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At least 721 records · Page 40Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Alopecia in meralgia paresthetica.

Meralgia paresthetica has been described as a common affliction of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, creating the symptoms of numbness, tingling, and paresthesias in the overlying areas of the lateral and anterior thigh. It is second only to sciatica in peripheral nerve diseases of the lower extremity. We present two patients with classic symptoms of meralgia paresthetica and nonscarring alopecia overlying and demarcating the areas of paresthesias. Meralgia paresthetica should be included in the differential diagnosis of localized alopecia of the anterior or lateral thigh.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Therapies versus placebo in the treatment of patchy alopecia areata.

We report the results of a controlled trial on 119 patients affected by patchy alopecia areata involving less than 40% of the scalp. The statistical analysis showed no differences between the results obtained using squaric acid dibutylester, diphencyprone, minoxidil, and placebo in the treatment of this form of alopecia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

A kindred with alopecia, keratosis, pilaris, cataracts, and psoriasis.

Three members of a family with numerous ectodermal abnormalities are described. These anomalies primarily include patchy alopecia beginning in childhood, premature cataracts, widespread keratosis pilaris, and psoriasis. The alopecia and premature cataracts appear to follow an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with incomplete penetrance and appear to be linked. Psoriasis also occurs in several members of this family and probably represents a separate but possibly related genodermatosis. This kindred has features of both keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans and ichthyosis follicularis, and the disorder seems to fit into the group of follicular hyperkeratosis disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

A randomized double-blind study of inosiplex (isoprinosine) therapy in patients with alopecia totalis.

Twenty-five of 34 patients with alopecia totalis of at least 1 year's duration and associated defects in cell-mediated immunity completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of the therapeutic effect of inosiplex, a synthetic immunomodulator. Each patient received 20 weeks of treatment with inosiplex and 20 weeks with placebo in randomized order. Eleven patients were identified clinically as responders to inosiplex in terms of hair regrowth. Scalp biopsy results correlated well with drug therapy. Enhanced immune function was found in the majority of responding patients; however, statistical analysis of the results of the entire patient population revealed limited significant differences. No patient experienced adverse side effects attributable to therapy. These results show that inosiplex is a safe and effective therapy for certain patients with alopecia totalis.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Alopecia areata, endocrine function, and autoantibodies in patients 16 years of age or younger.

Forty-five children with alopecia areata were prospectively studied by means of both clinical and laboratory evaluation for evidence of endocrine diseases and autoantibodies. Twenty-four percent had an abnormality as determined by one or more thyroid function studies (thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone) and/or elevation of microsomal antibody levels. In 16%, smooth muscle antibody was present, and in 4%, parietal cell antibody was present. Routine thyroid function testing is recommended for all children with alopecia areata.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Alopecia associated with underlying nerve sheath myxoma.

This report describes a 16-year-old girl who was referred for a 2.5-cm macular area of alopecia of the posterior portion of the scalp. A subcutaneous nerve sheath myxoma was found underlying the area of alopecia. Hair growth resumed within 4 weeks after removal of the nerve sheath tumor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Efficacy of topical sensitizers in the treatment of alopecia areata.

It has been more than 2 decades since the first report of the use of dinitrochlorobenzene to induce hair growth in 2 patients with alopecia areata. Other topical sensitizers, namely squaric acid dibutylester and diphenylcyclopropenone, have been used with variable success. This article reviews the efficacy and safety of the use of topical sensitizers in the treatment of alopecia areata.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2003

Diffuse alopecia in a hemodialysis patient caused by a low-molecular-weight heparin, tinzaparin.

The authors report on a 66-year-old hemodialysis patient who had diffuse alopecia while on anticoagulation treatment to prevent extracorporeal blood clotting with a low- molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), tinzaparin. The alopecia reversed completely when tinzaparin was substituted by another LMWH, enoxaparin. The biopsy findings, the possible mechanisms of heparin's action in the hair roots, and the restoration of the patient's hairs after the discontinuation of tinzaparin are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Androgens and alopecia.

