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PubMed2005

The relationship between friendship factors and adolescent girls' body image concern, body dissatisfaction, and restrained eating.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether poorer friendship relations predict weight concerns and dietary restraint in adolescent girls. METHOD: Questionnaires were administered to 131 Year 9 and Year 10 girls to assess the relationship between acceptance by friends, perceived social support, friendship intimacy, and perceived impact of thinness on male (PITOF-M) and female (PITOF-F) friendships on the one hand, and body image concern, body dissatisfaction, and restrained eating on the other. RESULTS: Friendship variables contributed significantly to the prediction of body image concern, body dissatisfaction, and restrained eating. The largest unique contribution to prediction was from the PITOF-M. Poor acceptance by friends significantly predicted the PITOF-M and PITOF-F. Whereas heavier girls were more likely to believe being thinner would improve their friendships, they did not experience poorer friendships. DISCUSSION: Results suggest sociocultural risk factors for disordered eating and underline the importance of perceived peer affiliation on girls' body image concern and dieting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Body fluid distribution in man in space and effect of lower body negative pressure treatment.

The lack of hydrostatic forces in space eventually produces a fluid deficit within the circulatory system. This deficit may alter the circulatory regulation patterns. The aim of the present study was to determine how much of this fluid deficit is attributable to interstitial fluid losses and to determine the effects of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) treatment on fluid distribution. The body fluid distribution of one subject was assessed before, during, and after weightlessness using two electrical impedance methods: (a) standard quadripole impedance for the segments of upper torso, lower torso, thigh, and calf and (b) an electrical impedance tomography technique (applied potential tomography) for a thigh cross-section. To assess the content of interstitial free fluid a thigh cuff overlying the electrodes for applied potential tomography was inflated to suprasystolic values to ascertain how much fluid can be squeezed out of blood vessels and tissue of skin and muscle. After the first thigh cuff maneuver (CUFF I) the subject performed a cardiovascular stress test with LBNP to mimic the gravity-induced blood shift to the lower part of the body. Then the compression maneuver was repeated (CUFF II). (a) This experimental sequence demonstrated a reduction in interstitial fluid in weightlessness of roughly 40% at the thigh. (b) The CUFF I and LBNP experiment demonstrated a reduced ability to cope with blood pooling in microgravity. (c) The CUFF II experiment suggests that LBNP in microgravity can refill the interstitial spaces and counteract the associated cardiovascular deterioration. The impedance measurements provided estimates of the contribution of different body sections to the observed body weight loss of more than 6 kg. The chest contributed nothing of significance, the lower torso more than 0.5 l, and both calves roughly 1.5 l. The thigh segments of both legs contributed between 1.5 l and 2.0 l with an interstitial free fluid reduction in muscle and skin by 40%.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The Body Uneasiness Test (BUT): development and validation of a new body image assessment scale.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the psychometric properties of the Body Uneasiness Test (BUT), a 71-item self-report questionnaire that consists of two parts: BUT*A which measures weight phobia, body image concerns, avoidance, compulsive self-monitoring, detachment and estrangement feelings towards one's own body (depersonalization); and BUT*B which looks at specific worries about particular body parts or functions. METHODS: We recruited a clinical sample of 531 subjects (491 females) suffering from eating disorders and a general population sample of 3273 subjects (2016 females) with BMI <25 and Eating Attitudes Test-26 scores under the cut-off 20. RESULTS: The exploratory and confirmatory analyses confirmed a structural five-factor model for BUT*A and an eight-factor model for BUT*B. Internal consistency was satisfactory. The test-retest correlation coefficients were highly significant. Concurrent validity with other tests (Eating Disorder Inventory, EDI-2; Eating Attitudes Test, EAT-26; Symptom Check List, SCL-90R and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, SEI) was evaluated. Normative values for BUT scores in non-clinical samples of normal-weight non eating disordered subjects, from adolescence to old age, males and females, were calculated. The differences between males and females were highly significant, above all in the 18-39-age range. As for the comparison between women with eating disorders and controls, the results demonstrated a good predictive validity for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. CONCLUSIONS: The BUT is psychometrically sound. It can be a valuable tool for the screening and the clinical assessment of abnormal body image attitudes and eating disorders.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The relationship between body mass index and body cell mass in African-American, Asian, and Caucasian adults.

