Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Acetone”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

In vitro cultivation of Mycobacterium X from Mycobacterium leprae-infected tissues in acetone-dimethylsulfoxide-tetradecane medium.

Several strains of mycobacteria were cultivable from Mycobacterium leprae-infected human and armadillo tissues in a liquid medium containing three dimethyl analogs: dimethylketone, dimethylsulfoxide, and tetradecane [CH3 . (CH2)12 . CH3]. The medium contained KH2PO4, 7.0 g; Na2HPO4, 1.0 g; (NH4)2SO4, 2.0 g; MgSO4, 0.1 g; iron ammonium citrate, 0.1 g; DMSO, 10 ml; and acetone, 150 ml in distilled water ad one liter. Tetradecane 0.1 ml was added aseptically to each tube, containing 10 ml of the sterile medium. The media, inoculated with M. leprae were incubated at 38 degrees C and shaken vigorously twice weekly. Growth developed as a fine emulsion at the upper phase of the two-phase system. This was homogenized by mechanical shaking, permitting growth estimation by turbidity measurements. Microscopic examination showed unmistakably the slow but abundant multiplication of acid-fast rods. The logarithmic growth rate was measurable during two to three months, followed by a plateau. The strains are maintained in subcultures by regular transfer into the same medium at two- to three-month intervals. The cultures and subcultures do not grow on Löwenstein or in Dubos media, but in the foot pads of mice they produce a multiplication similar to that obtained following injection of host-grown M. leprae. The cultures are tentatively designated as Mycobacterium X. The relationship of Mycobacterium X to the pathology of leprosy is not clear.

Acetone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Composition and protein efficiency ratio of meat samples partially defatted with petroleum ether, acetone, or ethyl ether.

Freeze-dried beef samples were partially defatted with either petroleum ether, acetone, or ethyl ether before determination of protein efficiency ratio (PER) to study the extraction effects on the composition and protein nutritional quality of the extracted beef. Defatting a protein source, such as meat or a meat product, may often be necessary to produce a test diet that contains 10% protein and 8% fat. Amino acid, carnosine, anserine, creatine, creatinine, inosine, and proximate compositions were determined on the extracted samples. Resulting data were compared to the composition and PER data of the beef that had no solvent treatment. Although the chemical analysis data from the study showed some variation between the proteins and other nitrogenous components of the unextracted and the extracted beef, these variations were too small to affect the protein nutritional quality of the beef as measured by PER.

Acetone↗
PubMed1982

Liquid-chromatographic estimation of saturated phospholipid palmitate in amniotic fluid compared with a thin-layer chromatographic method for acetone-precipitated lecithin.

The "high-performance" liquid-chromatographic method we report for measuring palmitate derived from saturated phospholipids in amniotic fluid is sensitive and precise and possesses a wide dynamic range. Palmitate from nonsurfactant sources is largely excluded. The procedure involves oxidation of the chloroform/methanol-extracted lipids with osmium tetroxide, precipitation of the resulting phosphatides with cold acetone, mild alkaline hydrolysis, derivatization of the liberated fatty acids to phenacyl esters, and reversed-phase chromatography. The method is no less convenient or more time-consuming than measurement of the lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio by thin-layer chromatography. The clinical usefulness of the procedure is indicated by results of a correlative study of 26 amniotic fluids evaluated by "lung profile" tests in a second laboratory. A value for dipalmitoyl lecithin of 13 mg/L or greater indicates fetal lung maturity.

Acetone↗
PubMed1981

[Permeability of acetone-glued diffusion chambers with walls made of the HAWP millipore filter for erythrocytes in in vivo cultivation].

When studying the differentiation potencies of cells of the chick embryo at the stage of early blastoderm in the diffusion chambers with walls of millipore filter HAWP placed intraperitoneally, it is necessary to be sure that the chambers are impermeable for the blood cells. The chambers made with the use of aceton for glueing the millipore filter onto the ring of organic glass may be permeable for erythrocytes incapable of active movement. The appearance of erythrocytes in the chamber creates the illusion of hemopoiesis in the culture. Within several days of cultivation in the abdominal cavity, a monolayer of macrophages is formed outside the chamber which prevents the penetration of erythrocytes in the chamber.

