoprotein and "beta" to low density lipoprotein; the modern era of lipoproteins had begun. Over the succeeding 10 years, a quarrel over whether the level of Sf 0-20 or cholesterol was the more powerful risk factor ended with an eclipse of the analytical ultracentrifuge and a surge of interest in the biological side of lipoproteins. The postheparin clearing factor became lipoprotein lipase, and free fatty acids were discovered. In 1960, abetalipoproteinemia and Tangier disease suggested that the apolipoproteins must be specific and spurred a hunt for their number and nature. The first amino acid sequences aroused speculation of "amphipathic helices." By 1970, conversion of hyperlipidemia to five types of hyperlipoproteinemia led to worldwide fascination with electrophoretic patterns, "floating beta," and "the Friedewald formula" as codes for genetic abnormalities leading to early coronary artery disease. A few years later, the appearance of "familial combined hyperlipidemia" confounded the phenotyping, and the discovery of the low density lipoprotein receptor heralded the coming of true genotypes. This is a Bethesda-based story of the "climb to base camp" preceding the joining of molecular biology with the research on lipoproteins, dyslipoproteinemia, and atherosclerosis.

England↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Modifying the environment: a community-based injury-reduction program for elderly residents.

The Department of Public Health, City and County of San Francisco, established the Community and Home Injury Prevention Program for Seniors (CHIPPS) to reduce the rate of unintentional injuries among elderly residents. Through a collaboration between the CHIPPS program, the University of California at Berkeley School of Public Health and the University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, we tested the hypothesis that providing minor home safety modifications would reduce rates of falls, scalds, and burns. A one-group, pretest-posttest design was used to compare self-reported falls, scalds, and burns for six-month periods before and after the intervention. The intervention used 10 person-hours of unskilled labor and $93 worth of materials on average and included home safety assessments and modifications such as removing clutter; installing hand rails, grab bars, nonskid strips; and securing rugs and electrical cords. Reported falls were reduced by 60% after the intervention, from 0.81 to 0.33 falls per person year (p < .01). Scalds were reduced from 9 to 0 (P < .01) and burns from 7 to 0 (P < .02) during the six-month periods before and after the intervention. Some of the apparent effect may be due to differential reporting. This community-based program to reduce hazards in the home environments of senior citizens was feasible, well accepted, and probably effective in preventing falls, burns, and scalds. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): accidental falls/prevention and control, aged, safety.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1977

A personality profile of "Gold Retinoscope" winners: 1961-1975.

Fifteen Gold Retinoscope winners, each judged the most outstanding student in his/her graduating class of the School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley, were compared with samples of optometry students, Academy Fellows, and non-Academy optometrists. Although most Gold Retinoscope winners had entered optometry school with low to average grades, their grades and clinical performance in optometry school were outstanding. When compared with other optometry students and optometrists in practice, these outstanding students were distinguished by greater self-confidence, initiative, and motivation to achieve. It is suggested that these personality traits were important contributors to their superior achievement.

Achievement↗
PubMed1997

Drinking and driving prevention in the community: program planning and implementation.

This paper describes the rationale, development and implementation of the Drinking and Driving Component, which is one of five components of the Community Trials Project conducted by the Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, California (USA). It traces the background of drunk driving enforcement technology and practice against which the programs at the three sites were implemented. A conceptual model for the enforcement component of a comprehensive community alcohol-related trauma project is presented and its implementation at the three sites is described. Limitations in the available police department resources delayed the implementation of local programs. Media advocacy tied to specific operations proved to be successful in publicizing sensors and sobriety checkpoints were only partially accepted. Overall, the community trials sites increased or held steady their arrest rates in contrast to the comparison sites where DUI arrests declined.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Initiating the risk assessment process for inhaled particulate materials: development of short term inhalation bioassays.