Androgens have profound effects on scalp and body hair in humans. Scalp hair grows constitutively in the absence of androgens, while body hair growth is dependent on the action of androgens. Androgenetic alopecia, referred to as male pattern hair loss (MPHL) in men and female pattern hair loss (FPHL) in women, is due to the progressive miniaturization of scalp hair. Observations in both eunuchs, who have low levels of testicular androgens, and males with genetic 5alpha-reductase (5alphaR) deficiency, who have low levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), implicate DHT as a key androgen in the pathogenesis of MPHL in men. The development of finasteride, a type 2-selective 5alphaR inhibitor, further advanced our understanding of the role of DHT in the pathophysiology of scalp alopecia. Controlled clinical trials with finasteride demonstrated improvements in scalp hair growth in treated men associated with reductions in scalp DHT content, and a trend towards reversal of scalp hair miniaturization was evident by histopathologic evaluation of scalp biopsies. In contrast to its beneficial effects in men, finasteride did not improve hair growth in postmenopausal women with FPHL. Histopathological evaluation of scalp biopsies confirmed that finasteride treatment produced no benefit on scalp hair in these women. These findings suggest that MPHL and FPHL are distinct clinical entities, with disparate pathophysiologies. Studies that elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which androgens regulate hair growth would provide greater understanding of these differences.

3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed2000

Tissue expansion for frontal hairline restoration in severe alopecia in a child.

Burn alopecia has serious sequelae, both aesthetic and psychological, particularly in children. A case of 70% scalp alopecia due to a flame burn, and the modality of treatment is described. This consisted of an expanded temporo-parietal flap, which was transposed to create a frontal hairline. A relatively simple surgical procedure had both substantial aesthetic, and psychological benefits.

Alopecia↗
PubMed2003

The potential efficacy of thalidomide in the treatment of recalcitrant alopecia areata.

Thalidomide has been used in the treatment of many dermatological disorders. This drug is a potent suppressor of IL-12 production which plays a critical role in the development of cellular immune responses mediated by helper T-cells. It induces a drop in helper T-cell counts and a corresponding, though relatively small, rise in suppressor T-cells. It seems that cellular, not humoral, immune mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata. Also, decreased suppressor T-cell numbers in the active disease have been reported. Therefore, it could be postulated that thalidomide, especially in combination with other agents, could be of help in the treatment of resistant cases of alopecia areata.

Alopecia Areata↗
PubMed2004

Is androgenic alopecia a result of endocrine effects on the vasculature?

Androgenic alopecia is a condition of concern for many patients. Though much has been learned about this condition, the exact pathophysiological mechanism is yet to be established. Currently most study concerning androgenic alopecia has focused on the effects of androgens on the pilosebaceous unit itself. An area of study that has received considerably less attention is that of androgens inducing baldness by indirect effects, that is, effects on tissues other than the pilosebaceous unit. In this paper, the author offers a novel hypothesis in which androgenic hair loss is mediated via the effects of androgens on the vasculature supplying the scalp. In this new hypothesis androgens effect anatomical changes in the vasculature of susceptible individuals, resulting in an environment in which hair growth is hindered and eventually ceases. The author discusses past studies demonstrating the effects of androgens on vessels and how these effects may relate to anatomical changes in the vasculature leading to hair loss. Also included is a discussion on future experimentation to test this new hypothesis.

Alopecia↗
PubMed2000

Induction of alopecia in mice exposed to cigarette smoke.