Acetone↗
PubMed1994

Determination of physicochemical properties of phenol, p-nitrophenol, acetone and ethanol relevant to quantitating their percutaneous absorption in porcine skin.

A knowledge of the rate and extent of chemical absorption across the skin is central to both transdermal drug delivery and cutaneous toxicology. Toward gaining sufficient insight into the relevant mechanisms involved in percutaneous absorption of topically applied agents in solution to validate a predictive model, we have 1) estimated porcine stratum corneum/water partition coefficients of two 14C-labeled compounds of interest (phenol and p-nitrophenol), and 2) measured dynamic surface evaporation from dosed excised porcine skin of these two radiolabeled compounds and two 14C-labeled commonly employed vehicles (acetone and ethanol). The surface evaporation profiles were fit to a kinetic model designed to estimate the liquid/vapor parameters for application to a general biophysically-based model of percutaneous absorption. In an effort to obtain more robust estimates of model parameters, corresponding evaporation experiments were effected on the isolated perfused porcine skin flap (IPPSF) under the same experimental conditions. Stratum corneum/water partition coefficients were determined for phenol and p-nitrophenol using a stratum corneum preparation from excised porcine integument.

Acetone↗
PubMed1993

Excretion of malondialdehyde, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone in the urine of rats following acute and chronic administration of ethanol.

Recent studies have shown that xenobiotics which induce oxidative stress result in an increased production and excretion of acetaldehyde (ACT), formaldehyde (FA), acetone (ACON) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the urine of rats. We have therefore examined the effect of acute and chronic ethanol administration on the excretion of these four lipid metabolites in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Urine samples were collected over dry ice for 6 hr time periods. Aliquots of urine were derivatized with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine HCl, and extracted with n-pentane. High pressure lipid chromatogrpahy (HPLC) was used to quantitate and the hydrazones of the four lipid metabolite products. Following a single, oral, acute dose of 5 g ethanol/kg, urinary excretion of ACT increased approximately 5.8-fold from 6 to 12 hr posttreatment, and decreased thereafter. FA excretion decreased by approximately 50% from 0 to 12 hr, returned to control values in the 18-24 hr urine samples, and was 1.3-fold greater than control values at 42-48 hr. ACON increased 3.1-fold over control values from 0 to 30 hr and remained elevated throughout the remaining 18 hr of the study. The excretion of MDA increased approximately 1.5-fold from 18 to 36 hr, then remained constant through the 48 hr time point. In a separate series of experiments, a chronic oral dose of 0.5 g ethanol/kg was administered to rats for 10 consecutive days and the urinary excretion of the lipid metabolites MDA, FA, ACT and ACON was examined for 11 days, beginning with the first day of ethanol administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed2003

QM/MM Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics study of the solvent effects on the ground state and on the first excited singlet state of acetone in water.

We present a hybrid Car-Parrinello quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) approach that is capable of treating the dynamics of molecular systems in electronically excited states in complex environments. The potential energy surface in the excited state is described either within the restricted open-shell Kohn-Sham (ROKS) formalism or within time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). As a test case, we apply this technique to the study of the solvent effects on the ground state and on the first excited singlet state of acetone in water. Our results demonstrate that for this system a purely classical description of the solvent is sufficient, since inclusion of the first solvent shell of 12 water molecules into the quantum system does not show a significant effect on this transition. The excited-state energies calculated with ROKS are red shifted by a constant value compared to the TDDFT results, while the relative variations of the excitation energy for different configurations are in very good agreement. The experimentally observed blue shift of the excitation energy in going from gas phase to condensed phase is well reproduced. Excited-state dynamics carried out with ROKS yield the relaxation of the solute and the rearrangement of the solvent structure on a picosecond timescale. The calculated Stokes shift is in reasonable agreement with experimental data.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The biocompatibility of solution cast and acetone-extracted cast Biomer.