This study describes a short term inhalation bioassay in rats to predict the potential for inhaled particles to produce chronic lung disease in humans (e.g., pulmonary fibrosis). To validate the method, rats were exposed for 6 h or 3 days to various concentrations of two reference materials: (1) a known fibrogenic material (i.e., aerosolized alpha-quartz silica particles in the form of Berkeley Min-U-Sil (Pennsylvania Glass and Sand Company, Pittsburgh, PA), or (2) carbonyl iron (CI) particles, as a negative control. Cells and fluids from groups of sham and dust exposed animals were recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and protein values were measured in BAL fluids at several times postexposure. Cells were identified, counted, and evaluated for viability. The lungs of additional exposed animals were processed for histopathology. Although particle deposition patterns for the two dusts were similar, brief exposures to silica particles produced a persistent pulmonary inflammatory response characterized by neutrophil recruitment at sites of particle deposition and consistently elevated biomarkers of cytotoxicity in BAL fluids. In addition, alveolar macrophage clearance functions were impaired. Progressive histopathologic lesions were observed within 1 mo after a 3-day exposure. Light and electron microscopy of silica exposed lung tissue revealed a chronically active pulmonary inflammatory response characterized by hyperplasia of Type II alveolar epithelial cells and the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils into alveoli and interstitial compartments. The lesions were progressive, leading to the development of a multifocal, granulomatous-type pneumonitis within 2 mo postexposure. In contrast to the observed effects of silica, 3-day exposures to CI particles produced no significant adverse biochemical or histopathological effects on pulmonary tissues. These results demonstrate that short term, high dose inhalation exposures of silica produce effects similar to those previously observed using intratracheal instillation or chronic inhalation models and lend support to this method as a reliable short term bioassay for evaluating the pulmonary toxicity and mechanisms associated with exposure to new and untested respirable materials.

Administration, Inhalation↗
PubMed1997

Behavioral Risk Factor Survey of Korean Americans--Alameda County, California, 1994.

Asians/Pacific Islanders (APIs) account for an increasing proportion of all racial/ ethnic minority groups in the United States: during 1980-1990, the number of persons in this group increased approximately 99%. Among APIs in the United States, Korean Americans are the fifth largest subgroup. In Alameda County, California, APIs comprise 15% of the population, and Korean Americans account for 5% of that group. To assess behavioral risk factors among Korean Americans in Alameda County, Asian Health Services (a nonprofit community clinic) and the Center for Family and Community Health at the University of California, Berkeley, conducted a household telephone survey from August 1994 through February 1995. This report summarizes findings from that survey, which indicate significant differences in the prevalences of some behavioral risk factors and preventive health practices between men and women and between Korean Americans and the total California population.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Medical-care expenditures attributable to cigarette smoking during pregnancy -- United States, 1995.

An estimated 26% of women of reproductive age (i.e., 18-44 years) smoked in 1993, and approximately 19%-27% of women smoke during pregnancy. Smoking during pregnancy is causally associated with an annual estimated 32,000-61,000 low-birthweight infants and 14,000-26,000 admissions to neonatal intensive-care units. The estimated smoking-attributable direct medical-care costs for chronic conditions in 1993 were $50.0 billion; however, this estimate omitted the direct medical costs of tobacco exposure for infants and children and most of these costs for pregnant women. To derive 1995 estimates of the smoking-attributable costs for direct medical expenditures (i.e., inpatient, physician, hospital outpatient, and emergency department costs) related to pregnancy outcomes, the University of California at Berkeley and CDC analyzed data from the 1987 National Medical Expenditures Survey (NMES-2). This report summarizes the findings, which indicate substantial smoking-attributable direct medical expenditures for pregnant women and newborns.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Quantification of HDL2 and HDL3 cholesterol by the Vertical Auto Profile-II (VAP-II) methodology.

