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PubMed2004

The race gap in support group participation by breast cancer survivors: real or artifact?

Addressing methodological weaknesses of previous research, this study assesses whether African American women are, in fact, less likely to participate in breast cancer support groups than are White women. Of the breast cancer survivors, 958 (26% African Americans, 73% Caucasian) completed interviews concerning demographic characteristics, other support networks, effects of illness on home and spiritual life, and support group participation. Contrary to previous research, no race difference was found in support group participation. This research suggests more effort needs to be paid to sampling techniques and other methodological factors to adequately reflect the experiences and needs of breast cancer survivors, specifically African American women.

Black People↗
PubMed2004

Expression of serotonin receptor mRNAs in human ciliary body: a polymerase chain reaction study.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has indicated a role for serotonin (5-HT) in the anterior uvea of the eye. The purpose of this study was to examine whether mRNAs encoding particular 5-HT receptors are expressed in the ciliary body and iris of a number of human subjects. METHODS: The presence of mRNA encoding 5-HT receptors in four human ciliary body samples was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction experiments using a standard methodology. RESULTS: Positive signals for 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(2A), 5-HT(2B), 5-HT(2C) and 5-HT(7) receptor mRNAs were detected in the samples prepared from various human ciliary body samples. CONCLUSION: The detection of certain 5-HT receptor mRNAs in the human ciliary body supports the hypothesis that serotonin is involved in the control of aqueous dynamics and indicates that ligands acting on these 5-HT receptors may have potential use as intraocular pressure-lowering agents.

Ciliary Body↗
PubMed1998

Simultaneous Determination of Two-Phase Relative Permeability and Capillary Pressure of Porous Rocks from Steady-State Flow Experiments: Accounting for Gravitational Forces and Fluid Compressibility.

A methodology for simultaneously measuring two-phase relative permeability and capillary pressure of porous rock samples from steady-state flow experiments, reported by Virnovsky et al. in 1995, is considered. The method requires measuring pressure drops in individual fluid phases across a rock sample. This paper studies the role of gravitational forces, neglected in the original derivation of the method. Direct numerical simulations of steady-state vertical flow experiments, performed over a typical range of rocks and flow parameters, show that the error caused by neglecting gravitational forces in the original method, is acceptable even for extremely high ( approximately 10(-10) m2) permeability samples. Thus, if multiphase flow measurements are performed on vertical samples, the gravitational force can be neglected for estimating relative permeability and capillary pressure. An extension of this method to the case of compressible fluids is presented. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

High-fidelity PCR amplification of infectious copies of the complete simian virus 40 genome from plasmids and virus-infected cell lysates.

We describe here a long-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method that can be used to amplify complete simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA with high fidelity, and we show that authentic, viable virus can be produced from molecular clones of the PCR-amplified viral DNAs. A commercial long-PCR kit that employed a combination of Taq and GB-D polymerases was used, together with a pair of overlapping primers that recognized a unique EcoRI site in the SV40 genome. Efficient amplification required linearization of the circular SV40 genomic DNAs with EcoRI. Entire SV40 genomes were successfully PCR-amplified from an SV40 plasmid and from two different SV40-infected cell lysates and were cloned into pUC-19. Three separate segments of the cloned viral genomes were DNA sequenced, and no nucleotide changes relative to the parental virus were detected, suggesting that the viral DNAs had been amplified with high fidelity. Each PCR clone was infectious, and no differences were detected in the growth characteristics of viruses derived from these clones as compared to the original viral strain. The procedure we utilized shortens and simplifies the molecular cloning of small double-stranded DNA viruses and will be useful for viral diagnostic tests and for recovery of virus from clinical samples. The results of these experiments have broad implications, as the methodology is applicable to many systems.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Childhood maltreatment and the risk of substance problems in later life.

This paper examines the risk of developing problems in adolescence and adulthood, particularly those associated with substance use, as a consequence of experiencing physical or sexual abuse during childhood. We review both retrospective and prospective research, conducted with both adolescent and adult respondents. Although there are some marked discrepancies in the findings from retrospective and prospective studies, these are probably due to differences in methodology, particularly between using official records and self-report to identify cases of abuse. Despite the wide range of methodologies and samples used in these studies, most indicate that the experience of childhood abuse is a risk factor for a number of common mental disorders in adolescence and adulthood, including alcohol and drug-related problems. In many cases, the experience of abuse appears to lead in later life to increased feelings of depression and anxiety which, while not sufficient to result in the diagnosis of a mental health disorder, place the victims at greater risk of developing substance problems. Multivariate studies indicate that this positive association remains even when controlling for important variables such as the presence of parental alcohol problems. The paper concludes with a number of recommendations for future research, so that it can be established whether the risk arises specifically from child abuse or neglect, or from the more general impact on child development of adverse family relationships.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

A methodology for global validation of microarray experiments.

