Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “preventive measures”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Comparison of secondary prevention measures after myocardial infarction in subjects with and without diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVES: To survey and compare secondary prevention measures in diabetic and non-diabetic patients following myocardial infarction (MI). DESIGN: Follow-up of a cohort of patients who suffered their first MI 1 year previously. SETTING: Three district general hospitals. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Review 1 year post-MI for signs of left ventricular failure (LVF), serum cholesterol, smoking status, weight, blood pressure and glycaemic control. Assessment of appropriate treatment with aspirin, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and lipid-lowering therapy before discharge and at least 1 year post-MI. RESULTS: A total of 189 non-diabetic and 86 diabetic patients were studied. Most patients received beta-blockers and aspirin appropriately, and most gave up smoking. In non-diabetic subjects, cholesterol fell significantly (P < 0.05), as did the proportion of patients with cholesterol > 5.5 mmol L(-1) (P < 0.05), whereas cholesterol did not fall significantly in diabetic subjects, due to a lower proportion of patients being on lipid-lowering therapy (27.5 vs. 37.9%). A higher proportion of non-diabetic patients with LVF were treated with ACE inhibitors compared with diabetic subjects (73.6 vs. 61.%). Glycaemic control did not improve in the diabetic subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with diabetes do not receive optimal secondary prevention measures compared with their non-diabetic counterparts. This issue needs to be addressed by all units dealing with patients with diabetes in order to reduce the mortality and morbidity of MI in such patients.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed2006

Use of preventive measures for air travel-related venous thrombosis in professionals who attend medical conferences.

BACKGROUND: Lack of guidelines for prevention of air travel-related venous thrombosis may lead to excessive use of potentially dangerous precautions. OBJECTIVES: To assess the use of preventive measures for air travel-related thrombosis in professionals employed in the field of thrombosis and hemostasis and in other fields. METHODS: A survey amongst delegates of the XXth ISTH Congress, the 15th ISDB Congress and the 13th Cochrane Colloquium, which all took place in Australia 2005. RESULTS: Two thousand and eighty-nine questionnaires were completed (response 53%). Overall, 80% of the respondents had used preventive measures. Low-molecular-weight heparin and vitamin K antagonists were mostly used by ISTH delegates (10% vs. 1% at the other conferences). Medical doctors used more pharmacological prophylaxis (31%) than research fellows (11%) and non-clinical scientists (22%). Dutch (64%) and Asian respondents (67%) least used any prevention, whereas Israeli used most (94%). Subjects with risk factors for thrombosis more often used prophylaxis (90%) than those without (77%). In a multivariate analysis, conference, nationality, age, presence of risk factors and profession were determinants of prophylaxis use. CONCLUSION: Major differences in the use of prophylactic measures for air travel-related thrombosis stress the need for studies of interventions and clear guidelines on prevention of air travel-related venous thrombosis.

Aircraft↗
PubMed2000

The direct and indirect relationships between alcohol prevention measures and alcoholic liver cirrhosis mortality.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to investigate direct and indirect relationships between prevention measures and alcoholic liver cirrhosis mortality in Canadian provinces from 1968 to 1986. METHOD: The data base that was assembled included alcoholic cirrhosis mortality rates, alcohol availability measures (rate of licensed premises, year in which the legal drinking age was reduced), per capita consumption of alcohol, rates of AA members and groups, and economic and demographic measures. This article develops a two-equation analytic model based on the availability theory of alcohol problems and prevention (Single, 1988). The distinction between direct and indirect effects of prevention measures can be made explicitly with this model. RESULTS: Alcohol availability measures, but not AA measures, had a significant direct potential impact on alcohol consumption. AA measures had a significant direct relationship to cirrhosis mortality rates. Alcohol consumption also had a significant direct relationship to cirrhosis mortality, and alcohol availability measures had an important indirect relationship through their influence on per capita alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS: While these observations need to be interpreted cautiously, the two-equation model shows promise as an approach to understanding direct and indirect influences on alcohol problems. As expected, AA measures and per capita alcohol consumption demonstrated significant direct relationship to cirrhosis mortality. In addition, important indirect influences of drinking-age changes and rates of licensed premises on cirrhosis mortality were observed through their relationships to per capita alcohol consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Nosocomial tuberculosis prevention measures among two groups of US hospitals, 1992 to 1996.

