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At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

A new technique examines the connective tissue framework in normal testis and in testis cancer.

A method of cellular digestion known as Etching facilitated scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the connective tissue framework in normal testis and in cases of testis cancer. The collagen in the seminiferous tubules in normal testis has distinct lamellae and a well-defined outer border. In the germ cell tumours examined, the tubular connective tissue appeared hypertrophied, the distinct outer border was maintained in a seminoma specimen unlike in a case of non-seminoma. In a specimen of non-germ cell lymphoma there was gross distortion of the tubular connective tissue. These apparent variations in the collagen framework may have implications regarding local tumour development.

Collagen↗
PubMed1995

Anti-müllerian hormone and anti-müllerian hormone type II receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression during postnatal testis development and in the adult testis of the rat.

Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) induces degeneration of the müllerian ducts during male sex differentiation and may have additional functions concerning gonadal development. In the immature rat testis, there is a marked developmental increase in AMH type II receptor (AMHRII) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in Sertoli cells, concomitant with the initiation of spermatogenesis. AMHRII mRNA is also expressed at a high level in Sertoli cells in adult rats. To obtain information about the possible functions of AMH in the testis, we investigated the postnatal expression patterns of the genes encoding AMH and AMHRII in the rat testis in more detail. Using RNase protection assays, AMH and AMHRII mRNA expression was measured in total RNA preparations from testes or testicular tubule segments isolated from control rats and from rats that had received various treatments. The testicular level of AMHRII mRNA was found to be much higher than that of AMH mRNA in adult rats. AMH mRNA was detected at a maximal level at stage VII of the spermatogenic cycle and at a low level at the other stages. AMHRII mRNA increases from stage XIII, is highest at stages VI and VII, and then rapidly declines at stage VIII to almost undetectable levels at stages IX-XII. It was found that the increase in testicular AMHRII mRNA expression during the first 3 weeks of postnatal development also occurs in sterile rats (prenatally irradiated), and hence, is independent of the presence or absence of germ cells. Yet, the total testicular level of AMHRII mRNA was decreased in sterile adult rats (prenatally irradiated or experimental cryptorchidism), as compared with intact control rats. However, treatment of adult rats with methoxyacetic acid or hydroxyurea, which resulted in partial germ cell depletion, had no effect on total testicular AMHRII mRNA expression. We conclude that a combination of multiple spermatogenic cycle events, possibly involving changes of Sertoli cell structure and/or Sertoli cell-basal membrane interactions, regulate autocrine AMH action on Sertoli cells, in particular at stage VII of the spermatogenic cycle.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Bilateral cryptorchidism in a dog with persistent cranial testis suspensory ligaments and inverted gubernacula: report of a case with implications for understanding normal and aberrant testis descent.

The genital system of a dog with bilateral intra-abdominal testes is described. External virilisation was normal except for an empty scrotum. Internally there was a prostate of normal macroscopic and histological appearances and, bilaterally, a fully developed male genital tract. Testicular vasculature was normal. Cranial to each testis, there was a strong ligament lying at the free edge of the gonadal/genital mesentery and running between the cranial tip of the testis/epididymis and the area craniolateral of the ipsilateral kidney. It was impossible to push the testes into the inguinal canal because of this strong ligament. Caudal to each testis, there was an elongated whitish structure between the caudal pole of the epididymis and the area of the internal inguinal ring. On closer inspection this structure appeared to be the inverted and elongated processus vaginalis sac. There was a minor ligament at the free border of the inguinal fold of the genital mesentery between the tip of this inverted processus vaginalis and the adjacent junction of the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens. The findings suggest that persistence of the fetal cranial gonadal suspensory ligaments could have been the major aetiological factor in this case of cryptorchidism. Their persistence could have prevented caudal outgrowth of the processus vaginalis with its consequent development into an intra-abdominal papilla-like structure. Inappropriate persistence of the cranial suspensory ligaments in male rodents, pig, and cattle has been associated with insufficient exposure of their primordia to androgen during fetal life. It is uncertain whether a similar deficiency could underlie persistence of these structures in the present specimen. The findings add further weight to the hypothesis that regression of the cranial gonadal suspensory ligament in males is a key event in the process of testis descent. The human homologue of this ligament deserves more attention in the analysis and treatment of human cryptorchidism.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Steroid entry into rete testis fluid and the blood-testis barrier.