The cellular response to films of cast Biomer and acetone-extracted Biomer were investigated over a 21-day implantation period, using an in vivo cage implant system. Film samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and by contact angle measurements before implantation, and by SEM and ESCA after implantation and cleaning. Cellular and protein components of the inflammatory response were analyzed at periodic observation points after implantation. In addition, film samples were retrieved at 4, 7, and 21 days after implantation and analyzed for leukocyte adhesion by light microscopy and SEM. The results demonstrated that cast Biomer contains an extractable fraction, which when removed significantly improves the biocompatibility of the material.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

In vitro kinetic studies of the reaction of hydralazine and its acetone hydrazone with pyruvic acid.

To understand the reaction between hydralazine (HP) or its acetone hydrazone (HAH), a metabolite of HP and pyruvic acid, a new selective HPLC method for simultaneous determination of HP, HAH, and hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone (HPH) was developed. In vitro degradation of HAH and formation of HP and HPH were investigated at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C in the presence or absence of pyruvic acid. Hydralazine degraded slowly according to an apparent first-order rate (7.46 x 10(-2)h-1). The degenerative reaction of HAH, accompanied by simultaneous hydrolysis to the parent drug HP, was also subject to apparent first-order loss (3.00 x 10(-1)h-1). In addition, HAH was partly converted to HP and HPH in the presence of pyruvic acid. For the formation pathway of HPH, a model that included the direct reaction of HAH with pyruvic acid and the secondary formation mediated by back-conversion to HP gave a better fit to the experimental data than the model consisting of the latter reaction only. About 10% of the HPH formed was generated by the direct reaction of HAH with pyruvic acid, based on the rate constants estimated. These results suggest that the formation of HPH is not all accomplished through back-conversion to HP.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed1989

Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of hydralazine acetone hydrazone, a metabolite of hydralazine, in the rat.

The pharmacokinetics of hydralazine acetone hydrazone (HAH), which is a metabolite of hydralazine (HP), was investigated after iv administration to rats. Plasma concentrations of HAH, HP, and hydralazine pyruvic acid hydrazone (HPH) were simultaneously determined by a specific HPLC method. A five-compartment pharmacokinetic model was presented to elucidate the disposition of HAH and two products, HP and HPH. The parameters used in the model were obtained by administering each of the three compounds (10 mg/kg) separately. The proposed model described the experimental data well and the model parameters were close to the model-independent values. After HP administration, HPH appeared rapidly in plasma, but the HPH availability from HP amounted to only 17.8 +/- 3.7%, based on the comparison between the area under the plasma concentration curves of formed and iv HPH. The formation of HP from HAH in the systemic circulation was demonstrated, but formed HP disappeared rapidly. The fraction of HAH available to the systemic circulation as HPH was extremely low (7.8 +/- 2.2%), indicating that the conversion of HAH to HP was not so extensive. The present results support the hypotheses that HPH is formed via the direct reaction of HAH with pyruvic acid and that the secondary formation is mediated by conversion to HP.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Biosynthesis of a cyclic tautomer of (3-methylmaleyl)acetone from 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzoate by Pseudomonas sp. HH35 but not by Rhodococcus rhodochrous N75.

Here we report that the bacterial catabolism of 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid 1 takes a different course in Rhodococcus rhodochrous N75 and Pseudomonas sp. strain HH35. The former organism accumulates a degradation metabolite of the acid which we isolated and identified as 2,6-dimethylhydroquinone 2. The latter bacterial strain converts the acid and the hydroquinone into a dead-end metabolite. This novel compound was characterised unequivocally by mass spectrometry and 1H and 18C NMR and UV spectroscopy as 4-acetonyl-4-hydroxy-2-methylbut-2-en-1,4-olide 4, a cyclic tautomer of (3-methylmaleyl)acetone, which exists as the enol carboxylate form 8 in aqueous solution.

4-Butyrolactone↗
PubMed1985

Properties of a microsomal enzyme system from Linum usitatissimum (linen flax) which oxidizes valine to acetone cyanohydrin and isoleucine to 2-methylbutanone cyanohydrin.

