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Results for “controllable CAR”

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PubMed2005

Effect of button location on driver's visual behaviour and safety perception.

Although buttons are a frequently used type of control in car interiors, little research has been undertaken on how the usage of buttons affects the visual behaviour of the driver. In this study, the aim was to analyse the effect of push button location and auditory feedback on drivers' visual time off road and safety perception when driving in a real traffic situation. The effect of six button locations (five on the centre stack, one near the gear stick) was tested. Drivers' visual behaviour was studied in real traffic on a motorway. An eye tracking system recorded the visual behaviour of eight drivers who, in 96 repeated trials each, were instructed to press a specific button. Data analysis focused on the drivers' visual time off road and safety perception in relation to the location of the button to be pressed. Auditory feedback did not show a significant effect on visual time off road. The time off road increased significantly as the angle increased between the normal line of sight and button location for the five buttons placed on the centre stack. Results for the button located close to the gear stick, with the highest eccentricity, produced a short time off road. This unexpected finding is discussed in terms of three potential explanations: 1) the role of perceptual discrimination; 2) risk perception; and 3) motor control.

Attention↗
PubMed1995

Acute and subchronic effects of paroxetine 20 and 40 mg on actual driving, psychomotor performance and subjective assessments in healthy volunteers.

The effects of paroxetine (20 and 40 mg/day) and amitriptyline (75 mg/day, used as an active control) on car driving and psychomotor function were compared with those of placebo in a double-blind, crossover study employing 16 healthy subjects. Performance testing occurred on the first and last day of each 8-day treatment series. Side-effects, sleep duration and sleep quality were rated daily. Amitriptyline produced severe drowsiness and strikingly impaired performance on nearly every test on the first day but its effects were practically gone after 1 week of treatment. Paroxetine 20 mg, the usual antidepressant dose, had no effect on performance. Paroxetine 40 mg did not affect road tracking but slightly impaired performance in some psychomotor tests in a persistent manner. Paroxetine had no effect on sleep following the 20 mg dose but reduced quality following the 40 mg dose. Side-effects that the administered drugs have in common were milder during paroxetine than amitriptyline treatment. However, some dose-related side-effects (e.g. nausea and delayed ejaculation) were only reported during paroxetine treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1970

Ergonomics in action - 1: the medical research council applied psychology unit.

This paper traces the origins of the APU and sketches its development from its foundation in 1944 to the present day. Research in a large number of important areas is outlined, with reference to such areas of work as; environmental and task-induced stress, post office studies, tracking control skills, car driving, signal detection and monitoring; and the current research interests of present APU staff are briefly noted.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Calcium-sensing receptor ubiquitination and degradation mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase dorfin.

Calcium-sensing receptors (CaR) contribute to regulation of systemic calcium homeostasis by activation of G(q)- and G(i)-linked signaling pathways in the parathyroids, kidney, and intestine. Little is known about the mechanisms regulating CaR synthesis and degradation. Screening of a human kidney yeast two-hybrid library identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase dorfin as a binding partner for the intracellular carboxyl terminus of CaR. Interaction between CaR and dorfin was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation from HEK293 cells. Ubiquitination of CaR was observed in the presence of the proteasomal inhibitor MG132; mutation of all putative intracellular loop and carboxyl-terminal lysine residues abolished ubiquitination of CaR. Coexpression with dorfin decreased the amount of total CaR protein and increased CaR ubiquitination, whereas a dominant negative fragment of dorfin had opposite effects. The AAA-ATPase p97/valosin-containing protein associates with both CaR and dorfin in HEK293 cells. Treatment with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation, induced the appearance of the unglycosylated 115-kDa CaR form, which was further increased by exposure to MG132, or upon transfection with a dorfin dominant negative construct, suggesting that dorfin-mediated proteasomal degradation of immature CaR occurs from the endoplasmic reticulum. Because endogenous CaR in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells is also subject to degradation from the endoplasmic reticulum, dorfin-mediated ubiquitination may contribute to a general mechanism for CaR quality control during biosynthesis.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1999

Plasma cell-rich acute renal allograft rejection.

