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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Effectiveness of a behavioral weight control program for blacks and whites with NIDDM.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the weight losses of black and white patients with NIDDM treated in a year-long behavioral weight loss program. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Subjects were randomly assigned to a behavioral program that either used a low-calorie diet throughout or included two 12-week periods of a very-low calorie diet (VLCD). Weight, dietary intake, and exercise were measured at 0, 6, and 12 months of treatment, and attendance and self-monitoring records were assessed weekly throughout the year. RESULTS: Blacks had smaller weight losses than whites regardless of treatment condition. Overall weight losses (baseline to 1 year) were 7.1 kg in blacks vs 13.9 kg in whites. The differences in overall outcome resulted primarily from greater weight regain in blacks during months 6-12 than in whites. There was a trend for blacks to have poorer attendance than whites during the latter half of the program and for blacks to report smaller changes in calorie intake from baseline to 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm prior studies with nondiabetic patients showing smaller weight losses in blacks than in whites and suggest that these differences may result primarily from faster weight regain in blacks. Further research is needed to more carefully examine the variables that may explain this difference and to develop more effective programs for blacks with NIDDM.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Prediction of goal-directed behavior: attitude, subjective behavioral competence and emotions].

Ajzen's (1985) theory of planned behavior explaining and predicting goal-directed behavior is extended by an emotional component. The extended theory of planned behavior is tested experimentally. N = 64 subjects play with two video games (a speed- and a problem-oriented game) under an achievement-motivational orientation. One half of the subjects plays both games in an easy version, the other half in a difficult version. The verbal emotional reactions to playing video games are grouped factor-analytically into an "activity emotion" and a "security emotion". Subjects playing video games in the difficult condition feel significantly more insecure, and perceive their behavioral control as significantly lower than subjects playing in the easy condition. Tests of the extended theory of planned behavior lead to significant squared multiple correlations for the dependent variables within the range of R2 = .20 to .58. The activity emotion accounts predominantly for a significant part of the variance of the attitude and the security emotion accounts for a significant part of the variance of the perceived behavioral control. No predictive power was found for the intention to play the games successfully.

Achievement↗
PubMed1997

Predicting the stages of smoking acquisition according to the theory of planned behavior.

PURPOSE: The goal of the present study was to determine the variables from the theory of planned behavior that are responsible for differentiating the stages of smoking acquisition. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 360 secondary I level students from a possible population of 500 students. This questionnaire was designed by the researchers according to Ajzen and Fishbein's and Ajzen's recommendations regarding the predictive model variables. It also contained sociodemographic and personal variables. Data from this cross-sectional study were analyzed using multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The multivariate analysis of variance indicated an overall significant difference in terms of the three psychosocial variables (Pillais approximation F12,867 = 25.22; p < or = 0.000). The analyses of variance showed that the variables attitude (F4,289 = 112.25; p = 0.0001), subjective norm (F4,289 = 23.48; p = 0.0001), and perceived behavioral control (F4,289 = 87.92; p = 0.0001) contributed to differentiating the stages of smoking acquisition. The discriminant function analysis indicated that attitude (0.826) and perceived behavioral control (0.725) dominate the construct; the contribution of the subjective norm (0.375) is less important. Finally, these variables from the theory of planned behavior permitted the correct classification of 68.4% of adolescents into the stages of smoking acquisition. CONCLUSION: The application of the theory of planned behavior seems to increase understanding of the stages of smoking acquisition. The distribution of students in the five stages shows that in the advanced stages, refraining from smoking is more difficult, and that smoking advantages surpass disadvantages. These findings represent only a step toward the development of interventions aimed at warning adolescents against smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The theory of planned behavior applied to cigarette smoking in African-American, Puerto Rican, and non-Hispanic white teenage females.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the adequacy of Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior to predict cigarette-smoking intention in three groups of teenage females. Participants were 141 African-Americans, 146 Puerto Ricans, and 143 non-Hispanic whites, 13 to 19 years of age. Consistent with the Theory of Planned Behavior, path analysis revealed direct relationships among attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and smoking intention for African-Americans. For Puerto Ricans and non-Hispanic whites, only the relationships among attitude, perceived behavioral control, and smoking intention were supported. Subjective norm was not found to be a significant predictor of smoking intention for these two groups. The results suggest that the Theory of Planned Behavior provides an empirically adequate explanation of cigarette smoking among female African-American teenage women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Some central neural mechanisms governing resting and behaviorally coupled control of blood pressure.