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)) and body cell mass (BCM) estimated from total body potassium (TBK) measured by whole body (40)K counting in healthy 284 African-Americans (AA), 269 Asians (A) and 536 Caucasians (C) aged 18-107 years and to study the effects of age, sex, and race on the relationship. Body fat and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). There was a significant positive correlation between BCM and BMI. For a given BMI, A had lower BCM but decreased less per year of age than AA and C, and males had higher BCM than females in each ethnic group. The fraction, BCM/FFM decreased with BMI in all subgroups by race, sex, and age, and males decreased more per age and AA decrease more than A and C. Not only the BCM-BMI relationship but also BCM/FFM vs. BMI is important to health.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2002

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for lean body mass and body length in MRL/MPJ and SJL/J F(2) mice.

Studies on the genetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of lean body mass (LBM) in mammals are minimal, although LBM is associated with a competent immune system and an overall good (healthy) body functional status. In this study, we performed a high-density genome-wide scan using 633 (MRL/MPJ x SJL/J) F(2) intercross to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in the regulation of LBM. We hypothesized that additional QTL can be identified using a different mouse cross (MRL/SJL cross). Ten QTL were identified for LBM on chromosomes (chrs) 2, 6, 7, 9,13 and 14. Of those ten, QTL on chrs 6, 7 and 14 were exclusive to LBM, while QTL on chrs 4 and 11 were exclusively body length. LBM QTL on chrs 2 and 9 overlap with those of size. Altogether, the ten LBM QTL explained 41.2% of phenotypic variance in F(2) mice. Five significantly interacting loci that may be involved in the regulation of LBM were identified and accounted for 24.4% of phenotypic variance explained by the QTL. Five epistatic interactions, contributing 22.9% of phenotypic variance, were identified for body length. Interacting loci on chr 2 may influence LBM by regulating body length. Therefore, epistatic interactions as well as single QTL effects play an important role in the regulation of LBM.

Alleles↗
PubMed1995

The influence of menopause and hormonal replacement therapy on body cell mass and body fat mass.

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the efficacy of dietary calcium augmentation in the prevention of early postmenopausal bone density loss in comparison with hormonal replacement therapy and placebo. STUDY DESIGN: A three-arm parallel randomized trial comparing the influence of placebo, dietary calcium augmentation, and estrogen-progesterone-calcium in 118 women who were within 6 years of menopause was conducted. Dual photon absorptiometry was performed annually to measure lean and fat mass. In addition, the ratio of fat in the trunk/extremities was measured. RESULTS: Body weight increased in each group. The increase was statistically significant in the hormone replacement group (0.8 kg/year). The percent of body fat increased in each group from baseline measurements, with the greatest increase in the hormonal replacement group. There was a decline in the extremity/trunk ratio in the hormonal replacement group as a result of a relatively greater increase in the trunk fat mass. There was a rapid rate of loss in lean body mass that was equal among groups. CONCLUSIONS: Menopause is associated with a gain in fat mass and a loss of lean body mass, but these changes in body composition are not prevented by hormone replacement therapy.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1976

Effects of intracranial injections of 6-OHDA on food and water intakes, body temperature and body weight regulation in the rat.

6-Hydroxydopamine was injected either intraventricularly (320 mug in 10 mul) or intrahypothalamically (64 mug in 2 mul) into rats kept under either free feeding or body weight reduced conditions. Intraventricular injections caused a temporary aphagia and hypodipsia in free feeding rats but daily measurements failed to reveal any long term effects; body weight reduced rats did not display the temporary aphagia but were initially hyperphagic. Injections into the more rostral hypothalamic areas of free feeding rats also showed only minimal short term effects; however, some of the body weight in both body weight reduced group died within several days of injection. Injections made at more posterior loci again showed very little effect in both body weight reduced and free feeding groups; some temporary disruption of feeding occurred from lesions in the proximity of the zone incerta of some free feeding animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

A simple calibration of a whole-body counter for the measurement of total body potassium in humans.

A simple calibration procedure for the Inshas whole body counter for evaluating total body potassium has been adopted. More than 120 Egyptian employees in the Nuclear Research Center (N.R.C.) were studied for their total body potassium (TBK). The potassium values were found to have an average of 2.85 +/- 0.57 g K kg-1 body weight for males and 2.62 +/- 0.52 g K kg-1 for females, which are higher than the recommended value given for reference man by ICRP. The TBK varied directly with body build index and is slightly sex dependent.

Body Composition↗
PubMed2005

Effects of chronic neuroleptic treatments on nutrient selection, body weight, and body composition in the male rat under dietary self-selection.