BACKGROUND: DNA microarrays are popular tools for measuring gene expression of biological samples. This ever increasing popularity is ensuring that a large number of microarray studies are conducted, many of which with data publicly available for mining by other investigators. Under most circumstances, validation of differential expression of genes is performed on a gene to gene basis. Thus, it is not possible to generalize validation results to the remaining majority of non-validated genes or to evaluate the overall quality of these studies. RESULTS: We present an approach for the global validation of DNA microarray experiments that will allow researchers to evaluate the general quality of their experiment and to extrapolate validation results of a subset of genes to the remaining non-validated genes. We illustrate why the popular strategy of selecting only the most differentially expressed genes for validation generally fails as a global validation strategy and propose random-stratified sampling as a better gene selection method. We also illustrate shortcomings of often-used validation indices such as overlap of significant effects and the correlation coefficient and recommend the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) as an alternative. CONCLUSION: We provide recommendations that will enhance validity checks of microarray experiments while minimizing the need to run a large number of labour-intensive individual validation assays.

3T3-L1 Cells↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estimation of porous media flow functions using NMR imaging data.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging data measured during two-phase displacement experiments on porous rock core samples are used in an inverse problem methodology to estimate the two-phase flow functions relative permeability and capillary pressure. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging data contain valuable information about variation of fluid states within the core sample and are therefore important for accurate estimation of these properties. A precise agreement between measured data, which also includes pressure drop across the core samples, and the data simulated by using the estimated flow functions is found, indicating accurate flow function estimates.

Alkanes↗
PubMed2001

Reflection as a transforming process: student advanced nurse practitioners' experiences of developing reflective skills as part of an MSc programme.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to explore student advanced nurse practitioners' (ANPs) experiences of reflection. BACKGROUND: The implementation of a National Health Service (NHS) Executive initiative to develop a Master's Course in advanced nursing practice at Wolverhampton University provided the background to the study. The course was designed to enable experienced nurses to take on activities previously considered the province of physicians. The aim was to extend practice within a holistic nursing framework. Reflection was perceived as central to this process. A pre-entry degree level reflective practice module and a reflective component for the level 4 (Master's level) Practice Module were devised to enhance practitioners' reflective skills. RATIONALE: The rationale for the study was that it should explore student ANPs' perceptions of reflection following completion of these modules, to evaluate their experiences and inform curriculum development. DESIGN/METHODS: A qualitative methodology was used. The sample comprised 14 ANP students. Interviews and reflective learning contracts were used to collect the data. Colaizzi's (1978) seven-stage model guided data analysis. FINDINGS: The findings indicated that all but one of the students described the development of their reflective skills positively. Changes are described in students' thinking and behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: The conclusions have implications for ANPs, for patient care, and for others seeking to develop the ANP role.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The peritoneal dialysis experience: insights from long-term patients.

This exploratory-descriptive study identifies dimensions of self-management demonstrated by patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) who have been successfully treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) for more than 4 years (range = 4.1 to 13.1 years, mean = 7.5 years). After IRB review, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 individuals, 10 male and 8 female; 11 Caucasian, 6 African-American, and 1 Hispanic. Respondents ranged in age from 33 to 86 years (mean = 54.4 years). Interviews were audio-recorded and verbatim transcriptions were analyzed according to a content analytic procedure, with movement from specific to general. Two broad domains of self-management were identified: autonomy/control in health care and normality in everyday life. Autonomy/control was comprised of three specific dimensions: partnership in care, self-care, and self-care self-efficacy. Normality in everyday life included the dimensions of flexibility/freedom, interpretation of illness severity, and perception of body image. Although the small sample size and methodology limit generalizability, insights into the lived self-management experience on PD were identified. Such insights lay the groundwork for development of interventions to facilitate informed decision-making regarding dialysis modality, to teach tactics for effective self-management on PD, and to help health care professionals to support the self-management efforts of patients on PD.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Sun protection behaviours and the predictors of sunburn in young children.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the use of sun protection behaviours and the experience of sunburn in a sample of parents and their children in New Zealand. METHODOLOGY: Information was collected from 887 parents using postal questionnaires at the beginning of and during the summer. RESULTS: Thirty per cent of the parents believed their child looked healthier with a suntan, and 40% intended to let their child get a suntan during the summer. Predictors of intention to tan included level of parental education, the child's age, the child's sensitivity to burning and experience of sunburn in the parent. At the end of the summer period, 29% of the children were reported as being sunburned. Predictors of sunburn in the child were the age of the child, experience of sunburn in the parent and use of sunscreen SPF15+ by the parent. CONCLUSION: Despite intense media coverage of the dangers of overexposure to the sun, it is clear that a significant proportion of children are still getting sunburned.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Patient satisfaction surveys subsequent to hospital care: problems of sampling, non-response and other losses.