Systems in the brain control blood pressure by maintaining life-sustaining, resting (tonic) levels and adjusting blood pressure in association with changes in regional blood flow appropriately coupled to behavior or environmental stimulation. Tonic levels of blood pressure are mediated by neurons in the medulla oblongata. The critical neurons appear to correspond to the epinephrine-containing cells of the so-called C1 group located in the rostral ventral lateral medulla. These also mediate baroreceptor reflex responses. Behaviorally coupled changes in blood pressure are often highly stereotyped and vary depending on the behavior being performed in both animals and humans. These reactive circulatory adjustments are largely mediated by forebrain regions working in concert with the medullary centers. Some of the largest increases in blood pressure occur in response to aversive emotional arousal. In hypertensive animals and humans, such changes, which are normally buffered by reflex mechanisms in the brainstem, are exaggerated. In the rat, the neural pathway mediating the coupling, through aversive emotional conditioning, of blood pressure responses to acoustic stimuli involves the transmission of sensory signals through the primary auditory projection system to the medial geniculate body, where the input is then relayed subcortically to the amygdala. The amygdala, presumably by way of connections with the hypothalamus, and from there to the brainstem or spinal cord, controls the learned emotional response. These findings, which implicate a largely unrecognized sensory relay to the amygdala in emotional learning, represent the first demonstration of a direct link between primary sensory system and autonomic control regions in the mammalian brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effect of behavioral variables on cooling rate of man in cold water.

Five different behaviors of man while in cold ocean water (9-10 degrees C) were assessed for their effect on rate of progress into hypothermia. With subjects wearing lifejackets, two thermally protective behaviors were studied which reduce exposure to the water of areas of body surface with high relative heat loss potential. One was huddling of three persons and the other a self-huddle behavior (HELP or Heat Escape Lessening Posture). These two behaviors resulted in significant reductions of rectal temperature cooling rate of 66 per cent and 69 per cent, respectively, of that of a control behavior. With no flotation available, two survival swimming behaviors (treading water and drownproofing) were shown to result in significant increases in cooling rate to 134 per cent and 182 per cent, respectively, of the control behavior. Potential swimming distance of subjects wearing a life-jacket was 0.85 miles in water near 12 degrees C before predicted incapacitation by hypothermia. It was concluded that behavioral variables can be of major importance in determining survival time in cold water through modulation of cooling rate associated with other variables such as fatness, body size, and clothing.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[The attitude of the 11th grade school girls to their bodies and weight control].

OBJECTIVE: Of the study was to detect the girls of 11th grade attitude towards their bodies and weight control. METHODS: The girls attitude towards their bodies and weight control was determined by anonymous 48-item questionnaire. The percentage of body fat (Durnin & Womersley, 1974) of each girl was estimated as well. RESULTS: Showed that a large part of the normal weight girls (58.5%) considered their weight too high. The girls with higher body fat and those who considered their weight to be too high judged their bodies and separate body parts more negative; their weight control behavior was more negative as well. The bigger difference between actual and desirable body weight was related with more negative weight control behavior and higher fear of weight gain. The attitude of the girls involved and not involved in leisure sports activities towards their bodies showed no significant difference while more dieting cases in sport involved group was determined. CONCLUSIONS: Attitude towards body weight was a higher predictor of negative weight control aspects than the actual percentage of body fat. The problem needs future examination.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Perceived control of nutrition behavior: a study of the locus of control theory among healthy subjects.

This study was conducted to gain insight into individuals' perceptions of their willingness and ability to change their nutrition behavior. As eating habits are primarily socially learned, the locus of control theory, a social learning theory, was applied to the understanding of nutrition behavior. Responses from 105 young male and female subjects to a questionnaire devised to examine individuals' beliefs about the internal and external factors which control, or determine, dietary habits and health were analyzed. Individual values and assessment of personal health and diet were measured, and demographic data were collected. Two major findings were obtained. First, the locus of control theory was too narrow a construct to explain the subjects' responses and beliefs. The data suggested six categories which differentiated between individuals' expectations about factors controlling outcomes of behavior and those controlling actual personal behaviors. Second, there were significant differences in responses to locus of control statements on the basis of certain demographic variables, especially religious affiliation. Religious/traditional Jewish subjects tended to be more internally oriented than nonreligious/nontraditional Jewish subjects, independent of other demographic variables. Subjects with greater willingness and perceived ability to change their nutrition behavior appeared to take responsibility for choosing what is "right" or "better" and had firmly established personal guidelines for what is, or is not, acceptable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

To eat or not to eat: implications of the attentional myopia model for restrained eaters.

The attentional myopia model of behavioral control was tested in a study of food consumption by chronic dieters. According to the model, when individuals' attentional capacity is limited, their behavior will be disproportionately influenced by highly salient internal and external cues to the exclusion of more distal stimuli. In situations that normally feature conflicting behavioral pressures, such a state of narrowed attention is likely to result in abnormally disinhibited behavior when cues promoting action are more salient and to result in abnormally restrained behavior when inhibiting cues are more salient. In addition to supporting the predictions of the model, this study provided the first evidence for enhanced behavioral control under conditions of limited attention. Participants' responses to a thought-reporting measure also provided evidence for the role played by attentional myopia in the control of eating. Implications for a broad array of regulatory successes and failures are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1960

Control of behavior by presentation of an imprinted stimulus.

When presentation of an imprinted stimulus is contingent upon an arbitrarily chosen response, the rate of emission of this response increases. This control of responding requires a moving imprinted stimulus and does not require a following response by the duck.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Conceptual categories or operational constructs? Evaluating higher order theory of planned behavior structures in the exercise domain.