Evidence that steroids enter rete testis fluid (RTF) from the blood at varying rates was obtained during i.v. infusions into rats. Testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone were readily transferred into the fluid, whereas cholesterol was excluded. Between these extremes, the appearance of radioactivity in the RTF suggested the following order of entry rate: progesterone greater than pregnenolone greater than 5-alpha-reduced androgens greater than oestrogens greater than corticosteroids. Preliminary identification of metabolites in RTF and blood suggested that testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone were transferred largely unchanged. Androstenedione and progesterone, however, were largely metabolized during transfer into the RTF, the former being transformed to testosterone. The results are used to discuss the nature of the blood-testis barrier to steroids and the source of androgens in the RTF.

Androgens↗
PubMed1996

Testis sparing surgery for epidermoid cyst of the testis: a case report.

A rare tumour of the prepubertal child, an epidermoid cyst was excised with testicular preservation. Childhood testis tumours are usually benign. Although epidermoid cysts of the testis may have teratomatous component, testicular teratomas are generally benign in the prepubertal child. For these reasons testis sparing surgery seems applicable in childhood epidermoid cysts.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Neonatal testis tumors: a review of the Prepubertal Testis Tumor Registry.

Since 1980, 338 testis tumors have been registered in the Prepubertal Testis Tumor Registry of the American Academy of Pediatrics, Section on Urology. Of these tumors 22 occurred in neonates less than 1 month old, of which 7 (31%) were diagnosed at birth. The distribution of lesions in this group revealed 6 yolk sac tumors, 6 gonadal stromal tumors, 6 juvenile granulosa cell tumors, 2 gonadoblastomas, 1 teratoma and 1 hamartoma. Preoperative serum alpha-fetoprotein levels were available for 10 patients and ranged from 23 to 61,700 ng/ml., which is within normal limits. No patient had evidence of metastatic disease at presentation. Of the 18 children in whom follow up is available 17 have no evidence of disease and 1, who was diagnosed with a yolk sac tumor before the advent of chemotherapy, died of metastatic disease before reaching age 1 year. Although neonatal testis tumors are rare, they should be considered in the differential diagnosis and management of a newborn with a scrotal mass.

Follow-Up Studies↗
PubMed1992

[Epidermoid cyst of the testis: a case of testis preservation].

A 19-year-old man complained of an asymptomatic right testicular mass. Physical examination revealed a firm, small-finger sized, mass lesion with a smooth surface in the right testis. The ultrasonographic appearance was hypoechoic and well-demarcated intratesticular lesion. All laboratory investigations, including tumor markers, were normal. The testis was explored through an inguinal incision. The mass was excised locally and the biopsy of the adjacent testicular tissue was done with gentle code clamping. The histological diagnosis was epidermoid cyst of the testis and the testicular tissue obtained was normal. About 90 cases of testicular epidermoid cyst have been reported in the Japanese literature, and are reviewed briefly here.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

The recovery of the testis over 8 weeks after short-term dosing with ethylene glycol monomethyl ether: histology, cell-specific enzymes, and rete testis fluid protein.

Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) has been found to affect meiotic spermatocytes, spermatids, other stages of spermatocytes, and spermatogonia, depending on the dose used. These studies, which examine testicular recovery from EGME treatment, analyzed tissues from rats treated for 5 days with 0, 50, 100, or 200 mg EGME/kg/day and sacrificed at eight subsequent weekly intervals; some epididymal sperm parameters of these animals have been described. Histologically, the testes of the low-dose group showed very mild changes, while the 100- and 200-mg/kg groups showed widespread damage and cell death which recovered somewhat during the course of the study. There was no treatment-related effect on seminal vesicle or prostate weights. Rete testis fluid protein levels were changed only in the high-dose group, when protein levels rose to a maximum of sixfold the control values at Week 4; by Week 6, there was no difference between groups. Changes in cell-specific enzyme activities were dose dependent and generally mirrored changes in the number of germ cells in the testis.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1994

Histone-induced condensation of rat testis chromatin: testis-specific H1t versus somatic H1 variants.

