SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “cooperation”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

PubMed2004

Cooperative ideas about cooperative strategies.

There is little precedence for rational design of pharmacological strategies that utilize multiple sites of action. However, such pharmaceutical and nutraceutical multitasking may be just the ticket to combat the multifactorial nature of neurodegeneration. This paper summarizes the discussion on several cooperative ideas, particularly on intellectual property issue, current research funding status, and limitations of public and private funding.

Cooperative Behavior↗

PubMed1979

[Medical development cooperation in the Confederation. The international framework and the important place of public health in Swiss development cooperation].

The systematic organization of health services in the developing countries to benefit the majority of the population is seen as an important contribution toward the general economic and social development of these countries. This view is uncontested today, but was given less importance in the early years of Swiss development aid. The Swiss Development Cooperation's support of health services is now integrated into its overall program to satisfy the basic needs of the people of the developing countries.

Developing Countries↗

PubMed1998

[Cooperation between the family physician, rheumatologist, hospital and rehabilitation clinic. Contribution of regional cooperative rheumatic disease centers for total quality management].

The building-up of multipurpose arthritis centers in Germany led to a network including outpatient and inpatient services, primary care physicians, rheumatologists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, psychologists, acute care clinics, and rehabilitation centers. The structural improvement in the care of patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases has to be followed by an improvement of processes in the care of these patients and by an improvement of outcome. Coordination offices can help not only to further improve cooperation between primary care physicians, specialized rheumatologists and hospitals but also to establish a comprehensive clinical quality management.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗

PubMed1985

A computerized approach towards the estimation of binding parameters to characterize cooperative and non-cooperative multicomponent ligand-receptor interactions.

A mathematical model has been developed to analyse multicomponent ligand-receptor interaction data directly from binding experiments without resorting to approximations such as linearization. This approach may be applied to analyze binding data for radioreceptor systems involving thyroid and steroid hormones, and drugs on neurotransmitters. Affinity constants, maximal binding capacity, cooperativity and nonspecific binding may be calculated for multiple binding systems.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1993

National Cooperative rHu Erythropoietin Study in patients with chronic renal failure--an interim report. The National Cooperative rHu Erythropoietin Study Group.

This second interim report of the National Cooperative rHu Erythropoietin Study presents data from 324 patients new to recombinant human erythropoietin (Epoetin alfa) who completed at least 12 months of study participation. Mean hematocrit levels increased to approximately 30% by month 3 in patients on hemodialysis (n = 293) and stabilized for the remainder of the study whether Epoetin alfa was administered by the intravenous (n = 250) or subcutaneous (n = 42) route. The intravenous dosage level ranged between 106.9 and 121.6 U/kg/wk; subcutaneous dosing ranged between 87.4 and 108.0 U/kg/wk; dosing levels in patients on peritoneal dialysis (n = 31) were similar, although there was a trend towards slightly higher hematocrit levels. Throughout the 12 months of the study, there was no relationship between blood pressure and either hematocrit level or Epoetin alfa dose. Approximately two thirds of the patients were receiving iron supplementation at any given time, and there was a trend towards the increased use of oral iron supplements. The incidence of adverse events in this cohort of patients was low throughout the study, and there was no relationship between the incidence of adverse events and either hematocrit level or Epoetin alfa dose. Based on an analysis of data from baseline to first follow-up, Epoetin alfa therapy resulted in improvement in several quality-of-life factors, most notable of which was vitality. Improvement occurred in all patient subgroups with some variability in the level and intensity of effect. Overall, these data demonstrate that Epoetin alfa therapy is safe and effective when used in a broad cross-section of patients on dialysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Alabama coronary artery bypass grafting Cooperative Project: baseline data. Alabama CABG Cooperative Project Study Group.

BACKGROUND: The Alabama Cooperative CABG Project is a statewide process-oriented analysis of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The purpose of this report is to present the first information generated by this analysis, which will serve as a baseline for subsequent quality improvement projects. METHODS: Medical records of Medicare beneficiaries from Alabama, a comparison state, and a national random sample who had isolated CABG between July 1, 1995, and June 30, 1996, were examined. Fifty-six demographic, procedural, and outcome variables were abstracted. Quality indicators identified by the Alabama Quality Assurance Foundation Study Group included: internal mammary artery use, prescription of aspirin at discharge, duration of postoperative intubation, use of intraaortic balloon pump, readmission to intensive care unit, hospital readmission within 30 days, return to the operating room for bleeding, and in-patient mortality. Benchmark performance rates for quality indicators reflecting care processes were calculated. RESULTS: Alabama, the comparison state, and the national sample consisted of 4,092, 2,290, and 1,119 patients, respectively. The processes of care and outcome, including risk-adjusted mortality, for CABG across the state of Alabama are generally similar to other states and nationwide samples. However, there was considerable variation at the local hospital level in Alabama for each quality indicator. CONCLUSIONS: The data provide a "snapshot" of practice patterns for CABG in Alabama. A specific quality indicator (duration of intubation) was identified as a focus for statewide improvement. Hospital-specific variations in quality indicators suggested opportunities for improvement in other indicators at a number of hospitals.