Of the several existing methods for quantification of major subspecies of high density lipoprotein (HDL), HDL2 and HDL3, the methods based upon double precipitation are particularly useful for large-scale studies or for routine assay because of their high speed and low cost. The Vertical Auto Profile-II (VAP-II) method developed in our laboratory primarily for the direct single test measurement of cholesterol (C) in all major lipoproteins, including Lp[a] and IDL, is rapid, highly sensitive, and suitable for large-scale studies. Here we describe the modification of this procedure so as to be able to quantify both HDL2- and HDL3-C in addition to all major lipoproteins without any additional assay steps, time, or cost. The VAP-II procedure was validated by comparison with four other methods using plasma samples obtained from 35 healthy subjects: 1) HDL-VAP-II (a variation of the VAP-II procedure designed specifically to separate HDL subspecies); 2) dextran sulfate (DS)/Mg2+ double precipitation method performed at Northwest Lipid Research Laboratories (NWLRL), Seattle, WA; 3) 4-30% polyacrylamide-agarose (4/30 PAA) nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE); and 4) analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), with both GGE and AUC performed at the Donner Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley. Both HDL2- and HDL3-C measurements by VAP-II correlated well with the measurements by all comparison methods (r for HDL3-C: HDL-VAP-II, 0.948; NWLRL, 0.947; GGE, 0.861; and AUC, 0.706, and r for HDL2-C: HDL-VAP-II, 0.867; NWLRL, 0.854; GGE, 0.885; and AUC, 0.721). The measurements of HDL2- and HDL3-C by the VAP-II method are reproducible, with the long-term between-rotor CV of 5.0% for HDL3-C and 9.0% for HDL2-C.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

"Health is strength": a research collaboration involving Korean Americans in Alameda County.

INTRODUCTION: This is a preliminary report from a research collaboration between Asian Health Services (community health center); Koreans in Alameda County, California; and the University of California at Berkeley School of Public Health. This five-year Centers for Disease Control and Prevention project supports a collaborative community intervention to improve breast and cervical cancer screening behavior among Korean women. METHODS: A Korean Community Advisory Board and Korean-American staff were recruited, and community sensitive research (CSR) and participatory action research (PAR) principles were applied: (1) building community infrastructure for sustainable action, (2) cultural appropriateness, (3) assuring responsiveness to community needs, and (4) a prevention focus that would assist health care providers. We conducted a population-based telephone survey on 676 Korean adults (272 men and 404 women). RESULTS: The collaborative process yielded (1) a high response rate (79%), (2) baseline health information on Korean Americans, (3) broadening of the original research topic, (4) survey responses that will guide intervention design, (5) culturally competent strategies, and (6) expanded Korean-American Community capacity for local action. CONCLUSIONS: Research collaboration between universities, community-based organizations, and ethnic communities can yield high-quality research. CSR and PAR approaches help break through cultural barriers in otherwise "hard to reach" API sub-populations. Determinants of success include sharing common goals; trust, honesty, and integrity; shared decision making; mutual respect of each partner's expertise; cultural sensitivity and cultural competence; flexibility, good communication, and mutual learning; and continuity of partners. Actively engaging members of the study population in the research process builds community capacity, thus laying the foundation for future projects that improve health status.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Methods development for epidemiologic investigations of the health effects of prolonged ozone exposure. Part I: Variability of pulmonary function measures.