Patient questionnaires are commonly used to assess patient satisfaction. This study reports on methodological experiences based on practical use of a Swedish questionnaire. The material consists of questionnaires from five different studies at some 60 wards in three hospitals. Four of the studies were performed by "routine procedure", while one was performed specially to study sampling, non-response and other losses. The results showed that a large number of patients were not given a questionnaire despite the fact that they should have been included according to the sampling criteria. In the special study barely half of those discharged answered a questionnaire corresponding to only about one in four in some studies performed routinely. Many of the patients excluded were probably in a difficult situation and their needs ought to be particularly noticed. This was true of patients who were old or confused, had language difficulties, were seriously ill, or who died during the care episode.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

"Goofed-up" images: thought sampling with a schizophrenic woman.

A variant of the time-sampling method, experience sampling, was used to produce a narrative description of the inner experience of a schizophrenic young woman. In general, her inner experience was predominantly visual, and those images were frequently "goofed up", i.e., tilted, obliterated, or inaccurate in detail. The case has methodological significance in that it demonstrates that the descriptive time-sampling method can provide useful information about individuals, and also has significance in our understanding of schizophrenia, in that it exemplifies in detail the everyday distortions of inner experience in schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

1H NMR, a rapid method to monitor organic acids during cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum Spreng) processing.

The development of an analytical method using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectrometry to monitor cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum Spreng) bean fermentation, drying, and roasting processes is reported. The analysis of organic acids and alcohols of crude water extracts of cupuassu ground kernels were monitored by HPLC and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The residual protein signals caused deleterious effects on acid and alcohol quantifications. Therefore, the analytical procedures were optimized by sample cleanup and water suppression pulse sequences in order to obtain compatible data using HPLC and 1H NMR. The quantification of lactic acid, acetic acid, and 2,3-butanediol by NMR is 5- to 10-fold faster than by HPLC, with the advantage of providing the identification of several chemical species in a single experiment. Application of these analytical conditions to some cupuassu samples revealed that this methodology can be applied to the quality profiles of fermentation and roasting processes.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed2003

Distress about sex: a national survey of women in heterosexual relationships.

As a consequence of the impact of Viagra on male sexual dysfunction, considerable attention is now being paid to sexual dysfunctions in women, which might respond to pharmacological treatment. Should women's sexual problems be conceptualized in the same way as men's? The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of distress about sexuality among women, and examine the predictors of such distress, including aspects of the woman's sexual experience, as well as other aspects of hercurrent situation. A telephone survey of women used Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing and Telephone-Audio-Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing methodology to investigate respondents' sexual experiences in the previous month. A national probability sample was used of 987 White or Black/African American women aged 20-65 years, with English as first language, living for at least 6 months in a heterosexual relationship. The participation rate was 53.1%. Weighting was applied to increase the representativeness of the sample. A total of 24.4% of women reported marked distress about their sexual relationship and/or their own sexuality. The best predictors of sexual distress were markers of general emotional well-being and emotional relationship with the partner during sexual activity. Physical aspects of sexual response in women, including arousal, vaginal lubrication, and orgasm, were poor predictors. In general, the predictors of distress about sex did not fit well with the DSM-IV criteria for the diagnosis of sexual dysfunction in women. These findings are compared with those from other studies involving representative samples of women, and the conceptual issues involved in the use of terms such as "sexual problem" and "sexual dysfunction" are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

A systematic review of the nonacoustic benefits of bone-anchored hearing AIDS.

OBJECTIVE: This study completed an evidence-based practice systematic review of the nonacoustic benefits for adult patients receiving bone-anchored hearing aid(s) (BAHAs) relative to other forms of amplification (i.e., none, bone-conduction hearing aids [BCHAs], or air-conduction hearing aids [ACHAs]). DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: ComDisDome and PubMed were used to perform a comprehensive search for studies that were of at least level III of evidence. Three independent reviewers completed the search, quality assessment, and data extraction. RESULTS: Out of 28 studies, seven studies were identified, three of which were prospective and four of which were retrospective within-subject comparison designs. Nearly all of the studies were of small sample size and/or limited methodological quality, primarily because of logistics (e.g., heterogeneity of subject samples and prior experience with amplification). CONCLUSIONS: The evidence identified in this review is limited regarding the nonacoustic benefits of BAHAs compared with unaided conditions or other types of amplification. Professionals should use caution when counseling patients about the quality of life (QOL) benefits of these devices. Routine use of QOL outcome measures and standardized methods for reporting findings are critical in demonstrating the nonacoustic benefits of BAHAs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Adenosine and the regulation of cerebral blood flow.