Aged↗

PubMed1987

Two-step ligand binding and cooperativity. A model to describe the cooperative binding of myosin subfragment 1 to regulated actin.

The binding of actin to myosin subfragment 1 (S1) has been shown to occur as a two-step reaction. In the first step actin is weakly bound and then the complex isomerizes to the "rigor type" acto-S1 complex (Coates, J. H., A. H. Criddle, and M. A. Geeves, 1985 Biochem. J., 232:351-356). We propose here a model in which troponin/tropomyosin (Tn/Tm) controls the actin-S1 interaction by inhibiting the isomerization step. In this model the (actin)7 Tn/Tm unit is assumed to exist in two states: open and closed. S1 can bind to either of the two states but only the open form allows the isomerization reaction to take place. We demonstrate that this model can account for the cooperative binding of S1 and S1 nucleotide complexes to actin. The model provides a way of integrating both the effects of calcium and nucleotide on actin-S1 interactions.

Actins↗

PubMed1998

Improving care for acute myocardial infarction: experience from the Cooperative Cardiovascular Project. The Cooperative Cardiovascular Project Best Practices Working Group.

BACKGROUND: The Cooperative Cardiovascular Project (CCP) was initiated by the Health Care Financing Administration to improve the quality of care for Medicare beneficiaries admitted to the hospital with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Four peer review organizations formed the CCP Best Practices Working Group (Working Group) to identify effective intervention strategies that enable a hospital staff to improve AMI care. METHODS: The peer review organization in each state was asked to identify six hospitals with exemplary quality improvement (QI) plans for AMI care; 33 states responded. Data about the hospitals' baseline performance on the CCP quality indicators and components of the QI plans were collected from each hospital. Thirty-six of 40 randomly selected hospitals from this group were interviewed. RESULTS: The Working Group identified 191 hospitals in 33 states with exemplary QI plans. Administration of thrombolytic therapy and aspirin were the quality indicators most commonly addressed. Staff education, development or revision of clinical pathways and standing orders, and ongoing data collection were the most common QI plan components. The need to develop interdisciplinary teams and to identify a strong physician champion for the QI efforts were the most common recommendations for other hospitals considering implementation of the CCP. CONCLUSIONS: The CCP stimulated interest in QI activities for AMI care in the institutions identified for the Working Group. The characteristics of the hospitals' improvement plans were consistent with those identified by contemporary leaders of clinical QI as central to improving care. These plans focused on changes in clinical processes, deployment of interdisciplinary teams, identification of project champions, and ongoing data collection to assess and improve quality of care.

Alabama↗

PubMed1997

The highest affinity DNA element bound by Pbx complexes in t(1;19) leukemic cells fails to mediate cooperative DNA-binding or cooperative transactivation by E2a-Pbx1 and class I Hox proteins - evidence for selective targetting of E2a-Pbx1 to a subset of Pbx-recognition elements.

Oncoprotein E2a-Pbx1 contains the N-terminal transactivation domains of E2a and the majority of the homeodomain protein, Pbx1. Using recombinant proteins, both Pbx1 and E2a-Pbx1 heterodimerize with Hox proteins on bipartite elements, Pbx1 binding a 5' TGAT core and Class I Hox proteins binding adjacent 3' TAAT, TTAT, or TGAT cores. In contrast to these in vitro results, nuclear extracts from E2a-Pbx1-transformed cells assemble an abundant Pbx-containing complex on TGATTGAT that excludes E2a-Pbx1, suggesting that an uncharacterized in vivo partner discriminates between E2a-Pbx1 and Pbx proteins, distinguishing it from Hox proteins. Here, we describe the DNA-binding properties of this complex, and identify TGATTGAC (PCE; Pbx Consensus Element) as its optimal recognition motif. In vitro, the PCE fails to bind heterodimers of Class I Hox proteins plus either Pbx1 or E2a-Pbx1. Likewise, in vivo, the PCE fails to mediate cooperative transactivation by E2a-Pbx1 plus Class I Hox proteins. Thus, the PCE binds a Pbx dimer partner that behaves unlike Class I Hox proteins. Competition analysis indicates that the Pbx-containing complex that binds the PCE also binds the TGATTGAT Pbx-Hox element and binds promoter elements required for tissue-specific expression of a number of cellular genes. Thus, different Pbx partners dictate targetting of Pbx heterodimers to related DNA motifs that differ in the sequence of their 3' half-sites, and E2a-Pbx1 heterodimerizes with only a subset of Pbx partners, restricting its potential DNA targets.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1975

Antigen-specific T-cell factor in cell cooperation. Mapping within the I region of the H-2 complex and ability to cooperate across allogeneic barriers.

