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PubMed1992

Expression pattern of skeletal muscle troponin T isoforms is fixed in cell lineage.

The expression of fast-muscle-type troponin T isoforms in chicken skeletal muscles was studied by two-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. According to the pattern of troponin T isoform expression, chicken fast muscle was classified into two groups: One group expressed breast-fast-muscle-type troponin T in addition to leg-fast-muscle-type troponin T, the other expressed only leg-fast-muscle-type troponin T. To the former group belong breast and wing fast muscles and some of the back fast muscles, and to the latter group belong the fast muscles in leg, abdomen, and neck. Transplantation of breast muscle into leg was performed in order to change the physical environment and to investigate the mechanism of isoform expression. Histological observation of the transplant revealed severe degeneration of muscle cells, followed by differentiation of myoblasts in which breast-muscle-type troponin T was eventually expressed. The results showed that the pattern of troponin T isoform expression is primarily fixed in the cell lineage, although nerves modulate it.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The relation between the transversus abdominis muscles, sacroiliac joint mechanics, and low back pain.

STUDY DESIGN: Two abdominal muscle patterns were tested in the same group of individuals, and their effects were compared in relation to sacroiliac joint laxity. One pattern was contraction of the transversus abdominis, independently of the other abdominals; the other was a bracing action that used all the lateral abdominal muscles. OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the biomechanical effect of the exercise for the transversus abdominis known to be effective in low back pain. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Drawing in the abdominal wall is a specific exercise for the transversus abdominis muscle (in cocontraction with the multifidus), which is used in the treatment of back pain. Clinical effectiveness has been demonstrated to be a reduction of 3-year recurrence from 75% to 35%. To the authors' best knowledge, there is not yet in vivo proof of the biomechanical effect of this specific exercise. This study of a biomechanical model on the mechanics of the sacroiliac joint, however, predicted a significant effect of transversus abdominis muscle force. METHODS: Thirteen healthy individuals who could perform the test patterns were included. Sacroiliac joint laxity values were recorded with study participants in the prone position during the two abdominal muscle patterns. The values were recorded by means of Doppler imaging of vibrations. Simultaneous electromyographic recordings and ultrasound imaging were used to verify the two muscle patterns. RESULTS: The range of sacroiliac joint laxity values observed in this study was comparable with levels found in earlier studies of healthy individuals. These values decreased significantly in all individuals during both muscle patterns (P < 0.001). The independent transversus abdominis contraction decreased sacroiliac joint laxity (or rather increased sacroiliac joint stiffness) to a significantly greater degree than the general abdominal exercise pattern (P < 0.0260). CONCLUSIONS: Contraction of the transversus abdominis significantly decreases the laxity of the sacroiliac joint. This decrease in laxity is larger than that caused by a bracing action using all the lateral abdominal muscles. These findings are in line with the authors' biomechanical model predictions and support the use of independent transversus abdominis contractions for the treatment of low back pain.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2003

Visual performance after congenital nystagmus surgery using extended hang back recession of the four horizontal rectus muscles.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of surgical correction of congenital nystagmus based on the use of extensive recessions of the four horizontal rectus muscles. The outcome of this procedure in terms of visual performance of the patients has been analyzed in follow-ups of at least 1 year. METHODS: Surgery was performed on 42 patients. An extended retroequatorial recession of the four horizontal rectus muscles was performed between 13 and 15 mm from the muscle insertion with hang back sutures in every case. Preoperatively, all cases showed either a horizontal pendular (4 cases) or jerk nystagmus (38 cases). RESULTS: After surgery, all cases showed full preservation of ductions in all gaze positions. Torticollis decreased in all cases. Binocular best-corrected vision improved in 19 (45.2%) patients and in the remaining 23 (54.8%) it remained unchanged. Consecutive exotropia was observed postoperatively in 7 patients. A second surgical procedure was performed in 9 cases (21.4%) and a botulinum injection in 3 cases (7%). All cases of diplopia resolved. Patient satisfaction was high in 38 cases (96%). CONCLUSIONS: Extended recession of horizontal rectus muscles using hang back sutures offers a good option for the surgical correction of sensorial and neuromuscular nystagmus, providing improvement in binocular best-corrected vision in 45% of the patients (21.4% more than 0.2 logMar units), a high satisfaction rate, and few associated complications. In patients with low vision this can be considered a success that may improve quality of life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Muscle relaxants for non-specific low back pain.