Microsomal preparations from flax seedlings have recently been shown to convert L-valine to acetone cyanohydrin, the precursor of the cyanogenic glucoside linamarin [A. J. Cutler and E. E. Conn (1981) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 212, 468-474]. Further details of this four-step biosynthetic sequence and also details of the analogous reactions in lotaustralin biosynthesis have been obtained. The lotaustralin precursor, 2-methylbutyraldoxime, is the best substrate for cyanide production (Vmax = 413 nmol h-1 g fresh wt-1) and inhibits the conversion of valine and isoleucine into products. Similarly, the linamarin precursor isobutyraldoxime is an excellent substrate (Vmax = 400 nmol h-1 g fresh wt-1) and also inhibits oxidation of the amino acids. The substrate specificity of the oxime-metabolizing step is low and a variety of aliphatic oximes are converted to cyanide. On the other hand, the activity of the microsomal extract is highly selective with regard to the amino acid substrate since, of the aliphatic amino acids tested, only valine and isoleucine are metabolized. We were unable to demonstrate product formation from isobutyronitrile (a linamarin precursor) but did observe detectable cyanide formation from 2-methylcyanobutane, the corresponding precursor of lotaustralin. Competition experiments showed that the biosynthesis of linamarin and lotaustralin is not likely to be catalyzed by separate enzyme systems.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1988

Purification and characterization of acetone cyanohydrin lyase from Linum usitatissimum.

The hydroxynitrile lyase (EC 4.1.2.--) which catalyzes the dissociation of the cyanohydrins of acetone and 2-butanone has been isolated and purified from young seedlings of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). The purification procedure involved precipitation with (NH4)2SO4, chromatofocusing, and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, hydroxylapatite, Sephacryl 200, and Matrex Red A gel columns with a final recovery of 21%. Purification of 136-fold yielded an apparently homogeneous preparation that, in contrast to the lyases isolated from Prunus species, is not a flavoprotein. The subunit molecular weight of 42,000 was estimated by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The native molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated by gel filtration (HPLC) to be 82,000. The enzyme has a narrow pH optimum around 5.5 and is highly stable at 4 degrees C.

Aldehyde-Lyases↗
PubMed1987

Ornithine decarboxylase induction and polyamine biosynthesis by phorone (diisopropylidene acetone), a glutathione depletor, in rats.

The administration of Phorone (diisopropylidene acetone, 250 mg/kg, ip.), a glutathione (GSH) depletor, markedly induced (400-fold of the control at 12 hr) ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in the liver of rats. Parallel to ODC induction there was a marked increase in hepatic putrescine content. Phorone also produced an increase in spermidine content and a decrease in spermine content. The effects of phorone on ODC and putrescine content occurred dose-dependently with more than a 1000-fold increase in ODC activity over the controls at a dose of 500 mg/kg. Pretreatment of rats with buthionine sulfoximine, a GSH depletor by inhibition of biosynthesis, failed to inhibit phorone-mediated induction of ODC. In contrast, pretreatment with GSH, but not post-treatment, blocked the induction of ODC by phorone.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The effect of N-methylprotoporphyrin and succinyl-acetone on the regulation of heme biosynthesis in chicken hepatocytes in culture.

The essential features of hepatic protoporphyria, namely inhibition of ferrochelatase, accumulation of protoporphyrin and stimulation of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (ALA-S) were all obtained by treating chicken hepatocytes in culture with small doses of N-methylprotoporphyrin. Both N-methylprotoporphyrin and succinyl-acetone, another inhibitor of heme biosynthesis, stimulated ALA-S when given on their own and also enhanced the stimulation of ALA-S caused by phenobarbital.

5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase↗
PubMed1985

Acetone-butanol fermentation and its variants.

Recent intensive research on the acetone-butanol-ethanol and the isopropanol-butanol-ethanol fermentation has increased the basic understanding of these processes substantially. Metabolic investigations on Clostridium acetobutylicum, and Clostridium beijerinkii show that enzyme activities necessary for solvent production are induced only in solvent-producing cells. Although produced, or added, acetic and butyric acid have significant effects on the metabolic activities, the transition from acid to solvent production cannot as yet be fully explained. Based on studies in continuous cultures, the kinetics of product formation can be described. Knowledge of the mechanism of butanol toxicity is accumulating but no dramatic increase in butanol tolerance has so far been obtained. Successful results, approaching the limitations determined by biological and technological possibilities, have been obtained in batch and continuous cultures, and in continuous processes based on immobilized cells. Continuous processes are superior to batch cultures in respect of their productivity.

Journal Article↗