Further mapping of the mouse T-cell factor specific for poly(Try,Glu)-polyD-LAla--polyLys is reported. It is shown to be a product of the I-A subregion of the H-2 complex by the use of antisera either raised specifically against or made specific, by absorption, for different regions of the H-2 complex. The factor cooperates across allogeneic barriers, e.g., when factor produced by one strian is combined with bone marrow cells of other H-2 incompatible strains.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Validity and reliability of the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study.

This article reports the development and psychometric properties of the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change (ADCS-CGIC). At present, a number of unvalidated CGIC scales are used in clinical trials, with various methods for making ratings. The ADCS-CGIC was designed on the basis of a survey of ADCS clinicians and by adapting existing instruments. It includes an organized but unstructured format, with which a clinician can address clinically relevant change. The instrument's reliability and validity were assessed in a prospective trial of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and healthy subjects over a 12-month period. It showed good short-term reliability at 1 and 2 months, with 90 and 94% of AD subjects, respectively, rated as having changed not at all or only minimally. The ADCS-CGIC's face validity was demonstrated by untreated. AD subjects rated as having worsened over time at both 6 months (56% rated as having worsened) and 12 months (81% rated as having worsened), whereas only 2% of control subjects showed minimal worsening. As a measure of predictive validity, ADCS-CGIC ratings at 12 months were significantly associated with change on four severity scales. As with other measures, change ratings were sensitive to dementia severity. Moderately impaired subjects showed greater worsening than other subjects. ADCS-CGIC ratings of greater worsening were made after the informant interview, regardless of whether informants or subjects were interviewed first. The ADCS-CGIC is a valid and reliable instrument for use in clinical trials.

Aged↗

PubMed1997

Murine OKT4A immunosuppression in cadaver donor renal allograft recipients: a cooperative clinical trials in transplantation pilot study. Cooperative Clinical Trials in Transplantation Research Group.

BACKGROUND: A phase I study of anti-CD4 immunosuppression of cadaver donor renal allograft recipients was conducted by the NIH Cooperative Clinical Trials in Transplantation to assess safety, tolerability, immunoactivity, and pharmacokinetics of multiple infusions of murine anti-human CD4 monoclonal antibody OKT4A. METHODS: Thirty patients were enrolled (from August 1992 to October 1993) and received OKT4A at doses of 0.5 mg/kg (24 patients), 1.0 mg/kg (three patients), and 2.0 mg/kg (three patients) beginning and continuing for 12 consecutive days with a standard regimen of cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone. OKT4A treatment was continued postoperatively if serum creatinine 24 hr after transplantation was <85% of pretransplantation baseline creatinine. RESULTS: Ninety-three percent of patients treated at 0.5 mg/kg OKT4A and all patients at higher doses had mean peak CD4 saturations in excess of 90%. A human antimouse antibody response of more than three times pretreatment levels was observed in 84% of patients. There was no evidence of CD4 T-cell depletion. OKT4A was well tolerated without first-dose side effects. For the 19 eligible patients treated with 0.5 mg/kg OKT4A with initial graft function, the 3-month treated rejection rate was 37%. The 2-year graft survival rate for all 30 patients enrolled was 83%, and for the 19 eligible patients it was 95%. CONCLUSIONS: The high percentage of CD4 saturation, minimal side effects, the observation of a low 3-month rejection rate, and an excellent 2-year graft survival rate in patients treated with 0.5 mg/kg OKT4A support the continued investigation of an anti-CD4 approach to immunosuppressive therapy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Cooperativity between different nutrient receptors in germination of spores of Bacillus subtilis and reduction of this cooperativity by alterations in the GerB receptor.