OBJECTIVE: To compare trends in nosocomial tuberculosis (TB) prevention measures and health-care worker (HCW) tuberculin skin test (TST) conversion of hospitals with HIV-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) patients and other US hospitals from 1992 through 1996. DESIGN AND SETTING: Surveys in 1992 and 1996 of 38 hospitals with PCP patients in four high-HIV-incidence cities and 136 other US hospitals from the American Hospital Association membership list. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-seven hospitals with PCP patients and 103 other US hospitals. RESULTS: In 1992, 63% of PCP hospitals and other US hospitals had rooms meeting Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria (ie, negative air pressure, six or more air exchanges per hour, and air directly vented to the outside) for acid-fast bacilli isolation; in 1996, almost 100% had such isolation rooms. Similarly, in 1992, nonfitted surgical masks were used by HCWs at 60% of PCP hospitals and 68% at other US hospitals, while N95 respirators were used at 90% of PCP hospitals and 83% of other US hospitals in 1996. There was a significant decreasing trend in TST conversion rates among HCWs at both PCP and other US hospitals; however, this trend varied among all hospitals. HCWs at PCP hospitals had a higher risk of TST conversion than those at other US hospitals (relative risk, 1.71; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: From 1992 through 1996, PCP and other US hospitals have made similar improvements in their nosocomial TB prevention measures and decreased their HCW TST conversion rate. These data show that most hospitals are compliant with CDC TB guidelines even before the enactment of an Occupational Safety and Health Administration TB standard.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2004

Caries-preventive measures applied by Mongolian dentists to their own children.

PURPOSE: To investigate caries-preventive measures (CPMs) applied by dentists in Mongolia to their own children in relation to the dentist-parents' professional and preventive care-related backgrounds and the children's dental health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire distributed to Mongolian dentists in 2000 surveyed their professional and preventive care-related backgrounds. The dentists filled in a dental chart for their own children aged 3 to 13 years and indicated which of seven listed CPMs were applied to each child. Of the dentists surveyed, 245 replied (98%); with 146 having children (n = 208) of the target age. Statistical evaluation included chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, linear regression analysis, and odds ratios based on 2X2 tables. RESULTS: Of the seven CPMs, the following were applied on average per child: 3.7 (SD = 1.6) to 3- to 5-year-olds; 4.4 (SD = 1.3) to 6- to 11-year-olds; 4.3 (SD = 1.4) to 12- to 13-year-olds; with the youngest children receiving the fewest CPMs (p = 0.02). Demonstrating toothbrushing techniques and taking children for regular preventive check-ups were the most frequently reported measures applied to the children. Conversely, pit and fissure sealants and restriction of sugar were the least reported. The number of CPMs was unrelated to any factors connected with the dentist-parents' backgrounds among the youngest group; correlated negatively to dentist-parents' work experience (p = 0.002) among the middle group; and positively to dentist-parents' preventive knowledge (p = 0.04) and self-reported competency (p = 0.005) among the oldest group. Among the middle group, more CPMs were applied to those with greater DMFT/dmft scores. CONCLUSION: Caries-preventive measures applied to dentists' children should be improved, especially in regard to sugar consumption. Comprehensive efforts are called for, stressing modern CPMs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[AIDS: patients' rights, professional risks, preventive measures].

AIDS in the workplace poses distinct professional risks to health care providers. Identifying HIV carriers and providing specific preventive measures are not the only concerns. Societal prejudices that degenerate into attitudes and behaviors contrary to professional ethics can overwhelm nursing personnel. Their fears can lead them to make irrational decisions such as refusing to care for the client or divulging private information. The author emphasizes that nurses caring for clients with HIV or AIDS should develop a care approach based on two pivotal points. The first point is that nurses must ensure these clients receive appropriate care and that their fundamental rights are maintained. Secondly, nurses must be permitted to provide necessary care without exposing themselves to any associated health risk. The author asserts that nurses must count on complete, clear and accurate information about professional risks and preventative measures. She outlines the legal framework Canadian nurses can access and explains the legal protection available to health care providers. The development of clear and precise workplace policies based on provincial and federal laws can reduce crisis situations, workplace conflict and discrimination.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

[The epidemic characteristics and preventive measures of hemorrhagic fever with syndromes in China].

