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PubMed1991

[Malaria situation in the People's Republic of China in 1990. Advisory Committee on Parasitic Diseases, MOPH].

According to the case reporting system, there were 117,359 malaria cases in the whole country (not including Taiwan) in 1990, the incidence being 1.056/1000 and 35 cases succumbed to the disease. Comparing with malaria situation in 1989, the case number went down by 20,181 and the incidence declined by 15.92%. Absence of malaria cases or dropping of the incidence to 1/1000 was reported from areas covering 88.5% population of whole nation. In areas covering 9.0% population, the incidence was between 1 to 10/1000, and only in areas with 2.5% population, the incidence exceeded 10/1000. The incidence of Hainan, Yunnan, Guangxi and Guizhou provinces/autonomous region in South China showed an incidence drop by 23.2-40.3%, whereas slight increase was found in Guangdong, Fujian and Sichuan provinces. The case number of the six provinces/autonomous region was 72,830, which accounted for 62.1% of the total malaria cases in the whole country. Focal outbreaks of malaria occurred on 76 spots in 38 counties, including civil-run mines, stoneworks and lumberyard sites, accounting for 140,00 migrants doing temporary work there. The malaria incidence of Anhui, Hubei, Henan and Hunan provinces in the Mid and East China declined to some extent. But in Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Shanghai provinces/municipality, a little increase was demonstrated. Malaria cases in these 9 provinces/municipality totalled 44,255, or amounted to 37.7% of the whole cases of the nation. Records from 14 provinces/autonomous regions/municipalities situated in the North and Northwest China indicated case number of 274, or 0.2% of the total malaria cases in China.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Hepatitis B virus: a comprehensive strategy for eliminating transmission in the United States through universal childhood vaccination. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP).

The following statement updates all previous recommendations on protection against hepatitis B virus infection, including use of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin for prophylaxis against hepatitis B virus infection (MMWR 1985;34:313-24,329-35, MMWR 1987;36:353-66, and MMWR 1990:39 [No.RR-2]:8-19) and universal screening of pregnant women to prevent perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission (MMWR 1988;37:341-46,51, and MMWR 1990;39[No.RR-2]:8-19). Recommendations concerning the prevention of other types of viral hepatitis are found in MMWR 1990;39(No.RR-2):1-8, 22-26. This document provides the rationale for a comprehensive strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus in the United States. This prevention strategy includes making hepatitis B vaccine a part of routine vaccination schedules for all infants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The measles epidemic. The problems, barriers, and recommendations. The National Vaccine Advisory Committee.

The nation has experienced a marked increase in measles cases during 1989 and 1990. Almost one half of all cases have occurred in unvaccinated preschool children, mostly minorities. The principal cause for the epidemic is failure to provide vaccine to vulnerable children on schedule. Major reasons for the low vaccine coverage exist within the health care system itself, which creates barriers to obtaining immunization and fails to take advantage of many opportunities to provide vaccines to children. Ideally, immunizations should be given as part of a comprehensive child health care program. However, immunization cannot await the development of such an ideal system. Essential changes can and should be made now. Specific recommendations include improved availability of immunization; improved management of immunization services; improved capacity to measure childhood immunization status; implementation of the two-dose measles vaccine strategy; and laboratory, epidemiologic, and operational studies to further define the determinants of decreased vaccine coverage and to develop new combinations of vaccines that can be administered earlier in life. The measles epidemic may be a warning flag of problems with our system of primary health care.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Haemophilus b conjugate vaccines for prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease among infants and children two months of age and older. Recommendations of the immunization practices advisory committee (ACIP).

These recommendations include information on use of two vaccines recently licensed for use with infants: Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine (Diphtheria CRM197 Protein Conjugate) (HbOC), manufactured by Praxis Biologics, Inc., and Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccine (Meningococcal Protein Conjugate) (PRP-OMP), manufactured by Merck Sharp and Dohme, newly licensed for use with infants. This statement also updates recommendations for use of these and other Haemophilus b conjugate vaccines with older children and adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Profiles of antibacterial drug use in Australia and trends from 1987 to 1989. A report from the Drug Utilization Subcommittee of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee.

OBJECTIVE: To survey the use by Australian pensioners of orally administered antimicrobial agents supplied through the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme over the years 1987-1989. DATA SOURCES: Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme pensioner data for 1987-1989 and market research data from a private company. DATA EXTRACTION: The data were initially available as the number of prescriptions dispensed and were aggregated on a quarter year basis. These were converted to defined daily doses (DDDs) per 1000 pensioners per day (DDD/1000 per day). This conversion of the data allows comparisons across drug groups, and with prescribing patterns in other countries. The DDD/1000 per day also gives an indication of the proportion of individuals in the community receiving a drug at a particular time. DATA SYNTHESIS: There was a 26% increase in antibacterial drug use over this period. Comparison of prescribing profiles for particular indications with peer consensus guidelines revealed marked discrepancies, particularly for upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, otitis media and sinusitis. Upper respiratory tract infections accounted for 31% of instances of antibiotic prescribing. Dispensing of amoxycillin/potassium clavulanate relative to amoxycillin as a single agent, showed a marked increase in 1989 to the point where it represented 25% of all amoxycillin used. This could be considered excessive given the lack of evidence that amoxycillin resistance has substantially increased in infections presenting to general practice. The data presented here confirm previous suggestions that Australian antibiotic prescribing is heavily concentrated on the use of broad spectrum agents. By comparison with Norway or Sweden, there is a greater relative use of broad spectrum penicillins and tetracyclines and a lower relative use of phenoxymethylpenicillin and trimethoprim. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic prescribing practices in Australia continue to be often inappropriate and expensive, being directed too heavily towards the use of broad spectrum agents and newer more expensive drugs. Correction of such antibacterial drug use will require coordination of educational and regulatory activities that are sensitive to the context of general practice.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1978

Rubella vaccine. Recommendation of the Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Center for Disease Control, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Atlanta, Georgia.

Rubella infection may be subclinical or overlooked because of the nonspecificity of its most frequent manifestations. Joint involvement is most frequent in women but can occur in men and children. The most serious complication is induction of fetal anomalies in infected pregnant women. This paper reviews the proper use of live rubella virus vaccine for prophylactive immunization and the postexposure treatment with immune serum globulin for modification or suppression of symptoms.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