Due the likely role of H1 histone variants in inducing the formation of folded DNA filaments with different stabilities, the condensing capacity of the testis-specific H1t versus the somatic variants was tested. Circular dichroism analyses of rat testis H1-depleted oligonucleosomes (5-2kbp) revealed that H1t, which appears in germ cells during the meiotic prophase of mammalian spermatogenesis, exerts the lowest condensing effect as compared to the other variants. The distribution of H1 subtypes among different chromatin fractions was also investigated and gave evidence that H1t is more abundant in chromatin regions which are more sensitive to DNAase I digestion.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

In situ localization of rat testis-specific calcineurin B subunit isoform beta 1 in the developing rat testis.

In situ localization and developmental changes in expression of testis-specific calcineurin B subunit isoform beta 1 was examined in rat testis. Two different sizes of mRNA signal, 4.0 kb and 0.9 kb, were detected by Northern blot hybridization. Both signals were expressed synchronously with the start of meiosis at 3 weeks after birth, and increased depending on the maturation of spermatogenesis. In situ hybridization using non-radioactive riboprobes showed that the beta 1 mRNA was specifically localized to spermatocytes where meiosis occurs but none or very little was observed in spermatogonia, spermatids, Sertoli or Leydig cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Fertility and unilateral undescended testis in the rat model III: ultrastructural changes in the contralateral descended testis.

Fertility is decreased in rats with experimentally-created unilateral undescended testis (UUDT). Although light microscopy has shown changes in the UDT, it has consistently failed to demonstrate any significant damage in the contralateral descended testis (CDT) of these animals in previous experimental studies utilizing the same model. To study the ultrastructural details of the CDT and the ipsilateral UDT using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in rats with experimentally-created UUDT, in Wistar albino rat pups UUDT was experimentally created in accordance with the model described previously. Ten rats with UUDT were compared with 10 control rats. The UDT and CDT were harvested at 135 days of age and sections from specimens studied by TEM for changes in the seminiferous tubules, Leydig cells, and extracellular matrix. All observations were graded and analyzed for statistical significance. TEM of the testes of control rats was normal, while both the ipsilateral UDT and the CDT showed significant changes. Significant changes in the CDT included thickening of the basement membrane ( P=0.001), a decrease in spermatogenic cell lines ( P=0.02), vacuolation ( P=0.0001) and other features of degeneration ( P=0.02), single cell apoptotic figures ( P=0.02), and an increase in Sertoli-cell numbers ( P=0.01), size ( P=0.01), and endoplasmic reticulum ( P=0.01). Another significant feature was the occurrence of morphologic sperm abnormalities in the form of tail denudation ( P=0.02). The surgically-created UDT showed changes of gross degeneration and atrophy. TEM studies thus revealed gross ultrastructural damage to the UDT and similar subtle but significant changes in the CDT. These may explain the decrease in fertility in rats with UUDT.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Carbonyl reductase from human testis: purification and comparison with carbonyl reductase from human brain and rat testis.