BACKGROUND: Acute renal allograft rejection is usually seen within the first 3 months posttransplant, and is characterized by an intense infiltrate of T cells. Some acute rejections, however, contain many plasma cells and/or appear late posttransplant. METHODS: We have investigated 27 cases of intensely plasma cell-rich acute rejections (PCAR) from 1987 to 1997 and have compared them to 21 control cases (CAR) of typical acute rejection. Each group was divided into early (<6 months) and late (>6 months) subgroups. PCAR and CAR cases were matched for histological features of chronic allograft nephropathy. In all four groups, most cases had Banff '97 type IB and IIA acute rejection. RESULTS: A significantly greater number of PCAR cases experienced graft failure due to chronic allograft nephropathy or complications of acute rejection (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between PCAR and CAR in HLA matching, occurrence of posttransplant acute tubular necrosis, presence versus absence of previous allografts, number of previous or subsequent acute rejection episodes, Banff '97 sum scores for acute rejection, cyclosporine A or FK506 levels, or percent change from baseline creatinine at time of biopsy. Plasma cells in PCAR cases showed IgG predominance whereas those in CAR had comparable staining for IgG and IgA. Kappa and lambda light chain immunostaining of all PCAR cases revealed polyclonality. Three of 18 PCAR cases studied for the presence of Epstein-Barr virus RNA showed scattered positivity in 2-7% of lymphoid cells, although the remainder was negative. None of the PCAR cases developed post-transpland lymphoproliferative disorder. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that PCAR can occur from 1 month to many years posttransplant, is associated with poor graft survival, and is not a manifestation of concomitant chronic allograft nephropathy or viral infection, including posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

A novel constitutive androstane receptor-mediated and CYP3A-independent pathway of bile acid detoxification.

Cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT)-mediated sulfation plays an essential role in the detoxification of bile acids and is necessary to avoid pathological conditions, such as cholestasis, liver damage, and colon cancer. In this study, using transgenic mice bearing conditional expression of the activated constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), we demonstrate that activation of CAR is both necessary and sufficient to confer resistance to the hepatotoxicity of lithocholic acid (LCA). Surprisingly, the CAR-mediated protection is not attributable to the expected and previously characterized CYP3A pathway; rather, it is associated with a robust induction of SULT gene expression and increased LCA sulfation. We have also provided direct evidence that CAR regulates SULT expression by binding to the CAR response elements found within the SULT gene promoters. Interestingly, activation of CAR was also associated with an increased expression of the 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthetase 2 (PAPSS2), an enzyme responsible for generating the sulfate donor 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Analysis of gene knockout mice revealed that CAR is also indispensable for ligand-dependent activation of SULT and PAPSS2 in vivo. Therefore, we establish an essential and unique role of CAR in controlling the mammalian sulfation system and its implication in the detoxification of bile acids.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Car backlight position and fog density bias observer-car distance estimates and time-to-collision judgments.

OBJECTIVE: A series of experiments assessed biases in perceived distance that occur while driving as a function of the backlight position of the car ahead and fog density. BACKGROUND: V. Cavallo, M. Colomb, and J. Doré (2001) have shown that smaller horizontal backlight separation and fog may result in increased estimates of the distance between an observer and a car of which only the backlights are visible. They also predicted that raising the height of the car backlights would lead to increasing distance estimates. METHOD: Distance perception was assessed in both static and dynamic computer-simulated scenarios in which the distance estimates were performed using a familiarized analog scale or using time-to-collision judgments for both pairs of backlights and single backlights. RESULTS: In a series of five experiments, the horizontal separation and fog density effects were replicated. In addition, distance estimates were consistently larger with higher than with lower vertical backlight positions. CONCLUSION: There is reason to believe that biases in distance perception may be augmented by car backlight positions and by low-visibility weather conditions. APPLICATION: Car designers should take backlight placement seriously. Speed-dependent car-to-car distance control systems seem desirable to counteract biases in distance perception.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1999

Cytokines associated with pathology in the brain tissue of fatal malaria.

Cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to the brain microvascular endothelial cells is believed to be an important cause of circulatory blockage in cerebral malaria. Cytokines released during acute infection may activate brain endothelial cells leading to increased binding of infected erythrocytes in the brain and reduced cerebral blood flow. This effect may be direct and more potent with the tissue-localized cytokines in the brain. In order to establish this relationship, brain tissues of cerebral and noncerebral malaria were compared. The most prominent histopathologic changes in the brain included edema, neuronal degeneration, ring hemorrhage, and percentage of parasitized erythrocytes sequestration were observed in cerebral malaria. Immunohistochemical staining of the brain sections demonstrated that tissue-localized TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-I1B, and IL-10 were associated with the histopathology. However, IL-4 was the only cytokine presented at moderate level in the brain tissue of noncerebral malaria which histopathology was the least. No tissue-localized cytokine was observed in the brain of P. vivax infection or of the car accident control cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Coupled map car-following model and its delayed-feedback control.