BACKGROUND: The use of muscle relaxants in the management of non-specific low back pain is controversial. It is not clear if they are effective, and concerns have been raised about the potential adverse effects involved. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review was to determine if muscle relaxants are effective in the treatment of non-specific low back pain. SEARCH STRATEGY: A computer-assisted search of the Cochrane Library (Issue 2, 2002), MEDLINE (1966 up to October 2001) and EMBASE (1988 up to October 2001) was carried out. These databases were searched using the algorithm recommended by the Cochrane Back Review Group. References cited in the identified articles and other relevant literature were screened. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised and/or double-blinded controlled trials, involving patients diagnosed with non-specific low back pain, treated with muscle relaxants as monotherapy or in combination with other therapeutic modalities, were included for review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently carried out the methodological quality assessment and data extraction of the trials. The analysis comprised not only a quantitative analysis (statistical pooling) but also a qualitative analysis ("best evidence synthesis"). This involved the appraisal of the strength of evidence for various conclusions using a rating system based on the quality and outcomes of the studies included. Evidence was classified as "strong", "moderate", "limited", "conflicting" or "no" evidence. MAIN RESULTS: Thirty trials met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-three trials (77%) were of high quality, 24 trials (80%) were on acute low back pain. Four trials studied benzodiazepines, 11 non-benzodiazepines and two antispasticity muscle relaxants in comparison with placebo. Results showed that there is strong evidence that any of these muscle relaxants are more effective than placebo for patients with acute LBP on short-term pain relief. The pooled RR for non-benzodiazepines versus placebo after two to four days was 0.80 [95% CI; 0.71 to 0.89] for pain relief and 0.49 [95% CI; 0.25 to 0.95] for global efficacy. Adverse events, however, with a relative risk of 1.50 [95% CI; 1.14 to 1.98] were significantly more prevalent in patients receiving muscle relaxants and especially the central nervous system adverse effects (RR 2.04; 95% CI; 1.23 to 3.37). The various muscle relaxants were found to be similar in performance. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: Muscle relaxants are effective in the management of non-specific low back pain, but the adverse effects require that they be used with caution. Trials are needed that evaluate if muscle relaxants are more effective than analgesics or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Hip muscle imbalance and low back pain in athletes: influence of core strengthening.

PURPOSE: The influence of a core-strengthening program on low back pain (LBP) occurrence and hip strength differences were studied in NCAA Division I collegiate athletes. METHODS: In 1998, 1999, and 2000, hip strength was measured during preparticipation physical examinations and occurrence of LBP was monitored throughout the year. Following the 1999-2000 preparticipation physicals, all athletes began participation in a structured core-strengthening program, which emphasized abdominal, paraspinal, and hip extensor strengthening. Incidence of LBP and the relationship with hip muscle imbalance were compared between consecutive academic years. RESULTS: After incorporation of core strengthening, there was no statistically significant change in LBP occurrence. Side-to-side extensor strength between athletes participating in both the 1998-1999 and 1999-2000 physicals were no different. After core strengthening, the right hip extensor was, on average, stronger than that of the left hip extensor (P = 0.0001). More specific gender differences were noted after core strengthening. Using logistic regression, female athletes with weaker left hip abductors had a more significant probability of requiring treatment for LBP (P = 0.009) CONCLUSION: The impact of core strengthening on collegiate athletes has not been previously examined. These results indicated no significant advantage of core strengthening in reducing LBP occurrence, though this may be more a reflection of the small numbers of subjects who actually required treatment. The core program, however, seems to have had a role in modifying hip extensor strength balance. The association between hip strength and future LBP occurrence, observed only in females, may indicate the need for more gender-specific core programs. The need for a larger scale study to examine the impact of core strengthening in collegiate athletes is demonstrated.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Correlation of chronic low-back pain behavior and muscle function examination of the flexion-relaxation response.