New antipsychotic drugs often increase weight and produce metabolic disturbances in treated patients. However, the mechanisms by which neuroleptics induce these undesirable side effects in humans are not known. Studies have shown that antipsychotics can increase body weight in female but not in male rats. However, no studies investigated changes in macronutrient selection during chronic treatments with antipsychotics in male rats, and no studies investigated precisely body composition after such treatments. In the present work, we studied in male rats the effects of long-term administration of two neuroleptics: haloperidol, a classical neuroleptic which has a moderate effect on weight gain in humans, and olanzapine, an atypical neuroleptic which has a more important effect on weight gain. Treatments (both 1 mg/kg) were given orally for 6 weeks, and the animals were allowed to self-select food among carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. Food selection was measured throughout the study, and body composition was measured by dissection and weighing of the main organs and tissues. Circulating leptin, insulin and glucose were also assayed at the end of the study on blood collected at the time of carcass analysis. The results show that none of the neuroleptic treatments modified caloric intake, food selection, body weight, and body composition. Olanzapine produced a statistically non-significant increase in subcutaneous fat tissue. It is concluded that a 6-week olanzapine or haloperidol treatment in male rats under dietary macronutrient selection does not significantly affect energy regulation.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2004

The IGF-I system component concentrations that decrease with ageing are lower in obesity in relationship to body mass index and body fat.

The aim of this study was to investigate the GH-IGF-I axis in healthy adults and its relationship to obesity. We studied 268 subjects: 134 men and 134 women, and determined anthropometric and body composition variables. Serum total IGF-I was measured by radioimmunoassay, serum free IGF-I concentrations by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay and serum IGFBP3 concentrations by radioimmunoassay. In men, we observed a decrease in total IGF-I, free IGF-I and IGFBP-3 throughout decades. In women, the body mass index and fat mass were higher throughout decades, and we observed a similar decrease to that in men in total IGF-I, free IGF-I and IGFBP3. In men with obesity, as measured by body fat, free IGF-I concentrations were lower than those without obesity; in women with obesity, total IGF-I concentrations and free IGF-I concentrations were lower than in those with obesity. These changes were observed in relationship to obesity when the subjects were adjusted for differences in age. We showed that in controls randomly selected, the GH-IGF-I axis component concentrations that decrease with increasing age are lower in obesity, especially in women, and that this decrease is related to body mass index and body fat.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Estimate of body water compartments and of body composition in maintenance hemodialysis patients: comparison of single and multifrequency bioimpedance analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to compare the adequacy of single and multifrequency bioimpedance analysis (BIA) to evaluate body water compartments, body composition, and nutritional status in maintenance hemodialysis patients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: University-based hemodialysis unit. PATIENTS: Nineteen patients (12 male, 7 female), ages 28 to 82 years (mean, 58.9), treated with maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) for 0.5 to 15 years (mean, 7.3). INTERVENTION: This was a noninterventional study. Patients gave their informed consent to the diagnostic procedures performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Total body water (TBW), extracellular water (ECW), fat-free mass (FFM), and body cell mass (BCM) volumes were estimated with single-frequency (sf BIA) and multifrequency (mf BIA) plethysmographs before and after a midweek dialytic session. Predialysis TBW also was estimated from anthropometric data (e TBW). Serum albumin, prealbumin and myoglobin, and creatinine index were determined as indicators of nutritional status and muscle mass. RESULTS: Sf BIA and mf BIA gave very similar results for TBW volumes. A high linear correlation was also found between e TBW values and both sf TBW and mf TBW; however, a statistically significant difference was found between e TBW and sf and mf TBW. Sf BIA and mf BIA gave quite different results for ECW, particularly when measured predialysis. The results obtained for FFM indicate a poor agreement between sf and mf BIA. The agreement was better when FFM was measured postdialysis. The values of BCM, either measured predialysis or postdialysis, indicate a significant difference between sf and mf BIA. FFM and BCM estimated with mf BIA had a closer correlation with creatinine index than sf BIA. mf BCM had also a higher correlation with serum myoglobin, which is produced by muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS: TBW can be estimated with enough confidence from either sf or mf BIA at any time. On the contrary, the results of ECW are significantly different with sf and mf BIA when measured predialysis. Thus, it seems more convenient to perform BIA after dialysis, in particular when assessing the "ideal" body weight. The measurements of FFM and BCM, obtained with either sf or mf BIA, are correlated with different indicators of nutritional status. In particular, mf BCM seems more appropriate than sf BCM for estimating muscle mass.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Does body mass index reflect adequately the body fat content in perimenopausal women?

