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PubMed1969

Prevalence of symptomless urinary tract disease in Birmingham schoolchildren. I. Pyuria and bacteriuria.

In a pilot project 2,122 schoolchildren were screened for symptomless urinary tract disease by the examination of midstream urine specimens. These were tested for albumin, blood, and glucose with Labstix commercial strips, together with microscopy for abnormal cellular excretion.One case of renal glycosuria was found but none of previously undiagnosed diabetes mellitus. Out of 1,096 boys, 11 (1%) had pyuria-a leucocyte count greater than 10/cu.mm.-but only four showed abnormal counts on retesting. None had urinary tract infection.Out of 1,026 girls, 96 (9.3%) had pyuria initially but 35 were normal on retesting. Of the remaining 61 girls, 59 attended the outpatients department for further investigation, and in 30 vulvitis appeared to be the sole cause. Ten were proved to have significant bacteriuria and six of them showed radiological abnormalities.It is suggested that careful long-term studies are needed to study the economics and the implications of screening on a national scale.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1969

Urinary concentrating ability in women with asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy.

The incidence of impaired renal concentrating ability in pregnant women with asymptomatic significant bacteriuria is significantly less than previously reported when osmolality readings are performed on every urine specimen obtained during the 24 hours' deprivation of fluids. The concentrating defect is more considerable as pregnancy progresses. The lower the maximum urinary osmolality the more difficult is the treatment of the patient, and the higher the incidence of acute pyelonephritis.

Adult↗

PubMed1970

Single-dose therapy with streptomycin and sulfametopyrazine for bacteriuria during pregnancy.

One hundred and sixty-three patients with bacteriuria in pregnancy were treated with a single dose of antibiotic. Four regimens were used: sulfadoxine (sulphormethoxine) 2 g., sulfametopyrazine 2 g., streptomycin 1 g., and a combination of sulfametopyrazine 2 g. and streptomycin 1 g. The highest cure rate of 77% was achieved with streptomycin and sulfametopyrazine. The long-acting sulphonamides alone gave a cure rate of 55% while streptomycin alone eradicated 43% of the infections. Despite the high cure rate with combined therapy bacterial resistance developed in some cases.

Bacteriuria↗

PubMed1964

METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF SIGNIFICANT BACTERIURIA IN LARGE GROUPS OF PATIENTS.

A measured area of blotting paper was used as a vehicle for transferring a constant aliquot of urine on to the surface of a culture medium. The number of bacterial colonies growing in the inoculum area of the medium corresponded to the number of organisms in the urine. One thousand, two hundred and seventy-five urines from women attending an ante-natal clinic were tested by this method, and the results compared with the results of quantitative bacterial counting and of triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (T.T.C.) tests. The method was found to be a simple, cheap, and reliable way of screening urine specimens for significant bacteriuria.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1967

Use of a solid reagent in the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride test for bacteriuria.

The use of a solid reagent in the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (T.T.C.) test for significant bacteriuria is described. The reagent gave a positive result with 108 (86%) of 126 specimens of urine containing over 100,000 organisms per ml. In comparison with the standard T.T.C. test the modified test gave comparable results. Some possible reasons for the varying results obtained by different users of the T.T.C. test are discussed.

Bacteriuria↗

PubMed1969

A simple quantitative and qualitative microbiological screening test for bacteriuria.

A simple, accurate screening test for significant bacteriuria is described. It entails brief contact of a freshly voided specimen of urine with the surface of a solid culture medium lining the wall of a transparent disposable plastic container, incubating it at 37 degrees C for 24 hours, and counting colonies developing on a proscribed surface area. The method obviates errors due to contaminants, affords a limited species differentiation of the causative organisms, and provides a ready means of obtaining a direct sensitivity test on the responsible bacteria.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1973

Clinical trial of a chemical test for bacteriuria.

A chemical test for the detection of bacteriuria-Uriglox-has been compared with the results obtained on culturing urine obtained by suprapubic aspiration in 351 pregnant or puerperal women. The results of this comparison show a correlation of 96.9%, both false positive and false negative results occurring.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1977

Rapid screening for significant bacteriuria using a Coulter Counter.