OBJECTIVES: This review summarizes the 30 year effort of my collaborator and mentor Dr J. W. Phillis to establish the role of adenosine in the regulation of cerebral blood flow. METHODS: While most of the experiments described utilized the rat cerebral cortex as a model, several different and complementary methodologies were employed. Superfusate samples were collected from the cortical surface and analysed for purines using HPLC. Laser-Doppler flowmetry was utilized to measure blood flow in the pial vasculature, while pial diameters were monitored by videomicroscopy. An additional series of experiments looked at coronary blood flow in a Langendorff preparation. RESULTS: Adenosine is released from the cortex in response to decreased nutrient supply (hypoxia/ ischemia) and during conditions that mimic alterations in the extracellular environment associated with increased metabolism. The application of pharmacological agents that alter adenosine metabolism resulted in the appropriate alterations in ECF adenosine levels and also in blood flow. Selective blockade of the adenosine A(2A) receptor reduced the pial vasodilation evoked by hypercapnoea. Results from the isolated rat heart, utilizing similar agents, support a role for adenosine in the regulation of coronary blood flow during respiratory and metabolic acidosis. DISCUSSION: Adenosine is released when there is a mismatch between supply and demand. If the effects of adenosine are blocked with receptor antagonists, the vasodilation is also reduced. However, the effects of adenosine on the hyperemia evoked by hypercapnoea are complicated by the arousal evoked by adenosine receptor antagonists and the effects of upstream regulation.

Adenosine↗
PubMed2006

The qualitative experience of Chinese parents with children diagnosed of cancer.

AIM: The present study aimed to describe the coping experiences of Chinese parents with children diagnosed as having cancer during the treatment stage. BACKGROUND: Cancer is the second major cause of death among children in Hong Kong, it claims the lives of 60-70 children per year. Childhood cancer has tremendous impact on the family, especially the parents. It is, therefore, important to understand parents' psychological functioning and coping experience. METHODS: A phenomenological approach was used. Data were collected by qualitative interviews and analysed following Colaizzi's phenomenological methodology. A purposive sample of nine parents whose children were diagnosed of having childhood cancer was recruited from a regional hospital in Hong Kong. RESULTS: Four themes emerged describing parents' coping experiences: shock and denial, establishing the meaning or the situation, confronting the reality and establishing a new perspective. The initial reactions of the parents to the diagnosis were shock, denial and worry. However, they quickly accepted the reality and regarded their child's illness as their 'fate' that they had to accept. They were committed to the care of the sick child and seek informational and emotional support to cope with the situation. All of them were able to identify positive aspects from the illness experience and establish hope for the future. Chinese cultural beliefs might help the parents cope positively and avoid negative emotions. CONCLUSION: This study found some commonalities of coping experience in both Western and Chinese culture. It adds knowledge to the coping experience of Chinese parents at the treatment phase of their children's illness and highlighted the need for emotional and information support for parents. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Education programme and mutual support group would be helpful to parents. Nurses have to learn how different cultural groups and subcultural groups in the society cope to provide competent cultural care.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

The need for accurate nutrition survey methodology: the South Carolina experience.

Assessment of two nutrition-related risk factors, obesity and fat intake, was completed on a representative sample of South Carolina adults. Obesity estimates determined from self-reported heights and weights were less than prevalences determined from direct measurements (white males 21.4% vs. 28.2%; white females 20.8% vs. 24.5%; black males 29.2% vs. 30.1%; black females 43.6% vs. 50.6%; and total 24.9 vs. 29.8%). Nine fat-intake habits were identified from dietary mannerisms involving the consumption of red meat, fat on meat, fried fish/chicken, butter, eggs, whole milk, bacon/sausage, and cheese and the use of solid fats when cooking vegetables. The mean number of the nine habits exhibited was four. The total number of habits did not correlate well with serum cholesterol, as 27% of the individuals with none of the nine fat intake habits had blood cholesterol values greater than 6.2 mmol/L (239 mg/100 mL), while only 17% of the individuals with seven habits had the high level of cholesterol. These nine habits explained less than 10% of the variability of serum cholesterol values.

Black People↗