The relationship between videotape ratings of pain behavior and the flexion-relaxation phenomenon was evaluated in a sample of 39 chronic low-back pain patients. The results showed that guarded movement explained approximately 27% of the variability in the flexion-relaxation phenomenon, adjusting for pain intensity rating. There were no significant differences in sex observed. It is recommended that clinicians pay close attention to qualitative aspects of patient behavior to improve the sensitivity of the physical examination in detecting bona fide impairment.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Age, sex, and body mass index as determinants of back and hip extensor fatigue in the isometric Sørensen back endurance test.

OBJECTIVE: To study the ability of a widely used isometric back endurance test to measure lumbar back erector muscle fatigue and to assess the influence of age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) on back and hip extensor muscle fatigability (EMG spectral indices). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of men and women without back problems. SETTING: Occupational health center and rehabilitation clinic in Finland. SUBJECTS: Experiment 1 consisted of 233 consecutive occupational health center customers (133 women, 100 men) without back problems. Experiment 2 consisted of 20 healthy women. INTERVENTION: Subjects performed the isometric Sørensen back endurance test up to 240sec in experiment 1 and to the limit of endurance in experiment 2. OUTCOME MEASURES: Raw surface EMG was recorded bilaterally over the belly of lumbar erector spinae muscles at L1-L2 and L4-L5 levels in experiment 1, and bilaterally over the medial paraspinal muscles at L1-L2, L3-L4, and L5-S1 levels and over the major hip extensor muscles (gluteus maximus and biceps femoris) in experiment 2. In both experiments, time to endurance was recorded (in experiment 1 up to 240sec). The EMG spectral median frequency (MF) decrease over time was used for the assessment of back and hip extensor fatigability. RESULTS: In experiment 1, the rate of change in paraspinal MF was greater in men than in women, indicating greater paraspinal fatigability in men. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the rate of MF decrease (fatigue) during the test was dependent on age and BMI in both sexes and that the effects of age and BMI were more pronounced in women than in men. Correlation analysis revealed that the rate of paraspinal muscle MF decrease was associated with endurance time and BMI in women and with endurance time and age in men. In experiment 2, the paraspinal muscles, as well as the hip extensor muscles, biceps femoris, and gluteus maximus, showed clear decreases in MF during the isometric endurance test in women. MF decrease was highly related to endurance time and BMI in women. CONCLUSIONS: Lumbar paraspinal muscle fatigability during the Sørensen test is influenced by subject characteristics. Further, the hip extensor muscles also significantly fatigue, indicating load sharing between back and hip extensor muscles during the test. According to these results, the validity of this widely used back endurance test in specifically measuring lumbar paraspinal muscle endurance is questionable, as is the direct comparison of test results between women and men.

Aging↗
PubMed1980

Back and leg complaints in relation to muscle strength in young men.

Back and leg complaints were studied by using a questionnaire and medical examination in 183 male conscripts and relating the results to background variables, anthropometry, the isometric strength of large muscle groups, and endurance running. A history of sciatica was reported by 8%, lumbago by 13%, back injury by 13% and low back insufficiency by 63%. Weak trunk extensors were associated with a history of sciatica, weak trunk flexors with back injuries and with current backache at work/exercise. Weak leg extensors showed associations with a history of low back insufficiency and of sick leave due to the back and with current hip pain. Men with a history of lumbago and of hip and knee complaints performed poorly during 12 min of running. Back and leg complaints were more frequent in men with high socio-economic status, who engaged in little physical activity, or who were obese. The questionnaire and strength measurements proved suitable for studying low back syndrome in its early stages.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Telethermography of the soles of the feet. Theory in relation to muscle tension of the back].

The Authors take into consideration the telethermography of the soles of the feet in fifty-four patients suffering from troubles of the rachis and document the thermic asymmetries of the foot at rest: a static and dynamic load. We can find the above mentioned asymmetries also in patients with normal feet and traditional and normal podographies. If we assume a reflex arch parting from the propioceptors of the muscles of the plantar arch, we can make a type of sole that applied to the patients, normalize the muscular tensions of the back. We illustrate two cases treated with different methods but that have given good results both subjectively and objectively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Embryonic and postnatal development of masticatory and tongue muscles.