A Coulter Counter was evaluated for detecting significant bacteriuria. Simple urinary particle counts showed agreement in 883 of the 956 (92.4%) urine specimens examined compared to a standard culture procedure. They also provided a semiquantitative estimate of bacterial numbers in specimens diagnosed as infected by culture. Sample preparation before counting was minimal, and results were obtained within two to four minutes.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1978

Gas liquid chromatography for detection of bacteriuria: examination for volatile acidic and neutral compounds.

Direct injection of clinically infected urines on porous-polymer columns was investigated to determine which microbial metabolites were consistently detectable, and whether their presence could be used as a reliable index of infection. Chromosorb 101 was found to be the most suitable porous polymer for the detection of microbial metabolites; greater sensitivity of detection was achieved by partial purification of the urine before injection. Acetic acid was the only compound found consistently and it enabled 10(6) microorganisms per ml to be detected in urine. However, as urinary tract infection is diagnosed by the presence of 10(5) organisms or more per ml, our method is insufficiently sensitive for the detection of bacteriuria. Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, Stapyhlococcus albus, and Streptocococcus faecalis were detectable by our method but Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans were not.

Acetates↗

PubMed1981

Rapid screening for bacteriuria using a particle counter, pulse-height analyser, and computer.

A system for the rapid screening of urines for the presence of bacteriuria has been devised using a Coulter Counter Model ZBI linked to a multichannel pulse-height analyser (Coulter "Channelyser") with computer analysis of the output. In a series of 215 urines containing growth of a single pathogen of more than 100 x 10(6)/l (greater than 100 000/ml) satisfactory level of sensitivity (99.1%) was obtained using only two different amplification settings by means of a brief treatment (5-10 seconds) of the undiluted specimen with low intensity ultrasound; 85-90% of mixed growths of 10 x 10(6)/l (greater than 10 000/ml) were detected. Sonication did not improve the results in this group. Specimens showing abnormal cyturia of more than 10 x 10(6)/l (greater than 10 000/ml) but no growth on culture were positive in 33% of cases without the use of ultrasound but in 72% after sonication.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1982

Evaluation of the Lumac kit for the detection of bacteriuria by bioluminescence.

Four hundred and twenty-two urine samples were screened for significant bacteriuria using bioluminescence and microscopy of uncentrifuged urine. A smaller number of false-negatives were seen with bioluminescence (10%) than with microscopy (40%) while both techniques gave a similar number of false-positives (18%). The kit required a large amount of manual preparation, largely pipetting. With this and the short shelf-life of the reconstituted reagents, it is not suitable for small numbers of urines. At 45p per urine, the cost of bioluminescence is too high.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1985

Leucocyte esterase-nitrite screening method for pyuria and bacteriuria.

The value of the one minute leucocyte esterase-nitrite chemical strips as a screening procedure for detecting appreciable levels of pyuria and bacteriuria was assessed by comparison with microscopy and culture results. The likelihood that a negative leucocyte esterase result indicated less than 10 white cells/cu mm by microscopy (the negative predictive value), was 90.1% and that a negative nitrite result indicated less than 10(5) organisms/ml was 91.3%. There were many false positive results with both tests, however, and the overall predictive value of a positive leucocyte esterase or nitrite test, or both, was low. The leucocyte esterase-nitrite strip was neither sufficiently sensitive nor specific enough to be used as a cost effective method for screening urines in the laboratory.

Bacteriuria↗

PubMed1985

Evaluation of Malthus 128H microbiological growth analyser for detecting significant bacteriuria.

In a pilot study a prototype Malthus 128H microbiological growth analyser was used to study the growth of six commonly encountered urinary pathogens in a range of five different laboratory media. No single medium had been able to show acceptable conductance changes for all bacteria within five hours. Subsequently, the Malthus system, with fastidious anaerobe broth as the culture medium, was used to screen 500 consecutive clinical specimens of urine for significant bacteriuria. After two and a half hours the Malthus system detected 32 out of the 40 true positives and eight of the 44 contaminated urines. Increasing the detection time to five hours permitted the recognition of 39 true positives and 37 contaminated urines.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1988

Evaluation of six screening methods for detecting significant bacteriuria.