The GerA nutrient receptor alone triggers germination of Bacillus subtilis spores with L-alanine or L-valine, and these germinations were stimulated by glucose and K+ plus the GerK nutrient receptor. The GerB nutrient receptor alone did not trigger spore germination with any nutrients but required glucose, fructose, and K+ (GFK) (termed cogerminants) plus GerK for triggering of germination with a number of L-amino acids. GerB and GerA also triggered spore germination cooperatively with l-asparagine, fructose, and K+ and either L-alanine or L-valine. Two GerB variants (termed GerB*s) that were previously isolated by their ability to trigger spore germination in response to D-alanine do not respond to D-alanine but respond to the same L-amino acids that stimulate germination via GerB plus GerK and GFK. GerB*s alone triggered spore germination with these L-amino acids, although GerK plus GFK stimulated the rates of these germinations. In contrast to l-alanine germination via GerA, spore germination via L-alanine and GerB or GerB* was not inhibited by D-alanine. These data support the following conclusions. (i) Interaction with GerK, glucose, and K+ somehow stimulates spore germination via GerA. (ii) GerB can bind and respond to L-amino acids, although normally either the binding site is inaccessible or its occupation is not sufficient to trigger spore germination. (iii) Interaction of GerB with GerK and GFK allows GerB to bind or respond to amino acids. (iv) In addition to spore germination due to the interaction between GerA and GerK, and GerB and GerK, GerB can interact with GerA to trigger spore germination in response to appropriate nutrients. (v) The amino acid sequence changes in GerB*s reduce these receptor variants' requirement for GerK and cogerminants in their response to L-amino acids. (vi) GerK binds glucose, GerB interacts with fructose in addition to L-amino acids, and GerA interacts only with L-valine, L-alanine, and its analogs. (vii) The amino acid binding sites in GerA and GerB are different, even though both respond to L-alanine. These new conclusions are integrated into models for the signal transduction pathways that initiate spore germination.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1992

International cooperative study on the relationship between dietary factors and blood pressure: a preliminary report from the Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison (CARDIAC) Study. The CARDIAC Cooperative Study Research Group.

1. To investigate the epidemiological relationship of dietary factors to blood pressure (BP) and major cardiovascular diseases, we carried out the international cooperative Cardiovascular Diseases and Alimentary Comparison (CARDIAC) Study, which so far involves 48 centers in 20 countries as of August 1991. From each population, 100 men and 100 women aged 50-54 years were randomly selected for BP measurement, 24-h urine collection, blood tests, and medical interview. Various biological markers of diets from urine and blood were analyzed centrally in the Izumo CARDIAC center. 2. Cross center analysis using simple linear regression revealed strong significant correlations of body mass index (BMI) to systolic BP (SBP; p < 0.01) and diastolic BP (DBP; p < 0.001) in men. 24-h urinary sodium (Na) excretion in men also showed significant correlations with SBP (p < 0.05) and DBP p < 0.05) even after controlling for the effect of BMI (SBP; p < 0.05, DBP; p < 0.05). 3. Within center analysis using multiple linear regression implied that BMI and Na strongly adversely affect BP, whereas magnesium may have beneficial influence on BP. 4. Multicolinearities among 24h urinary sodium, calcium, and urea nitrogen were noted in men.

Body Mass Index↗

PubMed2004

Pathologic findings in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooper) naturally infected with West Nile virus.

Carcasses of 13 red-tailed hawks (RTHAs) and 11 Cooper's hawks (COHAs) were tested for West Nile virus (WNV) using WNV-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on fresh brain tissue and WNV-specific immunohistochemistry (IHC) on various organs. Ten COHAs (91%) and 11 RTHAs (85%) were positive for WNV RNA by RT-PCR. All 11 COHAs (100%) and 10 RTHAs (77%) were positive for WNV antigen by IHC. A triad of inflammatory lesions, including chronic lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic encephalitis, endophthalmitis, and myocarditis, was common in both species. In COHAs, the heart (54%), cerebrum (50%), and eye (45%) were the organs that most commonly contained WNV antigen. The amount of WNV antigen was usually small. In RTHAs, the kidney (38%), cerebrum (38%), cerebellum (38%), and eye (36%) were the organs most commonly containing WNV antigen. Unlike COHAs, larger amounts of WNV antigen were present in the cerebrum of RTHAs. WNV antigen was detected in similar cell populations in both species, including neurons of brain, spinal cord, and retina, pigmented epithelial cells of the retina, epithelial cells of renal medullary tubules, cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of arteries, dendritic cells of splenic lymph follicles, exocrine pancreatic cells, adrenal cells, and keratinocytes of the skin. The study presents strong evidence that WNV can cause a chronic fatal disease in RTHAs and COHAs. The lesion distribution of WNV infection in both species is variable, but inflammatory lesions are common, and a triad of lesions including encephalitis, myocarditis, and endophthalmitis is indicative of WNV infection in both species.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1979

Passive-active immunity from hepatitis B immune globulin. Reanalysis of a Veterans Administration cooperative study of needle-stick hepatitis. The Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Group.