This paper proposes a coupled map car-following traffic model, which describes a dynamical behavior of a group of road vehicles running in a single lane without overtaking. This model consists of a lead vehicle and following vehicles, which have a piecewise linear optimal velocity function. When the lead-vehicle speed is varied, we can observe a traffic jam in the group of the vehicles. We derive a condition under which the traffic jam never occurs in our model. Furthermore, in order to suppress the traffic jam, for each vehicle we use a dynamic version of decentralized delayed-feedback control proposed in [Konishi, Hirai, and Kokame, Phys. Rev. E 58, 3055 (1998)], and provide a systematic procedure for designing the controller.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Differences in fatal loss-of-control accidents between young male and female drivers.

The study describes some factors behind fatal loss-of-control accidents of young male and female drivers. These loss-of-control accidents were compared to accidents in which the driver did not lose control of the car. The data comprised all fatal car accidents of young (18-21 years old) drivers in Finland during the years 1978-1991. Only culpable drivers were included in the analysis (the number of accidents studied was 338 for males and 75 for females). All these accidents were investigated by the Road Accident Investigation Teams in Finland and the original team reports were used. The results showed that equal proportions of all male and female drivers' accidents were loss-of-control accidents. However, when male drivers lost control of their car, it usually led to a single-vehicle accident, but for female drivers the loss of control usually resulted in a collision with another car. Male drivers drove too fast and under the influence of alcohol more often in loss-of-control accidents than in other types of accidents. Typically the male drivers' loss of control accidents took place during evenings and nights. The female drivers' loss-of-control accidents usually took place in slippery road conditions. This study concludes that risky driving habits play a bigger role in male drivers' loss-of-control accidents than in male drivers' no loss-of-control accidents or in any kind of female drivers' accidents. Lack of vehicle handling skills may be crucial in female drivers' loss-of-control accidents. Advantages of studying loss-of-control accidents instead of single-vehicle accidents are discussed.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1999

Opposite effects of spinal cord stimulation in different phases of carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia.

A possibly beneficial effect of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) on acute and chronic nociceptive pain is still a controversial issue. In the present experimental study, SCS was applied, with parameters similar to those used clinically, to awake but restrained rats submitted to intraplantar injection of carrageenan (CAR). The paw circumference and the threshold of paw withdrawal and/or vocalization to pressure, applied by a pair of strain gauge calibrated flat forceps to the paw, were determined before and after CAR injection. As controls, one group of rats was treated by CAR injection only; a second group was subjected to SCS after CAR injection; a third group was pretreated with SCS for 3 days before the injection; a fourth group subjected to SCS only. In the acute phase, 3 h after the injection, SCS enhanced the CAR-induced hyperalgesia and oedema. Conversely, in the subacute phase at day 3-5 after the injection, SCS suppressed the hyperalgesia which was, however, less marked than in the acute phase. However, in that phase, the oedema was still increased by SCS. Pretreatment by SCS influenced neither the natural time course of hyperalgesia nor that of oedema. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the oedema augmentation by SCS in the acute phase may be the result of enhanced vasodilatation with fluid extravasation, probably associated with peripheral release of several substances, such as CGRP. The concomitant increase of the hyperalgesia may reflect an enhanced release of substance P and 5-HT, both peripherally and in the dorsal horn. The attenuation of hyperalgesia in the subacute phase may be due to an inhibitory effect of SCS on A-fibre-mediated wide-dynamic-range neuronal hyperactivity, presumably involving GABAergic mechanisms. However, a direct suppressive effect on sensitized nociceptive-specific second-order neurons cannot be excluded. Copyright 1999 European Federation of Chapters of the International Association for the Study of Pain.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Mutation spectrum in Salmonella induced by environmental tobacco smoke.