Besides being responsible for a high proportion of those chronic degenerative diseases that are the leading causes of death in the population, tobacco smoking has been associated with skin diseases. Smoke genotoxicants are metabolized in hair follicle cells, where they form DNA adducts and cause DNA damage. The suspicion was raised that, in humans, a link may exist between smoking and both premature grey hair and hair loss. In order to check this hypothesis, we carried out a study in C57BL/6 mice exposed whole-body to a mixture of sidestream and mainstream cigarette smoke. After 3 months exposure, most mice developed areas of alopecia and grey hair, while no such lesions occurred either in sham-exposed mice or in smoke-exposed mice receiving the chemopreventive agent N-acetylcysteine with drinking water. Cell apoptosis occurred massively in the hair bulbs at the edge of alopecia areas. Smoke-exposed mice had extensive atrophy of the epidermis, reduced thickness of the subcutaneous tissue, and scarcity of hair follicles. On the whole, exposure to smoke genotoxic components appears to alter the hair cycle with a dystrophic anagen pattern. Although this mechanism is different from that of genotoxic cytostatic drugs, N-acetylcysteine appears to exert protective effects in both conditions.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed1996

A simplified approach to the diagnosis of alopecia.

Specific types of alopecia can be readily identified by history and physical examination with a high degree of accuracy in 97% of cases. Although some confirmatory laboratory studies may be required, two elements of the medical history and four elements of the physical examination can lead a dermatologist knowledgeable in the common scalp diseases to a rapid diagnosis. The key elements of history are age and duration of alopecia. The key elements of the examination are scalp status, pattern of loss, pull test results, and the integrity of the follicular units.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Androgen metabolism as it affects hair growth in androgenetic alopecia.

Androgens, in combination with a genetic susceptibility, have been demonstrated to be required for the development of androgenetic alopecia. Disturbances in androgen metabolism or target organ sensitivity are thought to underlie the pathophysiology of the condition. Observations of patients with disorders of androgen metabolism or function have determined the basic physiology involved in regulation of hair growth by androgens at selective body sites. More recently, in vitro studies of scalp skin and hair follicles have begun to define specific alterations in androgen metabolism at the local level that may play a key role in pathogenesis. The prominent role of 5-reductase in these studies suggests that inhibitors of this enzyme may provide new therapeutic opportunities for patients with androgenetic alopecia.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Cancer and stigma: experience of patients with chemotherapy-induced alopecia.

Chemotherapy-induced alopecia is one of the most distressing side-effects of chemotherapy. In this article we examine how patients react to hair loss due to chemotherapy; for women in particular, the reaction involves a confrontation with the lethal nature of cancer, whilst for men it is a normal and inevitable consequence of treatment. We then analyse the strategies used to cope with alopecia. One strategy involves camouflaging and hiding; the patients wear wigs in an attempt to partially or completely hide their hair loss. Another strategy is to treat it as commonplace: wearing a wig is played down and banalised. Sometimes this can take the form of provocation, in which case baldness is seen as the symbol of the cancer patient's new identity.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Mouse models of alopecia: identifying structural genes that are baldly needed.

The mature hair follicle undergoes a unique developmental cycle, in which phases of growth are interspersed with phases of involution and rest. The main effectors of this cycle are skin epithelial stem cells that reside in a specialized compartment of the follicle. Defects in this cycle, or in the structure of the hair produced, often result in alopecia (partial or complete hair loss), a condition that affects a significant fraction of the population. Here we discuss transgenic mouse models that exhibit alopecia as a primary phenotype, resulting from the inactivation of genes encoding structural proteins.

Alopecia↗
PubMed2003

Calvitron automated hair transplant system in alopecia treatment: a case report.

The surgical treatment of alopecia is essentially based on minigraft and micrograft techniques in which grafts are inserted into a slit or punch recipient site. To facilitate the transplantation of large numbers of these small grafts, the Calvitron automated hair transplant system has been developed. We report a case of Norwood type V alopecia who received three sessions of hair transplantation (400-500 grafts per session) over 18 months with satisfactory results. During surgery, with one technician operating the machine, one surgeon and an assistant took 3.5 to 4 hours per session to accomplish the whole procedure from harvesting the grafts to implantation and closure of the donor scalp wound. This new automated minigraft and micrograft transplant technique is significantly timesaving for large numbers of grafts per session without altering the aesthetic results. It offers a good choice for hair replacement surgery to save manpower and cost. The use of the Calvitron automated hair transplant system proved to be a practical and effective approach to hair transplantation in this case.

Adult↗