The acute and subacute effects of ambient concentrations of ozone on lung function have been studied extensively in a variety of settings. Such studies generally have focused on measures of function that reflect either lung volumes or flows that are influenced by the physiology of large and small airways (e.g., forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1). Data from animal studies suggest that the effects of prolonged exposure to elevated ambient concentrations of ozone result in abnormalities in the centriacinar region of the lung; and dosimetry models for humans predict that long-term exposure to ozone could impact the same areas of the human lung. However, alterations in structure at this level of the lung are not well reflected by measuring FEV1 until substantial structural changes have occurred. Measures of the lung function that reflect the functional mechanics of airways smaller than 2 mm in diameter are considered to be more relevant. At least one epidemiologic study has provided evidence that small-airway functions may be relevant to effects of prolonged exposure to environments with high concentrations of oxidants. A considerable body of physiologic data has established that flow rates measured during the terminal portion of a maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curve are largely governed by airways smaller than 2 mm in diameter A similar interpretation has been given to changes in the slope of phase III (delta N2) of the single-breath nitrogen washout (SBNW) curve. Despite the attractiveness of these measures in relation to airway physiology, some data suggest that measurements of flow via the terminal portions of MEFV and SBNW curves have much greater within-subject variability than forced vital capacity (FVC and FEV1. The present study was undertaken as part of a larger feasibility study to develop methods to study the effects of prolonged exposure to elevated ambient ozone levels on lung function in adolescents. A convenience sample of 239 freshmen (ages 16-20 years) entering the University of California, Berkeley were recruited to participate in this protocol. All were lifelong residents of the San Francisco Bay Area or the Los Angeles Basin. Subjects were studied on two occasions five to seven days apart. At each test session, subjects performed up to eight forced expiratory maneuvers to produce three acceptable and reproducible MEFV curves by modified American Thoracic Society criteria. Tests of SBNW were then performed on the basis of detailed criteria for validity and reproducibility. Eight attempts to generate three curves were allowed. The delta N2 was obtained by a least-squares regression of nitrogen concentrations between the 750-mL and 1750-mL volume points. Instantaneous flow at 75% of expired volume (FEF75%), average flow between the 25% and 75% volume points (FEF25%-75%), and delta N2 were the principal outcomes. Variance components were estimated with a nested random effects model with adjustments for important covariates. The average within-subject coefficients of variation (+/-SD of distribution of means) for male subjects were: FEV1 1.2 (+/-0.8); FEF25%-75% 3.2 (+/-2.3); FEF75% 5.8 (+/-5.0); and delta N2 17.9 (+/-12.3); for female subjects they were: FEV1 1.4 (+/-0.9); FEF25%-75% 3.0 (+/-2.2); FEF75% 6.2 (+/-5.2); and delta N2 19.9 (+/-17.0). The variance attributed to test session was less than 1% for all measures. The percentages of variance due to within-subject variation for each measure (adjusted for sex, area of residence, ethnicity, and height) were: FVC 3.6%; FEV1 3.0%; FEF25%-75% 5.2%; FEF75% 8.9%; and delta N2 23.9%. Of all subjects tested, 234 (97.9%) could provide at least two acceptable MEFV curves, but only 218 (91.2%) could provide at least two acceptable SBNW curves. The results were unchanged by recent history of acute, respiratory illness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1998

Detailed characterization of the 1087 MeV/nucleon iron-56 beam used for radiobiology at the alternating gradient synchrotron.

We report beam characterization and dosimetric measurements made using a 56Fe beam extracted from the Brookhaven National Laboratory Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) with a kinetic energy of 1087 MeV/nucleon. The measurements reveal that the depth-dose distribution of this beam differs significantly from that obtained with a 600 MeV/nucleon iron beam used in several earlier radiobiology experiments at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's BEVALAC. We present detailed measurements of beam parameters relevant for radiobiology, including track- and dose-averaged linear energy transfer (LET), fragment composition and LET spectra measured behind sample holders used in irradiations of biological samples. We also report measurements of fluence behind three depths (1.94, 4.68 and 9.35 g cm(-2)) of polyethylene targets with the 1087 MeV/nucleon beam, and behind 1.94 g cm(-2) of polyethylene with a 610 MeV/nucleon beam delivered by the AGS. These results are compared to earlier measurements with the 600 MeV/nucleon beam at the BEVALAC.

Iron↗
PubMed1998

Methods development for epidemiologic investigations of the health effects of prolonged ozone exposure. Part II. An approach to retrospective estimation of lifetime ozone exposure using a questionnaire and ambient monitoring data (California sites).