OBJECTIVE: To summarize and analyze the epidemic situation of hantaviruses including geographic distribution, types and prevalent intensity of epidemic areas of hantavirus for the last 30 years in China, and to discuss relative preventive measures. METHODS: Collecting and analyzing the data of hantaviruses epidemics in China. RESULTS: The annual number of cases of hantavirus disease rapidly increased from 3295 in 1970 to 115,804 in 1986 then sustained between 40,000 and 60,000 cases annually in the 1990's, and then decreased thereafter. The epidemic areas existed in all provinces except Qinhai and Xinjiang and there were the hospitalized cases of hantavirus disease reported in other provinces. In recent years, the prevalence of hantavirus infection had increased in some cities, and the seasonal distribution of the cases changed as well. CONCLUSION: Data suggested that the new epidemic characteristics of hantaviruses had emerged in China suggesting that it was necessary to strengthen surveillance programs and to take comprehensive preventive measures for the control and prevention of hantaviruses in China.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Accident patterns and prevention measures for fatal occupational falls in the construction industry.

Contributing factors to 621 occupational fatal falls have been identified with respect to the victim's individual factors, the fall site, company size, and cause of fall. Individual factors included age, gender, experience, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Accident scenarios were derived from accident reports. Significant linkages were found between causes for the falls and accident events. Falls from scaffold staging were associated with a lack of complying scaffolds and bodily action. Falls through existing floor openings were associated with unguarded openings, inappropriate protections, or the removal of protections. Falls from building girders or other structural steel were associated with bodily actions and improper use of PPE. Falls from roof edges were associated with bodily actions and being pulled down by a hoist, object or tool. Falls through roof surfaces were associated with lack of complying scaffolds. Falls from ladders were associated with overexertion and unusual control and the use of unsafe ladders and tools. Falls down stairs or steps were associated with unguarded openings. Falls while jumping to a lower floor and falls through existing roof openings were associated with poor work practices. Primary and secondary prevention measures can be used to prevent falls or to mitigate the consequences of falls and are suggested for each type of accident. Primary prevention measures would include fixed barriers, such as handrails, guardrails, surface opening protections (hole coverings), crawling boards/planks, and strong roofing materials. Secondary protection measures would include travel restraint systems (safety belt), fall arrest systems (safety harness), and fall containment systems (safety nets).

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1995

[A clinical study of gastrointestinal flora in patients with, or without MRSA colonization in the upper-respiratory tract after introduction of preventive measures of hospital infection].

In early 1980's methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was reported as a major pathogenic organism of geriatric hospital infection in Japan. At the same time in the A geriatric hospital MRSA infection was prevalent. To decrease nosocomial infections some active preventive measures against hospital infection were taken since Oct. 1991. After introduction of preventive measures of hospital infection in geriatric ward (190 beds) nosocomial bacteremia and pneumonia were markedly decreased in comparison to the episode number before introduction of prevention. However several patients with MRSA colonization were observed every month. The aim of this clinical study was to clear how frequent MRSA was isolated from the gastric juice and stool. Any MRSA was not observed in 63 cultured stool, but just one MRSA was isolated in patients with MRSA colonization. On the other hand gram-negative organisms, which were E. coli, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis etc., were frequently observed in cultured stool. In conclusion, we considered frequency of MRSA colonization in gastrointestinal space was not so high but rather very low.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Observance of legal preventive measures and implications for a comprehensive prevention law].

The observance and realisation of a variety of prevention laws in different spheres was analysed to deal more extensively with the problem of a new comprehensive prevention law. The analysis was based on a study of the literature and on invited statements by experts, as well as on interviews conducted according to guidelines. The observance and implication of existing laws by statutory bodies differs noticeably according to prevailing traditions and individual interpretations of key concepts. In all the spheres we noticed a potential for supporting and optimising prevention. The mandatory next step would be to standardise the plethora of terms and to discuss the understanding of prevention. It is also imperative to realise on-target cooperation, to define the tasks to be accomplished, and to determine to whom they should be delegated. The financing procedure must also be determined. Modification and supplementation of existing laws would be meaningful in some cases. A new specific and comprehensive prevention law would increase the status of prevention in the German public health system and link up the involved institutions more effectively.

Comprehensive Health Care↗
PubMed1992

The occupational hazard of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus infection. II. Effect of grade, age, sex and region of employment on perceived risks and preventive measures adopted by anaesthetists.