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major source of indoor air pollution. Extractable-respirable particulate (ERP) from the ETS-contaminated indoor air (ERP-ETS) was collected from six passenger train cars and one control room. The mutagenicity of ERP-ETS was tested in the Ames/Salmonella test in the presence of male rat liver microsomal fraction S9. The mutation spectrum of ERP-ETS was determined by colony probe hybridization and polymerase chain reaction/DNA sequence analysis in approximately 2,370 His+ revertants. The results indicate that the majority of ERP-ETS-induced mutations were a two-base deletion of GC or CG within the hotspot sequence of CGCGCGCG at the frameshift hisD3052 allele in strain TA98. The ERP-ETS from the control room induced approximately 94.3% such deletions, while the ERP-ETS collected from the passenger cars induced approximately 89.6% such deletions. The ERP-ETS either from the control room or from the passenger cars induced approximately 74% C/G --> A/T transversions, and approximately 23% C/G --> T/A transitions within the primary target CCC at the hisG46 allele in strain TA100.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2004

Tuberculosis situation among tribal population of Car Nicobar, India, 15 years after intensive tuberculosis control project and implementation of a national tuberculosis programme.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the tuberculosis (TB) situation in the tribal community of Car Nicobar island 15 years after the national TB programme was implemented in this area after an intensive phase of TB control in 1986. METHODS: The entire population of Car Nicobar was enumerated through a house-to-house survey. Children aged <14 years were tuberculin tested and read for reaction sizes. Individuals aged >15 years were asked about the presence of chest symptoms (cough, chest pain, and unexplained fever for two weeks or longer and haemoptysis), and sputum samples were collected from patients with chest symptoms. Sputum samples were examined for presence of acid-fast bacilli. FINDINGS: Among the 4,543 children enumerated, 4,351 (95.8%) were tuberculin tested and read. Of the 981 children without bacille Calmette-Guerin scars, 161 (16.4%) were infected with TB. A total of 77 cases who were smear-positive for TB were detected from among 10,570 people aged >15 years; the observed smear-positive case prevalence was 728.5 per 100,000. The standardized prevalence of TB infection, annual risk of TB infection, and prevalence of cases smear-positive for TB were 17.0%, 2.5%, and 735.3 per 100,000, respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of TB infection and smear-positive cases of TB increased significantly between 1986 and 2002. Such escalation took place despite the implementation of the national TB programme on this island, which was preceded by a set of special anti-TB measures that resulted in sputum conversion in a substantially large proportion of the smear-positive cases prevalent in the community. The most likely reason for the increase seems to be the absence of a district TB programme with enough efficiency to sustain the gains made from the one-time initial phase of special anti-TB measures. High risk of transmission of TB infection currently observed on this island calls for a drastic and sustained improvement in TB control measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A lymphocyte transformation assay for the diagnosis of congenital rubella.

A rubella-specific lymphocyte transformation assay, using cryopreserved mononuclear cells, has been developed and used to evaluate specific responses among 21 children with congenitally acquired rubella (CAR), 25 healthy control children and 10 children with sensorineural deafness of unknown aetiology. Although all 21 children with CAR were seropositive, 12 (57.1%) failed to respond to rubella antigen in the transformation assay. Negative in vitro lymphocyte transformation responses were detected significantly more frequently among congenitally infected children below 3 years of age. Thirteen of the 25 (52%) control children were seropositive; only one of these seropositive children (7.6%) gave a negative transformation response. A negative rubella-specific lymphocyte transformation response in a seropositive child, particularly when aged 3 years or younger, is therefore suggestive of CAR. Four of the 10 children with deafness of unknown aetiology were rubella seropositive but gave negative responses in the transformation assay, suggesting that these children had CAR. Our assay may provide a very useful test for retrospective diagnosis of CAR, particularly in children under the age of 3.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[New vehicle technologies for supporting the mobility of the elderly].

Starting point for this analysis are the mobility needs and requirements of elderly, as well as problems concerning access and use of public transport. Elderly people as car drivers suffer from several performance deficits which are currently compensated by mobility restrictions and changed driving behaviour. Driver assistance systems, just available or soon on the market, are demonstrated and analysed with respect to their impact on elderly drivers. An expert evaluation comes to the conclusion that the most important systems for elderly are: emergency systems, enhanced vision systems and parking aids. Emergency systems can call rescue teams automatically or at driver's request, and direct them to the emergency location. Self imposed restrictions of elderly concerning night driving can partly be compensated by means of curve lightning and automatic dipping. Parking aids, using cameras or infrared technique are especially helpful for persons with moveability problems. The group of helpful, but not highly important driver assistance systems covers several means for longitudinal and lateral control of the car, comprising autonomous cruise control, antilock systems and electronic stability programmes. The value and impact of these systems are analysed in the light of risk homeostasis theory. Reduced work load and ease of mobility will at last result from user centered navigation systems, helping the elder driver also to move to new areas without orientational problems. The article demonstrates the particular importance of specific layouts of the man-machine-interface for elderly, to guarantee high acceptance and minimal distraction from traffic.

Accidents, Traffic↗