OBJECTIVE: To test whether BMI cut-off points for obesity, reflect adequately the actual obesity status, in a sample of perimenopausal women. For study's purposes, a new bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) equation was estimated. METHODS: 115 Greek, middle-aged women were tested. Body composition was estimated by dual X-ray absorptiometry and BIA method. Waist (WC) and hip circumference (HC) and skinfolds were also measured. RESULTS: The BIA equation predicted fat free mass (FFM) from height, weight, age and resistance (R(2)=0.88, S.E.E.=1.89 kg). The bias was not significant and the limits of agreement +/-3.6 kg. BMI, FFM, body fat percentage (BF%), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), WC and HC did not differ between pre (N=37) and postmenopausal (N=48) women (at p=0.05). Both BF% and BMI correlated with WHR and WC (r(BF%-WHR)=0.287, p=0.009; r(BMI-WHR)=0.355, p=0.001 and r(BF%-WC)=0.72, p<0.0001; r(BMI-WC)=0.81, p<0.0001). The mean values for BF%, WC and WHR for women with normal BMI were 36.15% (+/-4.19), 72.53 cm (+/-3.64) and 0.749 (+/-0.05), whereas values for overweight women were 41.42% (+/-3.16), 83.06 cm (+/-7.55) and 0.787 (+/-0.05) and for obese these were 47.40% (+/-3.67), 95.10 cm (+/-8.52) and 0.814 (+/-0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION: The body composition analysis of the study sample revealed undesirably high BF%, even in subjects with BMI below 25, in whom BMI did not reflect the body fat content. However, BF was mainly distributed at the lower part of the body. Whether BMI or BF% is a more sensitive index for obesity related diseases, in perimenopausal period, remains to be defined.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2005

Body weight and body mass index and ovarian cancer risk: a case-control study in China.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between ovarian cancer risk and body height, weight, and BMI. METHODS: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in China from 1999 to 2000. The study sample included 254 cases with histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer and 652 controls. Information of adult height and weight at diagnosis, at 5 years before diagnosis and at age 21 years, was collected by face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained using unconditional logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: The ovarian cancer risk was significantly increased with higher body weight and BMI at 5 years before diagnosis, but not at diagnosis nor at age 21 years. The adjusted ORs were 1.67 (95% CI = 1.04-2.67) for body weight >60 kg versus < or =50 kg and 1.75 (95% CI = 1.13-2.72) for BMI > or = 25.0 versus 18.5-21.9 at 5 years before diagnosis. There was no association between body height and ovarian cancer risk. CONCLUSION: Pre-morbid body weight and BMI were associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer in Chinese women.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Healthy body mass index values often underestimate body fat in men with spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between body mass index (BMI) and adiposity in men with spinal cord injury (SCI). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Outpatient study in 2 centers in New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen men with traumatic SCI were age-, height-, and weight-matched with 19 able-bodied men. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: BMI (kg/m(2)) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measures of total and regional lean tissue mass and fat mass. RESULTS: Although the groups had similar BMIs, the total lean tissue mass was 8.9kg lower (95% confidence interval [CI], -12.7 to -5.2; P<.001) whereas total fat mass was 7.1kg greater (95% CI, 1.3-12.8; P<.05) in the SCI group. Body fat percentage was 9.4% (95% CI, 3.6-15.1; P<.01) greater in the SCI group. Regional measures showed a similar pattern. Truncal fat mass increased 3.7kg (95% CI, 0.5-6.9; P<.05) in the SCI group compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: Body fat mass was greater for any given BMI in the SCI group. Many patients with SCI do not appear to be obese, yet they carry large amounts of fat tissue. BMI is widely used to estimate adiposity, but it may underestimate body fat in men with SCI.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1991

The development of the Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ), a new measure of women's attitudes towards their own bodies.

