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PubMed2004

Mpl Baltimore: a thrombopoietin receptor polymorphism associated with thrombocytosis.

The chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders of unknown etiology. We have reported defective thrombopoietin receptor (Mpl) protein expression in MPD patients. To determine whether the basis of abnormal Mpl protein expression was due to mutations in the Mpl gene, we sequenced Mpl cDNA from MPD patients. We found a single nucleotide substitution (G1238T) that results in a change from lysine to asparagine at amino acid 39 (K39N) in three African-American women referred for an evaluation of an MPD. We subsequently screened more than 400 patients and controls and found that the K39N substitution is a polymorphism restricted to African Americans and that approximately 7% of African Americans are heterozygous for K39N. African Americans with the K39N polymorphism had a significantly higher platelet count than controls without the polymorphism (P < 0.001) and reduced platelet protein Mpl expression. Expression of an Mpl cDNA containing the K39N substitution in cell lines was associated with incomplete processing and a reduction in Mpl protein, recapitulating the Mpl protein defect observed in platelets from individuals with K39N. K39N represents an identified functional Mpl polymorphism and is associated with altered protein expression of Mpl and a clinical phenotype of thrombocytosis.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMedDate not supplied

From Baltimore to Bell Labs: reflections on two decades of debate about scientific misconduct.

This essay proposes a new definition of scientific "misconduct," which is broader than the definition recently adopted by the U.S. government. According to the proposed definition, misconduct is a serious and intentional violation of accepted scientific practices, commonsense ethical norms, or research regulations in proposing, designing, conducting, reviewing, or reporting research. Punishable misconduct includes fabrication of data or experiments, falsification of data, plagiarism, or interference with a misconduct investigation. Misconduct does not include honest errors, differences of opinion, or ethically questionable research practices.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2002

Lack of behavior change after disclosure of hepatitis C virus infection among young injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland.

We evaluated behavior change after disclosure of a positive hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody test result among a cohort of young injection drug users (IDUs). Participants underwent semiannual interviews, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HCV antibody testing, and pretest and posttest counseling. We used chi(2) statistics to study changes in the frequencies of high-risk behaviors from baseline to a 6-month follow-up visit among 46 IDUs who had a positive HCV test result and among 60 IDUs who did not have a positive HCV test result or who were unaware of their test result. No significant differences were detected between the 2 groups. Both groups continued to share syringes, needles, and other injection paraphernalia. These findings suggest that young IDUs may not be aware of the risk of HCV infection and highlight the urgent need for post-HCV test guidelines and behavioral interventions to reduce ongoing high-risk behavior that perpetuates the risk of HCV transmission.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Continuing diet trends in men: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (1961-1987).

Due to increasing evidence for the role of nutrition as a cause of illness and of the efforts of health agencies to induce Americans to change their diets, it is important to monitor populations for changes in their nutrient intakes. Seven-day diet records were collected from 105 free-living men in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Age range was initially 27 to 65 and finally 50 to 88 years. The men were divided into age groups so that longitudinal, time series, and cross-sectional analyses could distinguish among differences due to aging, cohort, and secular change. Longitudinal decreases over three decades of time include height, intakes of kcal/day, kcal/kg, kcal from fat, and cholesterol (all p less than .0001). Longitudinal increases over time include body weight, intakes of kcal from alcohol (p = .002), kcal from carbohydrate, and polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio (P/S) (all p less than .0001). Values that correlated cross-sectionally with age in the 1960s were height, kcal/day, kcal/kg, kcal from protein, and P/S ratio; height, intakes of kcal from protein, and fiber in the 1970s; and body weight, height, intakes of kcal from carbohydrate and fiber in the 1980s (all p less than .05). Protein consumption remained constant while carbohydrate increased as time passed. The more striking secular changes were in type and amount of fat consumed (42% to 34% of kcal, a 37% decline in cholesterol and a 72% increase in P/S ratio). Voluntary changes in the diets of these community-dwelling men indicate that, at any age, men can make beneficial changes in intake of nutrients that affect health.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Humoral and mucosal immunity in infants induced by three sequential inactivated poliovirus vaccine-live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine immunization schedules. Baltimore Area Polio Vaccine Study Group.

The relative immunity induced by sequential administration of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) produced in human diploid cells and live attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) was evaluated by randomization of 510 infants to receive IPV and OPV sequentially according to one of three experimental schedules, IPV only, or OPV only. The antibody response to two IPV doses was lower than expected. However, for each of the IPV-OPV sequential schedules, the first OPV dose significantly enhanced seroconversion rates and geometric mean microneutralization antibody titers. Three months after the final dose, 96%-99%, 99%-100%, and 81%-100% of infants had antibodies to poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and subjects with two or more prior OPV doses were significantly less likely than those with none or one prior OPV dose to excrete virus in feces after an OPV challenge. Sequential IPV-OPV immunization is now recommended for routine use in the United States. The optimal schedule consists of two IPV doses followed by two OPV doses.

Antibodies, Viral↗