The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is a popular framework for understanding the informational and motivational influences of exercise behavior One tenet of this model that has not been examined is the belief that direct measures of TPB component constructs are organized through higher order constructs. The authors'purpose of this article was to test this higher order conceptualization in comparison with a multidimensional TPB model using structural equation modeling. Participants (N=268) completed direct measures of the TPB and a 2-week follow-up of exercise behavior The results generally supported multidimensional TPB constructs over higher order structures. Direct measures of attitude (i.e., affective and instrumental) and subjective norm (i.e., injunctive and descriptive) had better psychometric properties when considered multidimensionally. Perceived behavioral control (i.e., self-efficacy, controllability), however, had estimation problems for both the multidimensional and the higher order model. Aggregation of TPB components is not warranted, and the perceived behavioral control components may possess a structure more complex than simple multidimensionality or a superordinate higher order construct.

Attitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of the effect of nitrous oxide and hydroxyzine in controlling the behavior of the pediatric dental patient.

This study evaluated and compared the effect of three different sedation combinations on the young dental patient: hydroxyzine alone, hydroxyzine with nitrous oxide, and nitrous oxide alone. Nineteen uncooperative children with mean age of 37 months needing at least three restorative visits were selected for this study. Crying, alertness, and general behavior were evaluated during the dental procedure. The combination of hydroxyzine and nitrous oxide was more effective than the others for the majority of the sessions in terms of controlling crying and alertness. The results in the present study indicate that the sedative effect of hydroxyzine on children's behavior is enhanced by the addition of nitrous oxide.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Personal responsibility and control over our bodies: when expectation exceeds reality.

Good health has become more than a means to personal goals such as greater attractiveness and increased longevity. It symbolizes self-control, hard work, ambition, and success in life. Inherent in this symbolism is the concept that the individual controls behavior, which in turn controls health. Although control over one's life plays an important role in both physical and mental health, the concept of personal control also infers responsibility. Positive attributes are accorded to people who are healthy, but those who fall ill, or those with less than the perfect body, are blamed and are thought to be self-indulgent, lazy, or even irresponsible and immoral. There is a tendency to overstate the impact of personal behavior on health. However, biological realities shape the degree to which health is under the control of the individual. The positive effects of behavior change must be balanced with the limits imposed by biology.

Advertising↗
PubMed1995

Calcium channel blockers antagonize some of cocaine's cardiovascular effects, but fail to alter cocaine's behavioral effects.

The effects of cocaine alone and in combination with the calcium channel blockers nimodipine, verapamil and diltiazem were determined for different groups of squirrel monkeys on cardiovascular function, schedule-controlled behavior and drug self-administration. Cocaine alone (0.3 mg/kg) produced increases in both blood pressure and heart rate. All three calcium channel blockers antagonized the pressor effect, but were ineffective against the tachycardiac effect of cocaine. Nimodipine was the most potent agent in antagonizing the pressor effect of cocaine. Response rates for monkeys responding on a second-order schedule of food presentation were increased by intermediate doses of cocaine (0.1-1.0 mg/kg) and were primarily decreased at a higher dose (3.0 mg/kg). Quarter-life values, an index of response patterning, were only decreased by cocaine. None of the calcium channel blockers altered cocaine's effects on either response rate or response patterning. In the self-administration experiments, the training dose of 56 micrograms/kg cocaine maintained high rates of responding on a simple fixed-ratio schedule. As with schedule-controlled behavior, none of the calcium channel blockers altered cocaine self-administration even when administered before self-administration sessions during 5 consecutive days. These results suggest that the calcium channel blockers may be useful in treating cardiovascular-related complications after cocaine use, but they would not be effective as long-term treatment agents for cocaine abuse.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Memory and depressions].

A hypothesis of depression development is put forward. It is suggested that depression develops as a result of the disorders of the normal mechanisms of learning and memory. To assess the hypothesis, a functional system of behavioral control with the key role of memory apparatus and its links with other units of the system is proposed. According to the behavioral control system, memory is organized and works as the integration of activity of sensory, motivational and emotional inputs. It was shown that disorders of each of these inputs make specific contribution into the origin and manifestations of depression and corresponding morphological, electrophysiological, trophic, neurochemical, molecular-genetic and other changes.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

From 'I Wish' to 'I Will': social-cognitive predictors of behavioral intentions.

We tested the ability of several social-cognitive models to predict intentions to engage in two different health behaviors (resisting dieting and performing breast self-exam). All constructs from the health belief model (with and without self-efficacy), the theory of planned behavior (with and without perceived behavioral control) and the motivational process of the health action process approach were measured simultaneously in two subject samples. We hypothesized that models that include self-efficacy (or the related construct of perceived behavioral control) would be more effective than the models that do not include it. Our results supported this prediction. The health action process approach was the best predictor of intentions to engage in both behaviors. Implications for selecting appropriate models on which to base interventions are discussed.

Adolescent↗