An extensive body of data supports a relation between acute exposures to ambient ozone and the occurrence of various acute respiratory symptoms and changes in measures of lung function. In contrast, relatively few data are available on the human health effects that result from long-term exposure to ambient ozone, Current efforts to study long-term ozone-related health effects are limited by the methods available for ascertaining lifetime exposures to ozone. The present feasibility study was undertaken as part of the Health Effects Institute's Environmental Epidemiology Planning Project (Health Effects Institute 1994) to (1) determine whether, in the context of an epidemiologic study, reliable estimates can be obtained for lifetime exposures to ozone by combining estimates from lifetime residential histories, typical activity patterns during life, and residence-specific ambient ozone monitoring data; (2) identify the minimum data required to produce reliable estimates of lifetime exposure; and (3) analyze the relations between various estimates of lifetime ozone exposure and measures of lung function. A convenience sample of 175 first-year students at the University of California, Berkeley, who lived all of their lives in selected areas of California (the Los Angeles Basin or the San Francisco Bay Area), were studied on two occasions (test and retest or test sessions 1 and 2), five to seven days apart. Residential and lifestyle data were obtained from a questionnaire: residence-based ambient ozone exposure values were assigned by interpolation of ambient ozone monitoring data to residential locations. Estimated lifetime exposure was based on average ozone levels between 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. and hours of exposure to ozone concentrations greater than 60 parts per billion (ppb). "Effective" lifetime exposure to ozone was based on a weighted average of estimated time spent in different ambient ozone environments as determined by different combinations of activity data. Pulmonary function was evaluated with flows and volumes from maximum expiratory flow-volume curves and slope of phase III of the single-breath nitrogen washout (SBNW) curves. Although the test-retest reliability of the residential history was acceptably high only for first and second residences, most of the unreliability for other residences came from residences occupied for relatively short durations. Therefore, the test-retest reliability of estimated lifetime exposure to ozone was high, with intraclass correlations greater than 0.90 for all approaches evaluated. Multiple, linear regression analyses showed a consistently negative relation between estimates of lifetime exposure to ozone and flows that reflect the physiology of pulmonary small airways. No relation was observed between lifetime ozone exposure and forced expiratory volume or the slope of phase III, and the relation between lifetime exposure and forced expiratory volume in one second was inconsistent. The results of the flow measures were unaffected by the method used to estimate lifetime exposure and gave effect estimates that were nearly identical. The data from this study indicate that useful and reproducible estimates of lifetime ozone exposure can be obtained in epidemiologic studies by using a residential history. However, the total burden of ozone to which the subjects were exposed cannot be determined accurately from such data. Nonetheless, the estimates so obtained appear to be associated with alterations in pulmonary function that are consistent with the predicted site of maximum effect of ozone in the human lung.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1998

Advances in the automated detection of metaphase chromosomes labeled with fluorescence dyes.

Applications of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for translocation studies and biological dosimetry would benefit substantially from reliable and efficient automatic detection of metaphase chromosomes labeled with fluorescent dyes. We replicated and evaluated a fluorescence metaphase finder previously developed at the Medical Research Council (MRC), Human Genetics Unit (Scotland) and at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL; California). The MRC/LBL system seemed to detect nearly all of the metaphases on the test slides, but it presented an unacceptable number of false positives (about five false positives per one true positive). Furthermore, we determined that the system actually overcalled true detections by counting certain metaphase spreads twice (duplicates). Through modifications of the MRC/LBL system, we developed the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) system, which minimizes the detection of duplicates, incorporates new detection features, uses a binary decision tree (BDT) for classification, and provides functionalities to improve scanning accuracy and improve the post-detection review. To test the new system, DAPI-stained preparations of metaphase chromosomes from blood lymphocytes of four unrelated donors were placed on slides in drops ranging from 7 mm to 20 mm in diameter. Drops contained between 5 and 200 scorable metaphases each. The LLNL system achieved approximately 90% detection of non-duplicated metaphases as verified by an expert cytogeneticist, with typically less than one false positive per every one true positive detected.

Automation↗