Carbonyl reductase (EC 1.1.1.184) is a cytosolic, monomeric, NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase with broad specificity for carbonyl compounds and a general distribution in human tissues. A carbonyl reductase closely resembling the human enzyme is exclusively expressed in rat reproductive tissues and adrenals (Iwata, N., Inazu, N. and Satoh, T. (1989) J. Biochem. 105, 556-564). In order to investigate the relationship between the human and rat enzyme, carbonyl reductase from human testis was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme was indistinguishable from carbonyl reductase from other human tissues on the basis of physicochemical properties, substrate specificity, inhibitor sensitivity and immunological reactivity. Likewise, the human and rat testis enzymes exhibited greatly overlapping substrate specificities for prostaglandins, steroids as well as many xenobiotic carbonyl compounds, and showed the same susceptibility to inhibition by flavonoids and sulfhydryl-blocking agents. Structural homology between the two enzymes was indicated by the mutual cross-reactivity of antibodies against carbonyl reductase from one species and the enzyme protein from the other species. Unlike the rat enzyme, which is confined to Leydig cells, the human enzyme was detectable in Leydig cells as well as Sertoli and spermatogenic cells.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1992

Is a testis located at the superficial inguinal pouch (Denis Browne pouch) comparable to a true cryptorchid testis?

In a clinical study 96 prepubertal boys with 100 testes located in the superficial inguinal pouch underwent routine orchiopexy. Of 65 patients 45 (69%) who had received hormonal treatment before the surgical procedure had a closed processus vaginalis compared with only 11 of 35 (31%) who had not (p less than 0.0002). A normal epididymis was also present significantly more often in those patients receiving hormonal treatment than in those who did not (p less than 0.039). While those testes located in the superficial inguinal pouch had significantly better histology and a greater number of germ cells than those located in a high inguinal or abdominal position (p less than 0.01), the number of germ cells per tubule was nonetheless lower than that seen in the normal controls (p less than 0.01). In conclusion, a testis located at the superficial inguinal pouch behaves as a true cryptorchid testis. Furthermore, hormonal treatment before surgery has a significant effect on epididymal development and closure of the processus vaginalis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Expression of cancer-testis antigens in lung cancer: definition of bromodomain testis-specific gene (BRDT) as a new CT gene, CT9.

In an effort to define new cancer-testis (CT) genes, we investigated whether BRDT, a testis-restricted member of the RING3 family of transcriptional regulators, is also expressed in cancer. Standard RT-PCR expression analysis detected BRDT transcripts in 12 of 47 cases of non-small cell lung cancer and single cases of both squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (1/12) and esophagus (1/12) but not in melanoma or in cancers of the colon, breast, kidney and bladder. Typing of 33 non-small cell lung cancers for coexpression of a panel of CT antigens revealed a high incidence (60%) of MAGE-3 mRNA expression, followed by MAGE-1 (36%), CT7/MAGE-C1 (30%), CT10 (30%), SSX4 (23%), BRDT (21%), NY-ESO-1 (21%) and HOM-MEL-40/SSX2 (15%). The coexpression pattern of these antigens provides a foundation for developing a polyvalent lung cancer vaccine.

Antigens, Neoplasm↗
PubMed1982

Localization of testis-variant histones in rat testis chromatin.

Nucleosome core particles and oligonucleosomes were isolated by digesting rat testis nuclei with micrococcal nuclease to 20% acid-solubility, followed by fractionation of the digest on a Bio-Gel A-5m column. The core particles thus isolated were characterized on the basis of their DNA length of 151 +/- 5 base-pairs and sedimentation coefficient of 11.4S. Analysis of the acid-soluble proteins of the core particles indicated that histones TH2B and X2 are constituents of the core particles, in addition to the somatic histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. The acid-soluble proteins of the oligonucleosomes comprised all the histones, including both the somatic (H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4 and X2) and the testis-specific ones (TH1 and TH2B). It was also observed that histones TH1 and H1 are absent from the core particles and were readily extracted from the chromatin by 0.6 M-NaCl, which indicated that both of them are bound to the linker DNA.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

MSJ-1, a mouse testis-specific DnaJ protein, is highly expressed in haploid male germ cells and interacts with the testis-specific heat shock protein Hsp70-2.

