Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “mitigation”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Race and jurors' receptivity to mitigation in capital cases: the effect of jurors', defendants', and victims' race in combination.

This paper examines the variation in receptivity to mitigation evidence by capital jurors as it varies by the race of the juror, defendant, and victim individually and in combination. Attitudinal and racial characteristics from 865 respondents in the Capital Jury Project were used in the analysis. Using a generalized form of multiple regression, the respondent's receptivity to mitigation evidence was predicted and changes in receptivity were calculated as the race of the main trial participants (juror, defendant, and victim) were varied. Statistical controls were put in place for gender of respondent; respondent's perception of the dangerousness of the defendant, heinousness of the crime, and view of the defense attorney; respondent's formation of a premature sentencing decision; and whether the trial took place in a southern state jurisdiction. Results indicate that Black jurors in cases where a Black is charged with killing a White victim are chiefly responsible for the observed variance in receptivity to mitigation.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2003

Environmental support promotes expertise-based mitigation of age differences on pilot communication tasks.

The authors investigated whether expertise is more likely to mitigate age declines when experts rely on environmental support in a pilot/Air Traffic Control (ATC) communication task. Pilots and nonpilots listened to ATC messages that described a route through an airspace, while they referred to a chart of the airspace. They read back (repeated) each message and then answered a probe question about the route. In a preliminary study, participants could take notes while listening to the messages and performing the read-back and probe tasks. In Experiment 1, opportunity to take notes was manipulated. Note taking determined when expertise mitigated age differences on the read-back task. With note taking, read-back accuracy declined with age for nonpilots but not for pilots. Without note taking, similar age-related declines occurred for pilots and nonpilots. Benefits of expertise, younger age, and note taking occurred for probe accuracy, but mitigation did not occur. The findings suggest that older adults take advantage of a domain-relevant form of environmental support (note taking) to maintain performance on some complex tasks despite typical age-related declines in cognitive ability.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Mitigated erysipelas after implantation of foreign material].

When an infection occurs in the incisional area following surgery where foreign materials (i. e. endoprostheses, metal plates or plastic meshes) are implanted, a revision may become necessary because an infection in the area of the implant and involvement of the implant itself cannot be ruled out. In the case of a mitigated erysipelas, cultures taken during the revision seldom show bacterial growth. The disease progresses because surgery does not solve the problem of a weakened immune system and lymph stasis; on the contrary, it usually deteriorates the situation. A high dose antibiotic regimen is recommended as therapy for the mitigated erysipelas instead of an operative revision orally given. levofloxacin has proven to be successful reducing the recurrence rate. The course of two patients with mitigated erysipelas is represented for example in form of case studies. The patients were underwent several surgical revisions. But we had not to explant the endoprostheses at all. Finally both patients were treated with levofloxacin without further relapses.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Global health benefits of mitigating ozone pollution with methane emission controls.

Methane (CH(4)) contributes to the growing global background concentration of tropospheric ozone (O(3)), an air pollutant associated with premature mortality. Methane and ozone are also important greenhouse gases. Reducing methane emissions therefore decreases surface ozone everywhere while slowing climate warming, but although methane mitigation has been considered to address climate change, it has not for air quality. Here we show that global decreases in surface ozone concentrations, due to methane mitigation, result in substantial and widespread decreases in premature human mortality. Reducing global anthropogenic methane emissions by 20% beginning in 2010 would decrease the average daily maximum 8-h surface ozone by approximately 1 part per billion by volume globally. By using epidemiologic ozone-mortality relationships, this ozone reduction is estimated to prevent approximately 30,000 premature all-cause mortalities globally in 2030, and approximately 370,000 between 2010 and 2030. If only cardiovascular and respiratory mortalities are considered, approximately 17,000 global mortalities can be avoided in 2030. The marginal cost-effectiveness of this 20% methane reduction is estimated to be approximately 420,000 US dollars per avoided mortality. If avoided mortalities are valued at 1 US dollars million each, the benefit is approximately 240 US dollars per tone of CH(4) ( approximately 12 US dollars per tone of CO(2) equivalent), which exceeds the marginal cost of the methane reduction. These estimated air pollution ancillary benefits of climate-motivated methane emission reductions are comparable with those estimated previously for CO(2). Methane mitigation offers a unique opportunity to improve air quality globally and can be a cost-effective component of international ozone management, bringing multiple benefits for air quality, public health, agriculture, climate, and energy.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2004

A novel approach to mitigating the physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose measurements.