Six screening methods for the successful detection of significant bacteriuria--electrical impedance (Malthus), automated acridine-orange staining (Autotrak), particle counting (Ramus), bioluminescence, nitrite and leucocyte test strip (BM Nephur), and microscopy--were evaluated. All had excellent predictive values for a negative result (97%-100%) but were less accurate in predicting a positive result (31%-83%). All methods had high sensitivities (83%-100%) but lower levels of specificity (68%-79%). Bioluminescence was the method with the highest specificity (79%) and the lowest rate of false positive results (15%). It would be inappropriate to decide on treatment and management on the basis of the positive results achieved with any of the methods evaluated, but all methods tested could be used for screening out negative results.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1976

Cost-effectiveness of two methods of screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria.

A comparison of two methods of screening schoolgirls for asymptomatic specimens of urine from 96.3, but that the home self-administered use of dipslides was successful in only 70.2%. The failure to obtain the return of satisfactory dipslides was most frequent in children under seven and over 11 years of age, and in children from the lower social classes; satisfactory dipslides were returned by 84% of children from social classes I, II, and III non-manual workers, but by only 58% of children from social class V and the unemployed. The cost per child screened was pounds 0.77 with the supervised method and pounds 0.26 with the dipslide method. An alternative supervised method which would have successfully screened 85% would have cost pound 0.55 per child screened. Using the home dipslide method, the cost per case of asymptomatic bacteriuria detected would vary from pounds 10.40 to pounds 20.00, depending on the age group screened.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Screening for bacteriuria: Microstix and dipslides.

The Microstix system has been tested, in parallel with dipslides, for suitability as a screening technique for the detection of bacteriuria. Results obtained using each method on 228 urine specimens were assessed by comparison with the results of quantitative counts. Dipslides had a higher sensitivity (86-7%) than Microstix. The best specificity (100%) was obtained from those results (77-6%) where both components of the Microstix system were in agreement. Advantages of Microstix are its greater shelf-life and its compactness.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed2005

[Risk factors for the development and persistence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in patients with type 2 diabetes].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To study the risk factors for the development and persistence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients from our health zone. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Observational and laboratory prospective cohort study. INCLUSION CRITERIA: women and men with type 2 DM from the 2 health centers of Petrer (Alicante). DATA: questionnaire including particular and epidemiological data. Laboratory values: biochemistry, glycosylated hemoglobin A1C, microalbuminuria, urinary sediment and urine culture. RESULTS: A total of 457 patients with type 2 DM were included; 63.2% women and 36.8% men. The prevalence of AB at baseline was 19.9% (25.6% in women vs 10.1% in men). 78.02% had persistence of AB after the twelve months of follow-up; 21.7% developed symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) and 35.2% were treated with antimicrobial agents for any reason different from UTI during the follow-up period. The persistence of AB at the end of the study was 15.5%. Female sex (p = 0.04), leukocyturia (p = 0.008), urinary incontinence (p = 0.04) and elevated C reactive protein concentration (p = 0.009) remained significant risk factors for the presence and the persistence of AB when the multivariate logistical regression analysis was done. The presence of UTI within one year before the study started (p= 0.024) and previous antibiotic treatments (p = 0.04) were also independent significant factors associated with persistent AB. 84.5% of diabetic patients with persistent AB had the same infective organism in the urine culture as those found during the initial AB. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with type 2 diabetes, female sex, urinary incontinence, leukocyturia, and elevated C reactive protein concentration were associated with development of AB. The same occurred with obesity in women and prostatic syndrome in men. The persistence of AB with the same species of isolated microorganisms as those found in AB at study entry is frequent, but it remains to be known if eradication of pathogens is more difficult in diabetic patients or, alternatively, if AB episodes are transient.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

A research on asymptomatic bacteriuria in 14- to 17-year-old female students.

Urinary tract infections, which are more common in women than in men, are especially seen in young asymptomatic females who don't obey the general rules of hygiene. This research has been carried out on 14- to 17-year-old young females from several high schools, 966 specimens in total. 3.3% of them had bacteriuria and 75% of the isolated bacteria was Escherichia coli.

Adolescent↗