A measure has been developed which assesses a broad range of attitudes which women hold towards their bodies. The Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ) is a 44-item self-report questionnaire whose subscales encompass six distinct aspects of body experience (feelings of overall fatness, self-disparagement, strength, salience of weight, feelings of attractiveness and consciousness of lower body fat). The development of the BAQ involved administering increasingly refined versions to a wide range of female respondents. The final version appears to have satisfactory psychometric properties. When the BAQ scores of 29 patients with anorexia nervosa were compared with those of a large community sample, a more complex pattern of deviant attitudes appeared than would previously have been suspected. The BAQ appears to have potential as a research instrument in this and other fields in which the measurement of attitudes towards the body is important.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Body Morph Assessment: preliminary report on the development of a computerized measure of body image.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a prototype of the Body Morph Assessment (BMA), and to test the reliability and validity of this new measure of body image. The BMA is a realistic and relatively simple procedure that uses computer morphing for the assessment of body image. For the purposes of this preliminary study, a prototype of the BMA was developed for usage with white women ranging from very thin to obese. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A total of 72 subjects participated in tests of reliability, content, and convergent validity of the BMA. RESULTS: The reliability and validity of the BMA was supported by the results of this study. In a test of convergent validity, the measures of current, ideal, and reasonable body size were positively correlated with their equivalents from a similar body image assessment procedure. In addition, reliability coefficients were found to be satisfactory for all variables. Participants found the human figural stimuli to be realistic. DISCUSSION: These preliminary findings support the reliability and validity of the BMA with white women. Given these positive findings, we plan to extend the procedure to males and to other racial and ethnic groups.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The validity of predicted body fat percentage from body mass index and from impedance in samples of five European populations.

OBJECTIVES: To test and compare the validity of a body mass index (BMI)-based prediction equation and an impedance-based prediction equation for body fat percentage among various European population groups. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study. SETTINGS: The study was performed in five different European centres: Maastricht and Wageningen (The Netherlands), Milan and Rome (Italy) and Tampere (Finland), where body composition studies are routinely performed. SUBJECTS: A total of 234 females and 182 males, aged 18-70 y, BMI 17.0-41.9 kg/m(2). METHODS: The reference method for body fat percentage (BF%(REF)) was either dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or densitometry (underwater weighing). Body fat percentage (BF%) was also predicted from BMI, age and sex (BF%(BMI)) or with a hand-held impedance analyser that uses in addition to arm impedance weight, height, age and sex as predictors (BF%(IMP)). RESULTS: The overall mean (+/-s.e.) bias (measured minus predicted) for BF%(BMI) was 0.2+/-0.3 (NS) and-0.7+/-0.3 (NS) in females and males, respectively. The bias of BF%(IMP) was 0.2+/-0.2 (NS) and 1.0+/-0.4 (P<0.01) for females and males, respectively. There were significant differences in biases among the centres. The biases were correlated with level of BF% and with age. After correction for differences in age and BF% between the centres the bias of BF%(BMI) was not significantly different from zero in each centre and was not different among the centres anymore. The bias of BF%(IMP) decreased after correction and was significant from zero and significant from the other centres only in males from Tampere. Generally, individual biases can be high, leading to a considerable misclassification of obesity. The individual misclassification was generally higher with the BMI-based prediction. CONCLUSIONS: The prediction formulas give generally good estimates of BF% on a group level in the five population samples, except for the males from Tampere. More comparative studies should be conducted to get better insight in the generalisation of prediction methods and formulas. Individual results and classifications have to be interpreted with caution.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2001

Obesity in Auckland school children: a comparison of the body mass index and percentage body fat as the diagnostic criterion.

OBJECTIVES: First, to determine obesity rates in Auckland school children according to their ethnic group using two different criteria: the body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat (PBF) derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Second to examine the relationship between BMI and body composition across ethnic groups to determine if BMI references from European children accurately reflect obesity in other ethnic groups. DESIGN: A total of 2273 Auckland school children, aged 5-10.9 y had their height, weight and bioelectrical impedance measured. Using these measurements, each child's BMI, fat free mass, fat mass and PBF were derived. RESULTS: In all 14.3% of children were obese using the recommended definition of obesity (BMI) greater than the 95th percentile). There was no clinically significant difference in the relationship between BMI and body composition in different ethnic groups. Obesity rates varied with ethnicity (P<0.0001) and were higher in Pacific Island (24.1%) and Maori (15.8%) than in European children (8.6%). Obesity rates also varied with age (P<0.03), with the highest rates in older children. PBF levels were higher in females than males (P<0.0001). Using a definition of obesity based on percentage body fat (PBF>30%), obesity rates were higher in all ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity rates are high in Auckland school children and there are clear differences in obesity rates in different ethnic groups. If BMI criteria are used to define obesity in our population, we recommend the same standards be used for children of all ethnicities.

Age Factors↗