The MSJ-1 gene encodes a murine DnaJ homologue that is expressed specifically in adult testis. DnaJ proteins act as cochaperones of Hsp70 proteins in promoting diverse cellular functions. In this study we used recombinant MSJ-1 proteins to produce MSJ-1 antiserum and to carry out in vitro binding assays. In a wide immunoscreening of mouse tissues, affinity-purified MSJ-1 antibodies recognize a unique protein of 30 kDa in male germ cells only. MSJ-1 is able to interact with the testis-specific Hsp70-2 protein and can be coimmunoprecipitated with Hsp70-2 from spermatogenic cells; binding of these two chaperones is consistent with the presence of a third component, which is so far unknown. MSJ-1 is weakly detected in early round spermatids, and its protein content increases in cytodifferentiating spermatids where it colocalizes with the developing acrosome and their postnuclear region. Hsp70-2, which is known to be highly expressed in meiotic cells, shows a subcellular localization in late differentiating spermatids that overlaps that of MSJ-1. MSJ-1 is also maintained in testicular and epididymal spermatozoa, where it sharply demarcates into two distinct cell areas; the outer surface of the acrosomal vesicle, and the centrosomal area. On the whole, our findings are consistent with a role for MSJ-1 in acrosome formation and centrosome adjustment during spermatid development, whereas its presence in mature spermatozoa suggests a special function during fertilization, shortly afterward, or both.

Aging↗
PubMed1993

Pathology of 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis: absence of testis differentiation associated with mutations in the testis-determining factor.

Individuals with 46, XY pure gonadal dysgenesis present with a completely female phenotype. These individuals develop bilateral streak gonads and have normal Müllerian structures. The apparent absence of testicular tissue in these individuals suggests a mutation in the initial steps of the male sex-determining pathway. A candidate gene for the primary signal in this pathway was recently cloned (SRY) which encodes a protein with a DNA-binding capacity. In a study of 14 XY females with pure gonadal dysgenesis harbouring SRY, we analysed the histology of the gonads and compared it to the presence or absence of mutations in the SRY open reading frame (SRY-orf). The histological analysis revealed two distinct groups of streak gonads. In the first group, the gonad was composed of exclusively ovarian-like stroma, with sclero-hyaline nodules in some areas. No tubules were observed. The gonads in the second group were composed of undifferentiated stroma harbouring either tubules or a rete structure. This suggests that in the latter group some differentiation (towards testis formation) has occurred, whereas in the first group ovarian differentiation has been interrupted. Individuals with mutations in the SRY-orf were found to have streak gonads of the first group, whereas most of the remaining XY females without detectable mutation in the SRY-orf had streak gonads belonging to the second group. On the basis of histology, it may be possible to distinguish between mutations in the sex-determining or sex-differentiation pathways. We suggest that SRY may play a role in rete testis formation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Capsaicin in albino rats prevents contralateral testis from the damaging effects posed by ipsilateral testis that underwent torsion.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of capsaicin, a powerful neurotoxin selective to afferent nerves, on contralateral testicular damage in ipsilateral testicular torsion. METHODS: Forty male albino rats were randomly allocated into five groups. No operation was performed in group one. After intraperitoneal administration of 0.9% NaCl, rats underwent a sham operation in group 2 and testicular torsion in group 3. In groups 4 and 5 rats underwent sham operation and testicular torsion, respectively after intraoperitoneal capsaicin injection. Contralateral testes were harvested on the fifteenth day of the experiment and mean seminiferous tubular diameters and mean testicular biopsy scores were recorded for each testis. The values were compared through analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Turkey-Kramer multiple comparisons test and p values less than 0.05 were considered to be significant. RESULTS: Mean testicular biopsy scores and mean seminiferous tubular diameters of group 5 was significantly higher than the group 3. There was no difference between the groups 1, 2, 4, and 5 when these two parameters are concerned. CONCLUSION: Capsaicin effectively prevents contralateral testicular damage encountered following ipsilateral testicular torsion. The inhibition of afferent impulses from the ipsilateral testis under distress prevents contralateral testicular injury, and provides additional data to support the role of an autonomic reflex arc in contralateral testicular injury.

Afferent Pathways↗