The effect of grade, age, sex and region of employment on the attitude of anaesthetists to the possible risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection and the measures adopted to minimise the risk were assessed. As a group, anaesthetists in training were more concerned than consultants about the risk of HIV or HBV infection and, as a consequence, were more likely to adopt protective measures. A similar variation was seen with age, younger anaesthetists being more concerned about the risk of infection and adopting preventive measures in greater numbers than their older colleagues. The sex of the anaesthetist had minimal effect on their attitude. Despite the marked variation in the incidence of both HIV and HBV, the attitude of anaesthetists to the risk of infection and the numbers adopting simple preventive measures did not vary significantly on a regional basis throughout the country. However, there was a significant inter-regional variation in the availability and uptake of HBV immunisation (p < 0.01) and knowledge of the existence of local policy guidelines for the management of known HIV or HBV positive patients (p < 0.01).

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Maximum impact of HIV prevention measures targeted at injecting drug users.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the decrease in HIV incidence and injecting risk behaviours is ongoing in Amsterdam, and to study the determinants of injecting risk behaviours. DESIGN: Prospective open cohort study (1986-1997) amongst injecting drug users (IDU). METHODS: HIV incidence was studied using Poisson regression analysis. Trends in injecting risk behaviours were determined using 6645 visits of 879 participants, stratified by HIV serostatus and number of the follow-up visit. Generalized estimating equations were used to account for repeated measurements, and additive model structures were used. RESULTS: A large initial risk reduction (1986-1991) occurred concerning borrowing and lending of used needles, multiple needle use and frequent injecting. However, except for frequent injecting, the rate of behaviour change significantly decreased, and from 1991-1993 onwards there was no substantial further risk reduction. HIV incidence followed a similar pattern. Injecting risk was much lower at follow-up visits. The following determinants of borrowing and lending among both HIV-positive and negative IDU were largely comparable: young age, non-injecting heroin and cocaine use, frequent tranquillizer use, multiple needle use, injecting with others, and irregular use of needle-exchange programmes. CONCLUSIONS: The observed residual risk, given the extensive HIV prevention measures in Amsterdam, indicates that further prevention is difficult. Because this risk was associated with an HIV incidence of 3-4% per year, HIV prevalence is likely to be high for many years. Therefore, prevention measures should be maintained because of the possibility of behavioural relapse associated with recent availability of potent HIV treatments. To prevent an HIV epidemic amongst a new generation of drug users, prevention of injecting itself is warranted.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Knowledge and practice of preventive measures in small industries in Al-Khobar.

OBJECTIVE: The specific objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and practice of workers in small industries regarding preventive measures of occupational hazards. METHODS: Three workshops were randomly selected from each of the 8 types of industries in the industrial area. This gave a total sample of 24 workshops. From each of these, at least one worker was selected giving a total of 33 workers. All selected workers were interviewed using a standard questionnaire. A checklist on the conditions of the shop and availability of essential safety equipment was also designed. RESULTS: All workers were young non-Saudis. More than half of them (58%) were smokers. Nine percent of the workers had no knowledge of preventive measures. About 12% used personal protective measures all the time while 60% did not use any. Workers were exposed to a variety of occupational hazards with injuries and accidents forming the majority (39%). CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of workers in small industries about occupational hazards and their use of protective measures was inadequate. Workers were exposed to a variety of occupational hazards mainly accidents and injuries.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Different analytical approaches in an experimental cohort study on preventive measures for caries in adolescents. A comparison between incidence density and increment analysis.

AIM: To use different analytical approaches to data from a longitudinal, quasi-experimental study evaluating caries-preventive measures in order to estimate the differences in results due to the analytical tool used. METHODS: 1,165 patients at high risk for caries underwent yearly examinations in 1996, 1997 and 1998 and randomly received one out of four tested preventive measures. Two analytical methods were used: (1) increment was calculated using the indices DMFS(a) and D(e)MFS(a), (2) incidence density was calculated for each individual using new approximal dentin lesions or dentin and enamel lesions in the numerator and the risk time for the surfaces in the denumerator. The Poisson regression with overdispersion was used for multivariate modelling of the outcomes. RESULTS: In all analyses of approximal dentine as well as dentine and enamel caries bad oral health at baseline increased the risk of new approximal dentine caries. In the incidence analysis poor oral health behaviour also increased the risk. CONCLUSION: Since the difference between the two analytical methods are small for young individuals the method of preference would be increment analysis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Efficacy of therapeutic and preventive measures with the help of bite wing radiographs].