BACKGROUND: Lag between blood and interstitial fluid (ISF) glucose levels can contribute significantly to accuracy error in current and anticipated continuous glucose monitoring systems. Mitigating this physiological lag can be an important and useful means for improving the accuracy, and hence the clinical utility, of continuous glucose monitors. METHODS: In a test of 22 subjects with diabetes in which a glucose excursion was induced through oral ingestion of a glucose load, glucose levels in finger blood and forearm dermal ISF were monitored over a 5-6-h period. ISF was sampled from two types of sites: sites at which local blood perfusion was elevated through modulated pressure application (test ISF), and control sites at which no perfusion elevation technique was employed (control ISF). RESULTS: Average lag times (mean +/- SD values) between the two ISF samples and finger capillary blood glucose were determined to be 38.3 +/- 11.5 and 2.5 +/- 6.6 min, respectively, for the control and test ISF samples. Modulated pressure application mitigated the ISF physiological error by an average of 95% in this test. CONCLUSIONS: The methodology presented here of using a pressure modulation technique to create an elevation in blood flow holds promise for significantly mitigating one of the most significant components of accuracy error for continuous monitoring systems.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1994

Making mitigation decisions based on short-term tests of 222Rn.

One test option recommended by the EPA for deciding to mitigate involves up to two short-term measurements. If the initial measurement is > or = 148 Bq m-3, the test is repeated and the house is mitigated only if the mean of the two measurements is > or = 148 Bq m-3. The frequency of errors under this test option was evaluated using 2-d and 1-y measurements from 1,449 houses. The chances of making incorrect mitigation decisions vary from 1% to more than 50%.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1995

New methods of energy efficient radon mitigation.

Two new radon mitigation techniques are introduced and their evaluation in a field study complemented by numerical model predictions is described. Based on numerical predictions, installation of a sub gravel membrane at the study site resulted in a factor of 2 reduction in indoor radon concentrations. Experimental data indicated that installation of "short-circuit" pipes extending between the subslab gravel and outdoors caused an additional factor of 2 decrease in the radon concentration. Consequently, the combination of these two passive radon mitigation features, called the membrane and short-circuit (MASC) technique, was associated with a factor of 4 reduction in indoor radon concentration. The energy-efficient active radon mitigation method, called efficient active subslab pressurization (EASP), required only 20% of the fan energy of conventional active subslab depressurization and reduced the indoor radon concentration by approximately a factor of 15, including the numerically-predicted impact of the sub-gravel membrane.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1997

Radon retesting and mitigation behavior among the U.S. population.

Relatively few data are available about how people comply with Environmental Protection Agency recommendations concerning retesting and mitigation after either an initial screening or long term test for radon gas. Using data from the 1990 and 1991 National Health Interview Surveys, we found that 40.7% (standard error 6.4%) of homes with radon levels above 148 Bq m(-3) in 1990 and 34.3% (standard error 4.9%) of homes with levels above 148 Bq m(-3) in 1991 were retested. Among homes that were retested and had either an initial screening or followup test above 148 Bq m(-3), 28.2% (standard error 6.4%) were mitigated in 1990 compared with 48.4% (standard error 14.4%) that did so in 1991. These results suggest that most people are not complying with current EPA recommendations for retesting and mitigation.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed2001

Disaster mitigation and preparedness: the case of NGOs in the Philippines.

The Philippines is very vulnerable to natural disasters because of its natural setting, as well as its socio-economic, political and environmental context--especially its widespread poverty. The Philippines has a well-established institutional and legal framework for disaster management, including built-in mechanisms for participation of the people and NGOs in decision-making and programme implementation. The nature and extent of collaboration with government in disaster preparedness and mitigation issues varies greatly according to their roots, either in past confrontation and political struggles or traditional charity activities. The growing NGO involvement in disaster management has been influenced by this history. Some agencies work well with local government and there is an increasing trend for collaborative work in disaster mitigation and preparedness. Some NGOs, however, retain critical positions. These organisations tend to engage more in advocacy and legal support for communities facing increased risk because of development projects and environmental destruction. Entry points into disaster mitigation and preparedness vary as well. Development-oriented agencies are drawn into these issues when the community members with whom they work face disaster. Relief organisations, too, realise the need for community mobilisation, and are thus drawn towards development roles.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1994

Volcanic disaster mitigation in the Philippines: experience from Mt. Pinatubo.