This review summarizes findings concerning the unique developmental characteristics of mouse head muscles (mainly the masticatory and tongue muscles) and compares their characteristics with those of other muscles. The developmental origin of the masticatory muscles is the somitomeres, whereas the tongue and other muscles, such as the trunk (deep muscles of the back, body wall muscles) and limb muscles, originate from the somites. The program controlling the early stages of masticatory myogenesis, such as the specification and migration of muscle progenitor cells, is distinctly different from those in trunk and limb myogenesis. Tongue myogenesis follows a similar regulatory program to that for limb myogenesis. Myogenesis and synaptogenesis in the masticatory muscles are delayed in comparison with other muscles and are not complete even at birth, whereas the development of tongue muscles proceeds faster than those of other muscles and ends at around birth. The regulatory programs for masticatory and tongue myogenesis seem to depend on the developmental origins of the muscles, i.e., the origin being either a somite or somitomere, whereas myogenesis and synaptogenesis seem to progress to serve the functional requirements of the masticatory and tongue muscles.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

MR-guided core biopsies using a closed 1.0 T imager. First clinical results.

OBJECTIVE: High soft-tissue contrast and multiplanar imaging capabilities of MRI may be advantageous in biopsy guidance compared to CT. We report our first results with MR-guided core biopsies using a closed 1.0 T MR imager. METHODS AND PATIENTS: In ten patients, seven liver lesions and one lesion each in the muscle of the back, the gluteal muscle and in the breast were biopsied under MR guidance using MR-compatible needles (Tru-Cut type, 18G and 14G). For control scans T1-weighted turbo-spin-echo (TSE), gradient-echo and T2-weighted TSE sequences were used. RESULTS: In all patients, the suspicious lesions and the biopsy needle were exactly delineated in MR control scans. In nine out of ten patients, the suspicious lesion was clarified histologically. Controls of needle position in a second plane were performed twice. Pushing the inner stylet alone resulted in a distortion of the needle in several cases in its flat area. The small diameter of the MR gantry was inconvenient for a few patients. One complication (intrahepatic bleeding) was observed, which healed up without consequences. CONCLUSION: Using a closed 1.0 T MR imager MR-guided core biopsies can be conducted efficiently. Core biopsies should be taken by pulling and pushing the outer cannula. Advantageous compared to CT are the multiplanar imaging capabilities, while the smaller gantry is disadvantageous.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Attitudes towards prevention of low back disorders in industry.

The attitudes of employees in the metal industry towards possibilities for preventing the occurrence of low back pain were studied. Of 170 clerical employees and 504 manual workers, 86 per cent (n = 146) and 63 per cent (n = 315), respectively, responded to the questionnaire. Opinions were positive in both groups, even among those who reported experience of recurrent or continuous low back pain. Measures requiring their own activity, such as daily training of back and abdominal muscles, straightening the back during awkward postures, increasing physical exercise during leisure time, and increased information about the structure and loading of the back, were considered effective more often than measures involving changes at work or passive rehabilitation. Attitudes towards possibilities for promoting health in general by their own behaviour were more positive among the clerical employees than the manual workers. The attitudes became more negative with increasing age, as well as with reported experience of low back pain in both groups. Thus, it is important that an active approach is taken in occupational health care to motivate subjects to take action themselves in the prevention of low back pain at a younger age, and, at the latest, when the first episodes of low back pain occur.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Electromyocartography of the posterior and inferior wall of the abdomen during extension of the torso].

Analysis of the functions of the muscles of the inferior and posterior regions of the trunk was carried out by electromyocartography for the basic movements of extension of the trunk in ventral decubitus. For a given subject, the results varied little with time. By contrast, the results were substantially the same from subject to subject in the case of only one movement : extension of the caudal portion of the trunk combined with extension of the hips. A functional balance-sheet can be based only on this movement. The sacro-spinalis (without attempting to determine the respective roles of the various bundles) seems to be the only one involved in certain movements of extension of the trunk: Its action is at a maximum, highly variable, when the extension involves both the caudal and the cranial portions of the trunk; It is considerable in the extension of the caudal portion alone, and Moderate in the extension of the cranial portion alone.

Abdominal Muscles↗