The mechanism of action of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and immune serum globulin was sought in a reanalysis of a Veterans Administration cooperative study on needle-stick exposure to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive blood. Sera from 296 exposed persons were tested for HBsAg, antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) by radioimmunoassay. Type B hepatitis developed in three HBIG (2%) and in 12 ISG (8%) recipients. In contrast, subclinical infection (development of HBsAg or anti-HBs and anti-HBc without symptoms or jaundice) developed in 16 HBIG (10%) but only six immune serum globulin (4%) recipients. Thus, infection occurred equally in both groups but was more likely to be subclinical in HBIG recipients, indicating that HBIG permitted development of passive-active immunity to type B hepatitis. An additional 53 immune serum globulin recipients (36%) but only one HBIG recipient developed anti-HBs alone, without hepatitis, HBsAg, or anti-HBc. This response was more compatible with immunization by HBsAg than with infection. Ultracentrifugation analysis revealed occult HBsAg in the immune serum globulin but not the HBIG, indicating that some immune serum globulin preparations contain HBsAg and can induce active immunity to type B hepatitis.

Hepatitis B↗

PubMed1991

[The results of the comparative study of nadolol, propranolol, prazosin and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with arterial hypertension in a 12-month stepped-plan treatment (cooperative research). The Working Group of the Cooperative Program to Study New Preparations in the Prevention of Arterial Hypertension. I. The research protocol and results of monotherapy].

The paper concerns a cooperative open study with participation of 10 centers of the USSR. After receiving placebo 419 men aged 30-59 years suffering from arterial hypertension (diastolic arterial pressure in the sitting position greater than or equal to 95 mm Hg) were given antihypertensive drugs after randomization. The treatment was provided in accordance with a stepped scheme and was started from monotherapy with the beta-adrenoblockers nadolol or propranolol (PP), or with the indirect vasodilator prazosin (PS) or the diuretic. If monotherapy failed, the patients were administered combinations of the indicated drugs. The treatment lasted one year, with a monthly control being exercised. 356 patients completed the studies. Of these, 131 patients (36.8%) had received monotherapy toward the end of the year. During the entire year, monotherapy was provided to 48.9% of the patients who started treatment from nadolol and completed the studies, to 34.1% who started treatment from PP, to 35.5% who started treatment from PS, and only to 14.4% of the patients who started treatment from the diuretic. Comparison of the patients' group given the diuretic with all the remaining groups demonstrate the difference to be significant. By the end of the treatment with nadolol, PP and PS, the diastolic arterial pressure reduced 10-11%, whereas toward the end of monotherapy with the diuretic, it dropped 6%, with the difference being significant. In patients on monotherapy, the negative chronotropic effect of nadolol exceeded that in patients given PP. Nadolol is an effective long-acting beta-blocker. By the intensity of the antihypertensive effect the drug is not inferior to PP or PS and compares very favourably with the diuretic.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

The results of the comparative study of nadolol, propranolol, prazosin and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with arterial hypertension in a 12-month stepped-plan treatment (cooperative research). The Working Group of the Cooperative Program to Study New Preparations in the Prevention of Arterial Hypertension. II. The results of combined therapy. Side effects. The reasons for dropouts. Conclusion.

The efficacy and safety of nadolol (N), propranolol (PP), prazosin (PS) and a diuretic (D) were studied and compared with the aid of a total systems approach in a cooperative open study with participation of 10 centers of the USSR. As many as 419 men suffering from arterial hypertension (diastolic AP 95 mm Hg) were entered into the study. After randomization the patients received one of the 4 drugs. In case the monotherapy failed, combinations of 2-3 drugs were administered. The treatment lasted one year, with a monthly control being exercised. The patients' from the study accounted for 15% including the final points which constituted 1.9%. Of these, 6 patients suffered myocardial infarctions (one with a fatal outcome) and 2 presented with cerebral circulatory disorders. 3.8% of the patients were withdrawn from the study because of the side effects of the drugs. Out of 356 patients who completed the studies, 36.8% received one, 43% two, and 20.2% three drugs by the end of the year. The protocol of the study and the results of the monotherapy were provided in Communication I. Combined therapy with two or three drugs was effective whatever the combination and brought about a 12-16% decrease of diastolic AP. The negative chronotropic effect of N exceeded that of PP. The stable effect, t. e. the effect that lasted continuously over 6 months, was seen in less that half the patients treated for a year. Therefore, N is an effective, comparatively safe and long-acting beta-blocker. As for its efficacy, it does not yield to PP or PS and compares very favourably with D. The drug can successfully be used in long-term treatment of arterial hypertension.

Adult↗