Considerable progress has been made in volcanic disaster mitigation in the Philippines during the last four decades, since the devastating Hibok-Hibok eruption in 1951 and the establishment of the Commission on Volcanology (COMVOL), the forerunner of the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) in 1952. The management of the Pinatubo Volcano eruption crisis of 1991-92 marks the highest point in the development of volcanic disaster mitigation in the country. State-of-the-art volcano monitoring techniques and instruments were applied; the eruption was accurately predicted; hazards zonation maps were prepared and disseminated a month before the violent explosions; an alert and warning system was designed and implemented; and the disaster response machinery was mobilized on time. The unprecedented magnitude and lingering nature of the hazards, however, and their widespread, long-term impacts have sorely tested the capability of the country's volcanic disaster mitigation systems. In particular, the lahar threat has triggered controversies and put decision makers in a dilemma of choosing between adaptive versus confrontational/control approaches. At least three strategies have been articulated and adopted in varying degrees and forms: (1) the establishment of a lahar monitoring-warning-evacuation system to deal with the lahar problem on an emergency basis; (2) relocation of settlements from the hazard zones; and (3) installation of engineering countermeasures to control/divert the lahar flows and protect settlements. A combination of the three appears to be the best, but the most effective and least costly mix remains to be determined.

Disaster Planning↗
PubMed2003

Mitigation of pennyroyal oil hepatotoxicity in the mouse.

OBJECTIVES: Pennyroyal oil ingestion has been associated with severe hepatotoxicity and death. The primary constituent, R-(+)-pulegone, is metabolized via hepatic cytochrome P450 to toxic intermediates. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of the specific cytochrome P450 inhibitors disulfiram and cimetidine to mitigate hepatotoxicity in mice exposed to toxic levels of R-(+)-pulegone. METHODS: 20-g female BALB/c mice were pretreated with either 150 mg/kg of cimetidine intraperitoneal (IP), 100 mg/kg of disulfiram IP, or both. After one hour, mice were administered 300 mg/kg of pulegone IP and were killed 24 hours later. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Post-hoc t-tests used Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: There was a tendency for lower serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase in the disulfiram and cimetidine groups compared with the R-(+)-pulegone group. The differences were significant for both the cimetidine and the combined disulfram and cimetidine groups compared with the R-(+)-pulegone group. Pretreatment with the combination of disulfiram and cimetidine most effectively mitigated R-(+)-pulegone-induced hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of a pretreatment animal model, the combination of cimetidine and disulfiram significantly mitigates the effects of pennyroyal toxicity and does so more effectively than either agent alone. These data suggest that R-(+)-pulegone metabolism through CYP1A2 appears to be more important in the development of a hepatotoxic metabolite than does metabolism via CYP2E1.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

HIV/AIDS mitigation strategies and the State in sub-Saharan Africa--the missing link?

BACKGROUND: The HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa is widely recognised as a development disaster threatening poverty reduction, economic growth and not merely a health issue. Its mitigation includes the societal-wide adoption and implementation of specific health technologies, many of which depend on functional institutions and State. DISCUSSION: Donor and International Institutions' strategies to mitigate HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa are premised on a single optimal model of the State, one which focuses on the decentralised delivery of public goods alone (such as healthcare) - the service delivery state. The empirical evidence, though sparse, of "successful" and "unsuccessful" sub-Saharan Africa states' performance in mitigating HIV/AIDS does not support this model. Rather, the evidence suggests an alternative model that takes a country context specific approach - encompassing political power, institutional structures and the level of health technology needed. This model draws on the historical experience of East Asian countries' rapid development. SUMMARY: For international public health policies to be effective, they must consider a country tailored approach, one that advocates a coordinated strategy designed and led by the State with involvement of wider society specific to each country's particular history, culture, and level of development.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Assessing NEO hazard mitigation in terms of astrodynamics and propulsion systems requirements.