The effectiveness of caries diagnosis as seen in bite-wing pictures in the lateral dental segments was evaluated with reference to therapeutic and preventive control. Bite-wing x-rays of 328 patients aged 15-18 were included in the evaluation. The approximal segments from the ist premolars to the 2nd molars were taken into consideration. Further treatment was found to be necessary in 110 patients on the basis of the diagnoses exposed filling edge/split edge (45%), caries in dentine not adjacent to pulp (30%), secondary caries (15%) and caries in dentine adjacent to pulp (10%). Following an initial diagnosis of enamel lesions, preventive measures were necessary in 180 patients. The results document the importance of radiological checks of the permanent teeth in the approximal segments in youths. Bite-wing x-rays are also an effective means of monitoring the effectiveness of preventive measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Effect of preventive measures against central venous catheter-related infection: retrospective study in our division for recent 10 years].

A study was made of 2202 central venous catheters (CVC), which were inserted for recent 10 years, to know the effect of preventive measures against CVC-related infection. We divided 10 years in 3 periods: 1987-1990 (the first period), 1991-1993 (the second period), and 1994-1996 (the third period). Preventive measures such as thorough antiseptic precaution, shortening of CVC dwelling time, and prohibition of injection from three-way stopcocks were taken after the second period. In the third period, semiclosed infusion system (I-system) was introduced to our division. A febrile catheterized patient (higher than 38 degrees C) was diagnosed as CVC-related infection when the fever dropped immediately (within 72 hours) after removal of CVC, or when the tip of the CVC was positive for culture. The rate of CVC-related infection in the second (9.9%) or the third (7.3%) period was significantly lower than that (14.0%) of the first period (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). The mean dwelling time of CVC was 31.5 days for the first period, 27.0 days for the second period, and 24.8 days for the third period. The rate of long-term dwelling catheters (more than 29 days) in the second (34.5%) or the third (28.7%) period was significantly lower than that (40.5%) in the first period (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). The index of CVC-related infection (incidence of infection per 1,000 days) was 4.8 for the first period, 3.7 for the second period, and 2.9 for the third period. The rate of infection of short-term dwelling CVC (less than 28 days) in the second (9.5%) or the third (6.3%) period was significantly lower than that (16.0%) of the first period (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). As to cultures of CVC and/or blood sample, the isolation rate of fungi decreased significantly (p < 0.001), and that of gram-negative rods showed a tendency to increase after the second period. It was concluded that shortening of CVC dwelling time and application of semiclosed infusion system were effective to reduce the rate of CVC-related infection.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans and their observation after oral preventive measures].

The quantitation of salivary Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) according to Köhler and Bratthall and the evaluation of oral hygiene index (OHI-S) by Greene and Vermillion were examined before and after oral preventive measures in 359 schoolchildren at 7-13 years old, sampled from primary schools in three Amphoes of Phetchabun. At the first examination, it was found that 93.9% of the total schoolchildren had S. mutans and most of them had less than 50 CFU. In addition, 11.4% of the samples had this microorganism more than 100 CFU (Comparable to 10(6) CFU/ml. of saliva) and regarded as a high caries risk group. The average values of OHI-S in different age groups of schoolchildren varied from 1.75 to 2.25 and only 15.9% was classified to be in the group of good oral hygiene (OHI-S,0-1.2). However no significant relationship was recorded between the number of S. mutans and the oral hygiene status (p greater than 0.05). The second examination indicated the improvement of oral hygiene status after preventive measures (p less than 0.05) but the number of S. mutans was not significantly changed (p greater than 0.05).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[The prognostic significance of basic risk factors of ischemic heart disease and its changes in carrying out preventive measures].

The paper treats the results of an analysis of the assessment of the main risk factors within the framework of the program for multifactorial prophylaxis of coronary heart disease in the populations with varying involvement into preventive measures. Using standard methods altogether 6566 men aged 40-59 years were examined in the area of two district polyclinics with a purpose of diagnosing coronary heart disease and risk factors of its development. During 5 years, measures aimed at active primary and secondary prophylaxis of coronary heart disease were carried out in one of the groups. Prospective survey over the death rate has demonstrated that cardiovascular diseases rank the first in the structure of the death rate among the adult male population, with their portion being increased with age. Studies into the relationship between the death rate and the main risk factors in the population provided evidence that risk of the death from cardiovascular diseases rises with an increase in the systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, in the body weight index, and in total cholesterol. The active composite preventive measures brought about a significant reduction in risk of the death from cardiovascular diseases, in the incidence of the fresh cases of myocardial infarction, and brain stroke. At the same time the death rate of cardiovascular diseases dropped by 40.7% as compared to the expected one, the number of lethal cases due to various reasons by 12.7%, an the incidence of myocardial infarction and brain stroke by 18.8%.

Adult↗