Uncertainties associated with assessing valid near-Earth object (NEO) threats and carrying out interception missions place unique and stringent burdens on designing mission architecture, astrodynamics, and spacecraft propulsion systems. A prime uncertainty is associated with the meaning of NEO orbit predictability regarding Earth impact. Analyses of past NEO orbits and impact probabilities indicate uncertainties in determining if a projected NEO threat will actually materialize within a given time frame. Other uncertainties regard estimated mass, composition, and structural integrity of the NEO body. At issue is if one can reliably estimate a NEO threat and its magnitude. Parameters that determine NEO deflection requirements within various time frames, including the terminal orbital pass before impact, and necessary energy payloads, are quantitatively discussed. Propulsion system requirements for extending space capabilities to rapidly interact with NEOs at ranges of up to about 1 AU (astronomical unit) from Earth are outlined. Such missions, without gravitational boosts, are deemed critical for a practical and effective response to mitigation. If an impact threat is confirmed on an immediate orbital pass, the option for interactive reconnaissance, and interception, and subsequent NEO orbit deflection must be promptly carried out. There also must be an option to abort the mitigation mission if the NEO is subsequently found not to be Earth threatening. These options require optimal decision latitude and operational possibilities for NEO threat removal while minimizing alarm. Acting too far in advance of the projected impact could induce perturbations that ultimately exacerbate the threat. Given the dilemmas, uncertainties, and limited options associated with timely NEO mitigation within a decision making framework, currently available propulsion technologies that appear most viable to carry out a NEO interception/mitigation mission within the greatest margin of control and reliability are those based on a combined (bimodal) nuclear thermal/nuclear electric propulsion platform. Elements of required and currently available performance characteristics for nuclear and electric propulsion systems are also discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Assessing the health benefits of urban air pollution reductions associated with climate change mitigation (2000-2020): Santiago, São Paulo, México City, and New York City.

To investigate the potential local health benefits of adopting greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation policies, we develop scenarios of GHG mitigation for México City, México; Santiago, Chile; São Paulo, Brazil; and New York, New York, USA using air pollution health impact factors appropriate to each city. We estimate that the adoption of readily available technologies to lessen fossil fuel emissions over the next two decades in these four cities alone will reduce particulate matter and ozone and avoid approximately 64,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 18,000-116,000) premature deaths (including infant deaths), 65,000 (95% CI 22,000-108,000) chronic bronchitis cases, and 46 million (95% CI 35-58 million) person-days of work loss or other restricted activity. These findings illustrate that GHG mitigation can provide considerable local air pollution-related public health benefits to countries that choose to abate GHG emissions by reducing fossil fuel combustion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Phosphorus losses from agricultural areas in river basins: effects and uncertainties of targeted mitigation measures.

In this paper we show the quantitative and relative importance of phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural areas within European river basins and demonstrate the importance of P pathways, linking agricultural source areas to surface water at different scales. Agricultural P losses are increasingly important for the P concentration in most European rivers, lakes, and estuaries, even though the quantity of P lost from agricultural areas in European catchments varies at least one order of magnitude (<0.2 kg P ha(-1) to >2.1 kg P ha(-1)). We focus on the importance of P for the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive and discuss the benefits, uncertainties, and side effects of the different targeted mitigation measures that can be adopted to combat P losses from agricultural areas in river basins. Experimental evidence of the effects of some of the main targeted mitigation measures hitherto implemented is demonstrated, including: (i) soil tillage changes, (ii) treatment of soils near ditches and streams with iron to reduce P transport from source areas to surface waters, (iii) establishment of buffer zones for retaining P from surface runoff, (iv) restoration of river-floodplain systems to allow natural inundation of riparian areas and deposition of P, and (v) inundation of riparian areas with tile drainage water for P retention. Furthermore, we show how river basin managers can map and analyze the extent and importance of P risk areas, exemplified by four catchments differing in size in Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands. Finally, we discuss the factors and mechanisms that may delay and/or counteract the responses of mitigation measures for combating P losses from agricultural areas when monitored at the catchment scale.

Agriculture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Field studies on exposure, effects, and risk mitigation of aquatic nonpoint-source insecticide pollution: a review.

Recently, much attention has been focused on insecticides as a group of chemicals combining high toxicity to invertebrates and fishes with low application rates, which complicates detection in the field. Assessment of these chemicals is greatly facilitated by the description and understanding of exposure, resulting biological effects, and risk mitigation strategies in natural surface waters under field conditions due to normal farming practice. More than 60 reports of insecticide-compound detection in surface waters due to agricultural nonpoint-source pollution have been published in the open literature during the past 20 years, about one-third of them having been undertaken in the past 3.5 years. Recent reports tend to concentrate on specific routes of pesticide entry, such as runoff, but there are very few studies on spray drift-borne contamination. Reported aqueous-phase insecticide concentrations are negatively correlated with the catchment size and all concentrations of > 10 microg/L (19 out of 133) were found in smaller-scale catchments (< 100 km2). Field studies on effects of insecticide contamination often lack appropriate exposure characterization. About 15 of the 42 effect studies reviewed here revealed a clear relationship between quantified, non-experimental exposure and observed effects in situ, on abundance, drift, community structure, or dynamics. Azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, and endosulfan were frequently detected at levels above those reported to reveal effects in the field; however, knowledge about effects of insecticides in the field is still sparse. Following a short overview of various risk mitigation or best management practices, constructed wetlands and vegetated ditches are described as a risk mitigation strategy that have only recently been established for agricultural insecticides. Although only 11 studies are available, the results in terms of pesticide retention and toxicity reduction are very promising. Based on the reviewed literature, recommendations are made for future research activities.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2001

The impact of information and communication factors on mitigation of workers health in the Chernobyl zone, 1986-1990.

Several important features of the Chernobyl disaster make it an outstanding event among the industrial accidents in the world s history. We want to draw the readers attention to three of them: 1) Chernobyl involved severe occupational injuries and caused chronic disorders in an unprecedented number of mitigation workers; 2) the health problems in question cannot be attributed solely to the specific radiation injury in the zone 1 ; and 3) the Chernobyl disaster has been a unique communication (media, in particular) event in terms of its international coverage, impact, and the controversies it has generated. The purpose of this article is to trace the links between these peculiarities of the accident and to suggest a framework for relating the communication and information factors to the health condition of the people who were occupationally involved in the Chernobyl disaster mitigation. We also will propose a number of ideas about how the factors in question can be managed within the Chernobyl disaster mitigation policy, which at present is critically shaped by the post-Soviet political, economic, and cultural context.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Seat vibration in military propeller aircraft: characterization, exposure assessment, and mitigation.

INTRODUCTION: There have been increasing reports of annoyance, fatigue, and even neck and back pain during prolonged operation of military propeller aircraft, where persistent multi-axis vibration occurs at higher frequencies beyond human whole-body resonance. This paper characterizes and assesses the higher frequency vibration transmitted to the occupants onboard these aircraft. METHODS: Multi-axis accelerations were measured at the occupied seating surfaces onboard the WC/C-130J, C-130H3, and E-2C Hawkeye. The effects of the vibration were assessed in accordance with current international guidelines (ISO 2631-1:1997). The relative psychophysical effects of the frequency components and the effects of selected mitigation strategies were also investigated. RESULTS: The accelerations associated with the blade passage frequency measured on the passenger seat pans located on the side of the fuselage near the propeller plane of the C-130J (102 Hz) and C-130H3 (68 Hz) were noteworthy (5.19 +/- 1.72 ms(-2) rms and 7.65 +/- 0.71 ms(-2) rms, respectively, in the lateral direction of the aircraft). The psychophysical results indicated that the higher frequency component would dominate the side passengers' perception of the vibration. Balancing the props significantly reduced the lower frequency propeller rotation vibration (17 Hz), but had little effect on the blade passage frequency vibration. CONCLUSIONS: The relationships among the frequency, vibration direction, and seat measurement sites were complex, challenging the development of seating systems and mitigation strategies. Psychophysical metrics could provide a tool for optimizing mitigation strategies, but the current international vibration standard may not provide optimum assessment methods for evaluating higher frequency operational exposures.

Acceleration↗